Abstract Increasing population and water shortage in arid regions have challenged food security. Optimal water management and the use of compounds such as doudab and salicylic acid, by improving the physiological processes of plants, contribute to greater water efficiency and sustainable production of crops. This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of doudab (1 and 1.5 liters per hectare), salicylic acid (0.5 and 1.5 mM), and control (spraying with water solution) on the yield and yield components of peanut plants under different irrigation cycles (once every 10 days, once every 20 days, and a combination based on seasonal conditions), was conducted in a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research-educational farm of the Agricultural College of Ravansar County in 1402. The results of variance analysis showed that irrigation interval and its interaction with foliar application had a significant effect on traits such as dry weight of full pod, dry weight of seeds, dry weight of pod skin, dry weight of roots and shoots without pods, hundred-seed weight, number of pod types (immature, empty, full, double and total per square meter) and ratio of pods (immature to total and full to total). Also, foliar application of fumigation and salicylic acid showed a significant effect on all these traits except number of immature pods, ratio of immature to total pods and seed size. The results of segmentation showed that the interaction effect of irrigation interval and fumigation concentrations and foliar application of fumigation and salicylic acid on various traits such as dry weight of seeds, roots, shoots, hundred-seed weight, number of pods (immature, empty, full, double and total), and pod ratios was significant at the 1% probability level. The results of the mean comparison showed that the best yield was observed under the conditions of 10-day irrigation interval and foliar spraying with a concentration of 1.5 l/ha of fumigation and 1.5 mM of salicylic acid. Under these conditions, the dry weight of the seed was 220 g, the number of filled pods was 283 per square meter, and the seed size was 1.42 cm. Also, the application of salicylic acid reduced the number of empty pods. Under the conditions of 20-day irrigation interval, the yield was generally reduced, but foliar spraying with fumigation and salicylic acid reduced the negative effects of drought stress. Under the conditions of 10-day irrigation interval and without foliar spraying, the dry weight of the seed was 190 g and the number of filled pods was 240, which indicates the positive effect of foliar spraying under optimal irrigation conditions. These results showed that the combination of regular irrigation and foliar spraying with optimal concentrations can help improve yield and reduce the effects of drought stress in peanut plants. Keywords: Water efficiency, growth regulator, stress, foliar application, yield.   

آفتابگردان (Helianthus annuus L) يك محصول مهم دانه روغني در چندين كشور جهان است. علاوه بر آفتابگردان روغني گونه آجيلي آن نيز داراي   اهميت زيادي است. بااين‌حال، توليد آفتابگردان به دليل تأثير منفي عوامل غير زيستي و زيستي كاهش قابل‌توجهي دارد.يكي از مشكلات جدي در توليد آفتابگردان حضور علف‌هاي هرز است كه سبب كاهش عملكرد اين گياه زراعي در ايران و جهان مي‌شود. ازجمله علف‌هاي هرز جدي تهديدكننده عملكرد و رشد آفتابگردان، انگل ريشه گل جاليز است كه بدون وجود گياه ميزبان به دليل عدم وجود كلروفيل قادر به رشد و تكثير نيست. از طرفي اين انگل حدود 75 درصد از دوره زندگي خود را در زيرخاك مي‌گذراند، ازاين‌ رو روشهاي مختلف ازجمله آفتاب دهي، ضدعفوني خاك ، كشت گياهان غيرميزبان و مبارزه شيميايي پرهزينه، غيراقتصادي و در سطح وسيع قابل‌اجرا نيست. يكي از روش‌هاي كنترل علف‌هاي هرز استفاده از گياهان پوششي از خانواده لگوم   به ويژه ماشك و شبدر است. اين پژوهش در يك مزرعه آفتابگردان به­شدت آلوده به گل­جاليز به صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرح بلوك كامل تصادفي با چهار تكراربا استفاده از سه گونه گياه پوششي ماشك معمولي، شبدر ايراني و يولاف زراعي به صورت خاك پوش زنده واقع در روستاي قياس آباد در شهرستان سنقر در استان كرمانشاه انجام گرديد. نتايج تجزيه واريانس   نشان داد كه تأثير نوع گياه پوششي و مقادير مختلف كود نيتروژن بر درصد كنترل گل جاليز در سطح يك درصد معني­دار بود اما اثر متقابل اين دو باهم بر درصد كنترل گل جاليز معني­دار نبود. استفاده از گياهان پوششي سبب كنترل 17درصدي گل جاليز و كاهش 10 درصدي آلودگي گل جاليز شد. در بين گياهان پوششي، كشت ماشك از تأثير بيشتري بر كاهش درصد آلودگي آفتابگردان به گل جاليز برخوردار بود. در تمامي شرايط با افزايش نيتروژن، مقدار عملكرد دانه آفتابگردان نيز افزايش يافت و حداكثر عملكرد دانه آفتابگردان در تيمار كودي 200 كيلوگرم در هكتار مشاهده شد .      

  This experiment was conducted to investigate theeffect of planting arrangement and cover crop on weed control and the growth and yield of corn (cv. 704) in 2023. The arrangement of treatments was as factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was the crop planting pattern (including single-row planting patern of corn) and the second factor was cover crop cultivation between the crop rows (clover, vetch, barley, clover + barley, vetch + barley). The results of this study showed that the pattern of planting and covering plants and their mutual effect had an effect on the wet weight of weeds. In the two-row planting pattern, the wet weight of the weeds was lower than in the single-row planting pattern. Also, the lowest fresh weight of weeds was related to vetch+barley and clover+barley. The highest wet weight of weeds was related to vetiver, clover + barley and barley alone treatment, which could not control weeds well. The number of leaves per plant was not affected by the investigated treatments, but the height of the plant was only affected by the interaction effect of planting pattern in cover crops. The highest fresh weight of the plant compared to the control with an average of 73% compared to the control was obtained from the vetiver treatment. It was also observed that the lowest fresh weight (16% compared to the control) was obtained from the vetch + barley treatment in the single-row planting patern (single/double-row planting patern). The results also showed that the diameter of the stem and cob was affected by cover crops and the reaction of cover crops in the planting pattern only at the level of 1%. The highest cob diameter (15% compared to the control) was obtained from barley treatment in single-row cultivation, followed by vetiver and barley treatment in double-row cultivation

  Tribenuron methyl is widely used in Iran's grain cultivation systems under rainfed conditions. However, there is little information about its persistence in soil and transfer of this herbicide and its toxicity to subsequent crops in the rotation. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the sensitivity of different chickpea cultivars to tribenuron methyl and also to find alternative products. In a field experiment, chickpea fields located in Ravansar city, Kermanshah province, were monitored during the 1402-1401 crop season, and chickpea growth was evaluated in response to tribenuron methyl residues used in the previous wheat crop. Also, in a greenhouse experiment, the effect of different concentrations of tribenuron methyl on the growth of chickpeas, lentils, and vetiver was investigated. In all species examined in this study, the presence of tribenuron methyl decreased plant growth. In general, among the studied crop species, lentils were more tolerant to tribenuron methyl, followed by common vetch and chickpeas. Compared to other two cultivars, namely Mansour and Adel, Beonij chickpea variety was more sensitive to tribenuron methyl residues in the soil (30% decrease in grain yield). Based on the results of this study, tribenuron methyl residues used in wheat fields are the main factor in the reduction of chickpea height in rainfed cultivation systems in western Iran. It is recommended to replace common lentil and vetiver with chickpeas in rotation with wheat in soils that are heavily contaminated with TBN residues.

of 5% were strongly, positively and significantly  

Today, for the production of agricultural products, inputs such as fertilizers and chemical poisons, fossil fuels, and machinery are needed, each of which has a significant contribution to the production of greenhouse gases. The increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases is the reason for climate change, which itself plays an important role in the amount of production of the world's agricultural ecosystems. For this purpose, a study was conducted with the aim of the effect of crop rotation on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the fields of Kermanshah. To carry out this study, all agricultural operations and inputs consumed in the studied fields from planting to harvesting, including all chemical inputs (fertilizers, poisons, fossil fuels, seeds, agricultural machinery, etc.) were calculated and analyzed. The data analysis was calculated in three parts energy input (consumption), energy output (production) and global warming potential (GWP) caused by the emission of greenhouse gases. The results of this study showed that the total input energy in common wheat cultivation was 13844.7 megajoules, of which the largest share was related to fossil fuel consumption (37.4%). While the highest share in low-tillage and no-tillage wheat cultivation belonged to nitrogen fertilizer in the amount of 36.7%. The total input energy in the common chickpea cultivation system was 7009.6 megajoules, while the total input energy in low tillage chickpea cultivation was 5256.4 megajoules and in no-tillage chickpea cultivation the total input energy was 4470 megajoules. The largest share in all three tillage systems was related to fossil fuels. In the common wheat cultivation system, low tillage and no-tillage, energy consumption efficiency were 3.2, 5.1 and 4.9 respectively. The amount of energy consumption efficiency in common chickpea cultivation, low tillage and no-tillage was 2.6, 2.8 and 3.9 respectively. The largest share of consumption inputs caused by global warming and greenhouse gas emissions in the cultivation of wheat and peas is related to fossil fuels. The highest amount of CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the wheat-wheat cycle was related to fossil fuels (59.21), nitrogen fertilizers (30.82), phosphate fertilizers (7.41) and potash fertilizers (55.2). Also, the highest amount of CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the wheat-pea cycle was related to fossil fuels (59.32), nitrogen fertilizers (28.58), phosphate fertilizers (9.19) and potash (2.90). The highest emission of CO2 gas in common wheat cultivation was related to the consumption of fossil fuels and in low tillage and no-tillage, wheat cultivation was related to the use of nitrogen fertilizers. The highest emission of greenhouse gas N2O caused by chemical inputs related to fossil fuels was common in wheat cultivation. According to the results, it can be stated that wheat cultivation with a low tillage method had the highest energy consumption efficiency. The highest energy efficiency in chickpea cultivation was related to the no-tillage system. The higher energy efficiency in the wheat-pea rotation was due to the decrease in input energy and the increase in crop efficiency in this rotation. The global warming index increased with the increase of greenhouse gas emissions in the wheat-wheat rotation compared to the wheat-pea rotation.   

Abstract The use of conservation tillage methods to preserve soil health has received attention in recent years. On the other hand, evaluating the effects of these methods on crop yield and weed control can lead to selecting the appropriate method and obtaining the maximum benefit of it. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of a five-year history of conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage during the 2022 in the Ravansar district, Kermanshah. For this purpose, 65 dryland wheat fields were selected, where tillage was performed using one of three methods of no-tillage, reduced tillage (using a disk), and conventional tillage (using a moldboard plow). The farms were divided into four groups based on their five-year tillage history: 1) no-till with direct seeding, 2) reduced tillage using a disk, 3) conventional tillage using a moldboard plow, and 4) a combination of no- tillage, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage over the past five years. Sampling was done using two methods: 1) direct sampling from the farms, and 2) obtaining information from the farms and farmers using a questionnaire. In the direct sampling method, weed density was recorded by species in two stages, before and after herbicide application, using a random sampling method. Furthermore the Simpson's Dominance Index and the Smith and Wilson Evenness Index of weed communities were calculated. Information related to land management, including soil preparation method over the past five years, type of chemical fertilizer used, seed variety, seed rate, planting date and method, as well as farmers' experience, education level, farm area, occupation, ownership, and residence situation were collected through a questionnaire. The results showed that the five-year tillage history had a significant effect on wheat yield, weed density, species richness, and population evenness. Wheat yield in the no-till system was 38.3%, 44.6%, and 52.7% higher than minimum tillage, combined tillage, and conventional tillage, respectively. In the conventional tillage system, weed density and species richness were significantly higher, while population evenness of weeds was lower compared to conservation tillage systems. Weed density had a negative relationship, and population evenness had a positive relationship with wheat yield. The composition of important weed communities in the fields under conventional tillage was completely different from fields with combined tillage, reduced tillage, and no-tillage. However, the most important weed species in fields with reduced tillage and combined tillage showed similarities. The investigation of applied agricultural management practices showed that crop density and planting method had a significant effect on wheat yield, and the selection of these practices was directly related to the choice of conservation tillage methods. The study of farmers' characteristics and its relationship with the selection of tillage method also indicated the necessity of educating and raising awareness among farmers about the impacts of conservation tillage. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of adopting conservation tillage practices for maintaining weed control, improving wheat yield, and preserving soil health. It also emphasizes the need for farmer education and awareness regarding the benefits and implementation of conservation tillage methods.   

  Background and purpose: Water is the most vital resource for sustainable development and the most important environmental component that has a significant impact on the protection of nature. In connection with the crisis of water resources in Iran, the increase in population, unsustainable development and incorrect consumption of water resources are the most important factors causing the current situation. The standard of rainfall in Kermanshah province is much lower than 15 years ago and it is in an unfavorable situation from the environmental point of view. In this regard, the main goal of the upcoming research was to analyze the social responsibility of farmers in Bilwar Plain of Kermanshah. Among the factors on the basis of which this research was formed, the irresponsible behavior of farmers such as drilling unauthorized wells, excessive harvesting of water resources, and the use of flood irrigation in this region.Materials and methods: The current research was applied and carried out in a quantitative, descriptive-analytical way. The statistical population includes all the farmers of Bilvar plain of Kermanshah city with the number of 3500 people. Sampling by simple random method and according to Cochran's formula, 300 farmers were selected as the research sample. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information, and Cronbach's alpha for the studied variables was obtained in the range of 74% to 91%. The collected data were analyzed using   18, Excel2016 and Smart PLS software.Findings: The findings of descriptive statistics showed that farmers' social responsibility towards sustainable water consumption was at a low level (32.2%). Among the 4 dimensions of social responsibility, only the legal dimension was at a high level (34.2%). Also, the findings showed that Carroll's model has changed in the research area: legal, economic, moral and humanitarian responsibility. Also, among the research variables, education components, personal values, attitude at the middle level; The understanding of risk and social pressures was at a high level and the knowledge of farmers was at a low level. The results of the model fit from the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the research model measures farmers' social responsibility well. Also, the results of structural equation model fitting using Smart PLS software indicated that understanding (p-value = 0.000, ? = 0.754) had the most direct effect on social responsibility of farmers. However, personal values (p-value = 0.744, ? = 0.015) and attitude (p-value = 0.068, ? = -0.095) had no significant effect on farmers' social responsibility.Conclusion: In order to create a sustainable agricultural sector, governments should act at the farm (local), watershed (regional) and national levels to motivate farmers and remove policies that support excessive water use.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental nutrition on organic and vitamin A in corn and soy based diets on production performance and quality characteristics of laying hens. For this purpose, 360 commercial laying hens of Bones strain at the age of 60 weeks were used. Production and functional traits such as feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production percentage, egg mass and average egg weight (g) In the middle of the period, the end of the period and the whole period of the experimental design were analyzed. Specific weight, egg shape index, shell weight and shell thickness were measured. The data obtained were analyzed using GMP statistical software in a completely randomized factorial design that included 12 treatments and 5 repetition and 6 observations per repetition. Based on the results, the percentage of egg production at the levels of interaction of zinc and vitamin A in the first month, the second month and the whole period were significant (P?0.05), but egg mass among the experimental treatments in the first month, the second month and the whole period was not different from each other (P?0.05). The interaction of different levels of zinc and vitamin A supplementation on yolk weight and shell weight was significant, so that treatments containing 8000 units of vitamin A with levels of 60, 90 or 120 mg / kg of organic zinc supplementation had a higher yolk weight than control and the treatment containing 8000 units of vitamin A and 120 mg / kg zinc (treatment 9) had higher shell weight (P 05 0.05). Significant changes were observed in the intraction levels of zinc and vitamin A in yolk (P?0.05). And treatments 4, 7 and 12 had the better yolk color. Levels of 90 and 120 mg of zinc compared to the level of 60 mg reduced feed consumption and improved the feed conversion ratio (P? 0.05). Different treatments had significant effects on egg shell thickness and egg weight (P <0.05). The results of this study showed that the use of zinc supplementation in the diet of laying hens at the levels of 90 and 120 mg of zinc and vitamin A at the level of 16000 units can have positive effects on their performance and egg production.   

  Take-all is among the most important wheat diseases worldwide. The present study assessed the effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, and endophytic fungus Microdochium bolleyi on controlling this disease in wheat ‘Pishgam’ cultivar for the first time. In this regard, a greenhouse experiment was conducted based on the completely randomized design with the treatments of control, nitrogen+phosphorus fertilizers (100 and 200 mg/kg urea, and 50 and 100 mg/kg triple superphosphate) alone and their combination with pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis and endophytic fungus M. bolleyi. Then, root dry and shoot fresh weight, plant height, and leaf chlorophyll level, as well as the percentage of root contamination were measured. Based on the results, root dry and shoot fresh weight, plant height, and leaf chlorophyll content were significantly maximized following the treatments containing urea and triple superphosphate at various levels, and endophytic fungus (p<0.05). In terms of pathogenesis control, about 46% decrease was observed in take-all disease among the wheat receiving urea+triple superphosphate alone.

   This study was performed to evaluate the relative suitability of susceptible and resistant wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) biotypes to the herbicide terry benuron methyl (granstar) in Hamil and Markazi counties in Islamabad Gharb city, Kermanshah province during 2017-2017 crop in two greenhouse sections. And the laboratory was run. The results of this experiment showed that the resistance of different masses harvested from 9 altitudes (above sea level) did not show a statistically significant difference despite the increase in resistance at altitudes, and the recorded resistance index between 5.55 to 64 / 6 was obtained. The results of the effect of temperature on germination of susceptible and resistant masses of wild mustard showed that the response of susceptible and resistant masses was different at different temperatures and at 20 and 25 ° C sensitive masses had the highest percentage of germination and vigor. They were resistant to the mass. Germination rate also showed significant differences in different temperature treatments and at (5 and 20) ° C the germination rate of resistant masses was significantly higher than sensitive mass. At 25 ° C, the germination rate of the sensitive mass was significantly higher than that of the resistant mass. The results related to the effect of different osmotic potential also showed that in general wild mustard is sensitive to reducing the osmotic potential of soil and the percentage and speed of germination and vigor of sensitive masses at the osmotic potential of 0.1 and 0.2 MPa were the highest and In the osmotic potential of 1 and 1.2 reached zero. Acidity and resistant and sensitive masses of wild mustard have a significant effect on germination percentage and vigor, as well as different amounts of acidity have a significant effect on wild mustard seeds, so that resistant masses prefer acidic to neutral acidity. The results of dose-response experiment showed that the interaction of mass in the amount of trifenuron methyl on the germination percentage of wild mustard seeds was significant. The highest germination percentage occurred at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 in resistant masses, and in susceptible masses in control treatment and concentration of 0.25 and germination in both sensitive and resistant masses at concentrations of 8, 16 And 32 went to zero. Given the relative suitability of wild mustard sensitive stands in terms of germination, it seems that if no special management operations are carried out to reduce the germination of these stands, in the future the population of these stands will expand and in this case, the possibility of There are increasing problems by these masses. eywords: Stolactate synthase, Resistance, Relative suitability, Germination

   Abstract In order to evaluate the resistance of Avena ludoviciana wild oat biotypes to clodinafop propargil herbicide (Topic), also to evaluate the effect of managerial and agronomic factors on the incidence of resistance and to evaluate the relative suitability of susceptible and resistant wild oat biotypes in wheat fields located in Hamil and In the center of Islamabad city, west of Kermanshah province, an experiment was conducted in 97-99 at Razi University Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Experimental treatments included 314 wild oat biotypes suspected of resistance. After determining the sensitive and resistant biotypes of wild oats and their percentage of resistance in the greenhouse (using separation cycle), in the experimental stage in pot response with different concentrations of herbicides. The results showed that the amount of wild oat dry matter decreased with increasing in herbicide so that it reached zero in 4 to 16 times. Then, in order to evaluate the relative suitability of sensitive and resistant biotopes in terms of germination characteristics to different treatments of pH, drought, and temperature in Petri dish, it was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design. It was observed that the susceptible wild biotypes at a temperature of 20° C had a higher temperature and germination percentage and vigor, in drought treatment the sensitive biotypes had a high velocity ratio and vigor percentage by applying drought stress than the control. In pH treatment, no difference was observed between biotypes, only in neutral to acidic pH, the highest germination percentage, observed germination resistance. In the Petri dish response test, they also maintained their germination resistant biotypes up to 2 times the recommended. Then, using a questionnaire that was previously given to farmers, the factors, including agricultural management of farms, showed resistance. 150 Arinophenoxy families were significant in the last 5 years. Also, farmers who had a land area of more than 10 hectares using the number of times and frequency of herbicide use of ACCase family herbicide had the greatest effect on the incidence of resistance, which increased with the increase of land area. At the end of preparing the wild oat dispersion map, it was shown that the wild oat dispersal of winter wild oat resistance is scattered in Hamil and Markazi and climatic and topographic factors had no effect on the occurrence of wild oat resistance.    Keywords: Wild oats, Resistance, Climate, Relative competence, Germination rate, Germination percentage, Potency, Crop management.

   Abstract Knowledge of phenology and ecology as well as weed germination characteristics play an essential role in designing effective policies for their management in agricultural fields. Musk weeds of Vicia genus are the predominant species in rainfed fields in Iran. In order to evaluate the plant growth phenology and germination ecology of Caspian vetch and broadleaf vetch as important and predominant weeds in dryland wheat and chickpea fields, an experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications during two cropping years 2019-2020 in rainfed farms located in Kozran section of Kermanshah province were implemented. The farm where the study was conducted had a history of high infestation with both species of vetch. Previous experiments have shown that the emergence of these two species began in early February and continues alternately until April in the fields. Three peaks of emergence of both species in the three months that were the window of emergence of these two species, namely February, March and April of each year were selected and in each peak 15 plants to measure morphological traits and different phenological stages until the end of the growing season in fallow. Crop and other weeds were kept away from competition. Also, the percentage of seed germination of both species and their response to various factors of dormancy breaking were investigated. The results of this study showed that seeds were dormant after harvest and dormancy required a after ripening, so that with increasing number of weeks after harvest, germination percentage reached 40%, but never increased in the fourteenth week after harvest. The results of differentseed dormancy-breaking treatments in both species showed that the germination percentage with mechanical scraping by sandpaper had the highest performance. The results obtained in the morphological section showed that the studied traits including 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod and ratio of pods to flowers in both species had almost the same trend and plants established in February compared to post-establishment They were always superior. Calendar onset and degree of day-cumulative growth of each phenological stage also differed between establishment dates and crop years and its effect on height, number of leaves, number of pods and lateral stems produced in both species was significant. The establishment of Februry in May indicated more power and competition with the crop, and as a result, more damage to it. In general, based on the results of this study, it can be suggested to control and manage earlier settlements of these two weeds, which have competitive power and consequently higher damage to crops in their field control management program and that later established plants can not compete. Hardiness in the rainfed fields of the region. From a practical point of view, it is better to plant the crop later so that we do not face stronger plants of these weeds to compete with the crop. Keywords: after-ripening, dormancy breaking, sub-Branch

AbstractThe rapid growth of the world's population in recent decades and the increasing pressure on the irreplaceable source of soil. In addition to intensive cultivation and apart from geological factors, today anthropogenic factors such as irrigation with industrial effluents and excessive use of agricultural chemicals pollute the soil. such a situation makes sustainable land management necessary from both the point of view of soil quality protection and improvement. On the other hand, at least in most cases, access to practical information for land management requires the study of a large data set. One way to get soil information with you less examples is to look at the theory of regional variables. In this study, with the general aim of achieving the scale (s) of variability in the concentration of zinc, nickel, cadmium, phosphorus and rapid soil properties in Miyandarband region as a concentrated agricultural area in Kermanshah province, this view was used. To investigate the spatial variations of the mentioned variables, a five-stage nested sampling design with sampling intervals of 1000, 267, 71, 19 and 5 meters was designed within the framework of a consistent pattern and two dissimilar patterns. Pattern analysis consistent with 372 samples showed a variability range of 267 m for nickel and close to 19 m for zinc and phosphorus. Despite the intensity of cultivation and the high rate of application of agricultural chemicals in the region, the findings of this study did not show significant contamination in terms of heavy elements, although in some samples the concentrations of nickel, zinc and phosphorus were close to the contamination threshold. Based on the findings of the nested sampling design, the three groups of soil particle sizes in the study area showed several spatial correlation scales. The diversity of variability ranges is not unexpected due to the alluvial origin of the region, centralized agriculture and management factors. While the highest scale of variability of organic carbon and calcium carbonate was estimated at the first level, also for other characteristics, the scale has a wide range of variability as a function of distance, which are the scales estimated in two The heterogeneous design was in most cases consistent with the results obtained from the heterogeneous design, which indicates the optimal selection of the distances mentioned in the sampling and sampling method.Keywords: Heavy Elements, Spatial Variations, Mineral Fertilizer, Nested Sampling  

Abstract The sheep mitochondrial genome is 1661 bp in length. The sequence length can vary due to the difference in the number of long consecutive repeats of 75 bp, which contains two symmetric octamers. Due to the fact that many genes have been affected by fertility traits, but a limited number of these major genes have been reported to be associated with sheep reproductive traits, including the ATPase6 gene from the mitochondrial genome. One of the objectives of the present study is to investigate and identify possible polymorphisms in the gene ATPase6 in Sanjabi rams using PCR-RFLP technique and to investigate relationship of ATPase6 gene polymorphism with sperm quality characteristics and testicular dimensions. The study was performed on 96 rams in Kermanshah, Kuzran, Mahidasht and Mehregan research station in Kermanshah province. Blood samples were taken in vacuum tubes with the relevant registered animal number, containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid ( EDTA), which inhibits blood coagulation, were stored in dry ice and transferred to a freezer at 2 ° C. PopGen32 software was used to estimate allelic frequency, genotype, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and population indices. GLM proc SAS (9/4) software was used to investigate the relationship between traits related to sperm quality and testicular dimensions and ATPase6 gene polymorphism. After DNA extraction , a specific primer was used to amplify 896 bp fragment of ATPase6 gene. Digestion of PCR products was performed by AlwnI restriction enzyme. The results of digestion of AlwnI restriction enzyme showed the presence of C to G mutation in ATPase6 gene and indicated two genotypes CC and GC with frequencies of 0.21 and 0.79, respectively. The results of data analysis also showed that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is not in the desired position There werenot association between ATPase6 gene polymorphism and traits related to testicular size and sperm quality and also with sperm volume, mass movement, total ejaculate sperm There was no significant relationship between sperm membrane integrity, morphology, concentration, viability and sperm index. However, there was a significant relationship between gene polymorphism with individual movement and water test, so that animals with GC genotype had the highest percentage of water test compared to CC genotype (P> 0.05). Also, rams with CC genotype had the highest rate of individual movement compared to GC genotype (P> 0.05). The results of this study suggested that further studies should be performed to identify mutations in other parts of the mitochondrial genes to detect genomic regians affecting sprm traits in order to improvement of fertility in herds. Keywords: sperm quality, testicular biometric traits, ATPase6, squirrel sheep

   بررسي تنوع زيستي علف هاي هرز باغات گردو(Juglans regia)، انگور(Vitis vinifera) و انار(Punica granatum)   در شهرستان پاوه

  AbstractThe issues related to ownership and to bit lands, disputes created by land revoloutions are major challenges in agriculture section. Cadaster is a strategy that its use in Iran agriculture condition can be caused safe condition. On the other words, list ordered is associated to land parts that contain area, dimensions, application type, registration properties. Iran has not been paid much attentions cadaster up to 2014 years. Seemingly, cadaster plane has conducted from 2015 years in the country for imroving problems created on agriculture parts. For these reasons, cadaster has not still been evaluated. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the cadaster in Mahidasht townshi   in Kermanshah province. This study was conducted in qualitive form. The participants were ownerships and farmers in Mahidasht township, expertises in special section (companies conductor cadaster), in governmental section (Agriculture Jihad) and elites in agriculture section). To collect the data, semi-structured, group, observational and documental interviews were used. The results showed that the most important purpose for cadaster is to fix ownerships, and preparation of agriculture document. The most important disputes in Mahidasht was associated to heritance and application change. To obtain the purposes, not only private and governmental sections must be involved in conducting cadaster, but other people that benefite must be involved. It can be stated that cadaster is successive plane and can decreases disputes among farmers. The obatined results can have acheivements for Agriculture Jihad organization and the use of cadaster can be used for improving the purposes.   Cadaster can promte sustainable agriculture without the effect on disputes.Keywords: Cadaster, land cadaster,   roperty rights, land conflict, right to own land, land disputes, qualitive capability     

   In addition to its economic role in the country's development, the forest contributes to environmental protection and biodiversity, reducing pollution, regulating temperature, protecting water and soil, and consequently reducing soil erosion and increasing water resources. Therefore, the purpose of this realization is to evaluate the structure of Zagros forest Structureand quantitatively evaluate its impact while also comparing the impact of different forest, rangeland and agricultural land uses on hydrological components and soil physical and chemical properties in part of the river basin. Death is located in Chahar Azar in Kermanshah province. Accordingly, an area with degraded forest land (with severe, medium and low level of degradation) along with rangelands and agricultural lands was selected. In the study area, three forest mass with a total area of ??0.5 hectares and all characteristics Trees were measured in the desired area and then the nearest distance sampling method was applied in this area. Subsequently, the study area was divided into three compaction categories. Hydrological parameters were measured in each forest condensation area and in both agricultural and pasture land uses. Precipitation was run at a rate of 83 mm / h for 24 minutes. Rain simulation was repeated six times per user. Samples of surface soil (0-20 cm) were collected along each plot to study the soil characteristics of each land use. The results showed that sample fragment 1 and 2 have random distribution pattern and sample fragment 3 has clumped distribution pattern and based on the accuracy criterion for estimating the quantitative characteristics of density and canopy cover presented by Byte and Ripley give better results for the approach of the nearest person to mass one and for estimating height for masses one and three. The results of soil studies in three forest mass showed that the physical and chemical properties of soil in the three studied mass were not significantly different, while the percentage of organic matter and nitrogen in the three forest, pasture and agricultural land uses were not significantly different. So that the amount of nitrogen and organic matter in forest and rangeland soil was higher than agricultural land. Rainfall simulation results also showed that runoff time, suspended sediment load, sediment concentration and runoff coefficient were not significantly different in the three studied populations, but the volume of runoff produced was significantly different between treatments. Species with masses one and three were statistically equal and both were less than mass two. But in the three land uses the volume and coefficient of runoff and load and sediment concentration were significantly different between treatments, so that the volume and coefficient of runoff were higher in forest mass and sediment load and concentration were lower than the other two uses. On the other hand, the results of organic matter loss measurements showed that there were no significant differences among the three forest mass, but there was a significant difference among the three land uses so that more organic matter forest land Wasted by the rain. Therefore, one of the most important services and functions of forest ecosystems is to prevent soil erosion, which should prevent soil erosion in the country by preserving and preventing deforestation and changing land uses.

  هدف: آموزش عالي نيروي محركه و عامل پيشرفت هر جامعه­اي است. اعضاي هيات علمي دانشگاه­ها به عنوان افرادي كه مسئول تعليم و تربيت دانشجويان هستند، بايد نسبت به اخلاق حرفه­اي آگاهي داشته و با پايبندي به آن، سلامت فرآيند ياددهي – يادگيري را تضمين نمايند. عليرغم نقش بي بديل اعضاي هيات علمي در فرايند تعليم و تربيت در دانشگاه­ها و اهميت رعايت اخلاق از سوي آنها پژوهش­هاي چنداني در راستاي ساخت مدل­هاي مفهومي اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي انجام نشده است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي رشته هاي كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي از ديدگاه دانشجويان انجام شده است. روش‌شناسي پژوهش: رويكرد اين پژوهش، كمي بوده است. جامعه آماري شامل كليه دانشجويان (زن و مرد) رشته­هاي كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي (ترويج و آموزش كشاورزي، زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، گياهپزشكي، علوم دامي ، مهندسي آب، خاكشناسي، ماشين‌‌‌هاي كشاورزي و باغباني) بين مقاطع تحصيلي (كارشناسي، ارشد و دكترا) بود. تعداد دانشجويان رشته‌هاي كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي بالغ بر 1360 نفر بود كه از اين جامعه آماري، 302 دانشجو به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شده بودند. روش نمونه گيري طبقه­اي تصادفي بوده است. ابزار مورد استفاده در اين مطالعه شامل پرسشنامه محقق ساخته اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي دانشگاه و پرسشنامه جمعيت شناختي بوده است. ابعاد اخلاق حرفه­اي از تحقيقات پيشين گردآوري شده است. ابعاد پنج گانه اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي شامل: بعد آموزش، بعد پژوهش، بعد منش، بعد روابط انساني و بعد سازماني مي باشد. براي تجزيه و تحليل داده­ها در اين پژوهش، از نرم افزار   .22 استفاده شده است.يافته‌ها: نتايج پژوهش نشان داد كه ميانگين كلي ابعاد اخلاق حرفه­اي پايين تر از حد متوسط است. نظر دانشجويان نسبت به ابعاد اخلاق حرفه­اي يكسان نبود و اختلاف معنا داري بيان نظر دانشجويان وجود داشت. ميانگين ابعاد آموزش و روابط انساني به صورت جداگانه پايين تر از حد متوسط بود اما ميانگين ابعاد پژوهش، منش و سازماني بالاتر از حد متوسط بود. مقاطع تحصيلي، جنسيت، سن، گرايش رشته تحصيلي و وضعيت اشتغال در نظر دانشجويان نسبت به ابعاد اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي تاثيرگذار بودند اما محل سكونت، نوع پذيرش در دانشگاه، ميزان تحصيلات پدر و ميزان تحصيلات مادر تاثيري در نظر دانشجويان نسبت به ابعاد اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي نداشتند. نتيجه‌گيري: هرچند وضعيت اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي در سه بعد پژوهش، منش و سازماني بالاتر از حد متوسط بود ولي هنوز فاصله زيادي (بخصوص در دو بعد آموزش و روابط انساني) با وضعيت مطلوب دارد. متغير هاي دموگرافيك تاثير بسزايي بر ديدگاه دانشجويان نسبت به اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي دارند.كليد واژه­ها: آموزش عالي، اخلاق حرفه­اي، اعضاي هيات علمي

In order to evaluate the effect of farmyard manure and cover crop on soil physico-chemical characteristics and growth and yield of organic sesame, a split-plot experiment based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in the Organic Farming Educational and Research of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources at Razi University 2016-2017. The experiment treatments were farmyard manure appilication (0, 10 and 20 t ha-1) as a main-plot and cultivation of cover crops (non crop cover, berseem clover, fenugreek and hairy vetch) as a sub-plot. The cover crops were returned to the soil as green manure at the flowering stage and then cultivated sesame seeds 2 weeks later. The evaluted traits were physico-chemical characteristics for three step (befor starting expriment, befor cultivating sesame and post-harvest of sesame) and also sesame growth and yield traits. The results indicated the farmyard manure application compared to control treatment improved the soil characteristics such as organic carbon (5.3%), phosphorus (165%), potassium (15%), total nitrogen (41%) nitrate ion (30.2%), ammonium ion (53/5%), sulfur (32%), copper (27%), zinc (22%), iron (6%) and manganese (7.5%) at the befor cultivating sesame step than the befor starting expriment step. All evaluated soil traits except potassium, sulfure, iron and manganese also improved at the post-harvest of sesame step compared to the befor starting expriment step. The application of cover crops increased the evaluated soil traits so the highest effect related to cultivation of fenugreek and farmyard manure of 20 t ha-1 treatment and the lowest related to non crop cover and farmyard manure of 0 t ha-1 treatment. The results showed that interaction of farmyard manure and cover crop application were significant on 1000-grain weight, total dry weight and grain yield. The farmyard manure application had a significant effect on number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of branches substem, harvest index and plant height but oil and protein percentage were not affected by treatments. The highest grain yield (1727.6 kg ha-1), total dry wieght yield (9082.2 kg ha-1) and 1000-grain weight (3.2 g) were obtained from farmyard manure of 20 t ha-1 and cultivation of fenugreek treatment which were about 41%, 34% and 6% more than non cover crop and farmyard manure of 0 t ha-1 trarment. The green manure of fenugreek at the farmyard manure of 20 t ha-1 had the highest effect on leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth ratio, total dry weight trend and radiation use efficiency of sesame. The lowest weeds density belonged to the berseem clover and fenugreek treatments. The cover crop treatments led to reduction the weeds density and total dry wieght at the end of growing season compared to the beginning of growing season. In general, the results of the study demonstrated that the application of farmyard manure and selection of suitable plant species as cover crop and green manure could improve sesame growth and grain yield via improved the soil physico-chemical properties and reduced the weeds damages in the organic farming conditions.   

  Hedge parsley (Torilis arvensis) is one of the important weeds of cereal and plants of the Apiaceae family, which produces two types of mericarps, spiny and hairy. In order to investigate the germination, phenology, and power (vigor) of weed competition, 3 experiments were carried out in the years 2016-2018. In the first experiment, the effects of environmental factors such as after-ripening, light and temperature, osmotic and salinity stress, acidity, seed burial depth, seed position and thermal shock on germination of Hedge parsley were investigated. The results of this part of the experiment showed that both seed types were dormant at harvesting, but the spiny type had a deeper dormancy level and required a more prolonged after-ripping period. So, after about eight weeks from harvesting, the germination percentage of spiny and hairy seeds is increased by 60% and 97%, respectively. Light did not affect seed germination. Germination was the highest at a temperature of 20°C (Germination percentage of spiny and hairy seeds was 58% and 96.9%, respectively.). T. arvensis was sensitive to osmotic stress induced by NaCl or PEG6000. The highest germination percentage was observed in pH 7. So that, he percentage of germination of spiny and hairy seeds reached 60% and 100%, respectively. No seedlings emerged when the seeds were buried at soil depth of 6 cm and deeper soil depths. The results of interaction of seed placement, temperature and seed shape showed that the temperature and seed shape had a significant effect on germination percentage. The depth of burial, the interaction between burial depth and thermal shock and the interaction between burial depth and seed shape had a significant effect on seed germination. The second experiment was to evaluate the phenology of this weed in the Kermanshah region. The results also showed that hedge parsley is a spring weed that its phonological stages completed in 141.6 days and to complete growth and development period need to 1847.38 degree day. In the third experiment, the effect of salinity and nitrogen on the competition between coriander and hedge parsley was investigated. Nitrogen and salinity affected on coriander growth characteristics. With the increasing salinity level, plant height, leaf number, fresh and dry weight of plant and leaf, yield and leaf area decreased. But nitrogen had a positive effect on morphological characteristics studied. The interaction between salinity and nitrogen showed that in all three levels of salinity with increasing nitrogen concentration increased coriander growth characteristics. Under salinity stress conditions, application of nitrogen 90 kg ha-1 could reduce the negative effects of salinity stress by increasing growth and finally improving the morphological characteristics of the plant.

  Following an ever-increasing population water demand has increased in drinking industrial and agricultural sectors as well.The allocation of limited water resources the quality of water used environmental impacts and policies for sustainable water use are issues of growing concern. Quantitative-qualitative utilization of surface water is a desirable approach in water resource management. In the present research the system of surface water resources of the river Daz at the boundary between the dam dam to Bandakhir was studied quantitatively and qualitatively at the same time. First the utilization of surface water resources of the study area was simulated using the WEAP model and its qualitative desirability was also simulated with QUAL2K quality model and then the two models were connected to each other. Finally the output information was entered into the MOPSO optimization model and tested according to the criteria and objectives. Before starting the optimization process, two management scenarios were considered and the results were compared with each other.In all implemented scenarios, due to the time limit for implementing the linked model the optimization period was 6 years and from the blue year of 2018-19 to 2023-24.Also all the needs of the plain and the regions cultivation pattern with the exception of the need for drinking increased due to increasing population was considered constant.From the scenarios reviewed the first scenario under the reference scenario was assumed with the assumption that the quantitative and qualitative utilization of water resources systems was in accordance with the existing conditions for the 6 year period. In this scenario, the system, while meeting the requirements, is required to meet the requirements of the requirements The ecological location is at the site of the bamdge hydrometric station.In the second scenario with the difference in priority of providing the environmental need for the end of the river Dez (Mt. Ghir) calculated by the Montana method was implemented.The third scenario or optimal scenario, was aimed at optimizing the environmental requirements of bitumen.The validation results of the qualitative model are in good agreement with the reality and the calibration coefficients of the model are also acceptable. In the reference scenario agricultural lands that have been located before the site of the ecosystem are encountered in shortage in some months of the year which is due to the priority of providing the environmental need to the agricultural needs of the plain.Also the worst of the rivers qualitative status is the BOD pollinization before the harvest and in terms of emissions of EC and NO3 at the end of the river.In the second scenario taking into account the Montana method environmental demand in the bitumen section the reliability of meeting all the needs increased compared to the first scenario and other significant improvements in BOD at the site of harvesting the other parameters of quality and contamination improved.In the optimal scenario the provision of needs increased compared to the previous two scenarios and none of the quality and pollution parameters along the river did not exceed the standard limits. Keywords:Coupling Model-Quantitative, MOPSO, Simulation-Optimization, Dez River

سوزاندن بقاياي گياهي از شيوه‌هاي رايج مديريت بقاياي گياهي بوده كه از ديرباز كشاورزان با انگيزه‌هاي مختلف به آن اقدام نموده‌اند. سوزاندن بقاياي گياهي يكي از عوامل تاثيرگذار بر تصاعد گازهاي گلخانه‌اي مانند CO2، N2O، CH4 و همچنين انتشار آلاينده‌هايي مانند   NH3، SO2، NMHC، تركيبات آلي فرار و نيمه‌فرار و غيره... است. از اينرو توجه به اين مسئله و انجام تحقيقات مختلف در اين زمينه مي‌تواند در افزايش آگاهي و جلوگيري از افزايش مضرات آن حائز اهميت باشد. اين تحقيق در سال زراعي 96-95 در استان كرمانشاه شهرستان سرپل­ذهاب انجام شد. ابتدا با مصاحبه با افراد آشنا به منطقه و همچنين كارشناسان اداره جهاد كشاورزي مختصات نقاط سوخته شده تعيين و عمليات نمونه­برداري صحرايي انجام شد. سپس جهت شناسايي نواحي سوخته شده زراعي از تصاوير ماهواره­اي8 LANDSAT سنجنده OIL/TIR   استفاده شد. پس از  انجام اصلاحات به روش FLAASH، در ادامه جهت انتخاب بهترين تفكيك پذيري از روش­هاي تركيب باندي شاخص مطلوبيت (OIF)، PCA و MNF   استفاده شد. طبقه بندي تصاوير با استفاده از روش حداكثر مشابهت صورت گرفت. نتايج نشان داد كه طبقه­بندي تصاوير به نقاط سوخته و نسوخته همبستگي بالا و معني­داري با نمونه­برداري صحرايي داشت كه در اين ميان روش تركيب باندي بر اساس شاخص مطلوبيت از بيشترين دقت (787/0) برخوردار بود. بر اين اساس مساحت زمين هاي زراعي جار سوزي شده 7380 هكتار برآورد شد. نتايج نشان داد كه در اراضي جارسوزي شده شهرستان سرپل ذهاب ميزان كل توليد بقاياي گندم معادل 83025 تن، ميزان بقاياي گندم پس از برداشت 8302 تن و ميزان بقاياي سوزانده شده گندم 6466 تن بود. ميزان انتشار گازهاي گلخانه­اي و آلاينده­هاي متصاعد شده به جو محاسبه و در نهايت نيز مقدار عناصر كربن، نيتروژن و گوگرد هدر رفته در نتيجه سوزاندن بقاياي گندم در سطح شهرستان برآورد گرديد. محاسبات صورت گرفته نشان داد كه سوزاندن بقاياي گندم مي تواند منجر به تصاعد مقادير 8690، 376، 22، 45/0، 39/2، 26/4، 15/18، 36/61، 17/24، 36/3 و 37/48 تن به ترتيب براي آلاينده­هاي CO2، CO، CH4،   2O، NH3، SO2،   OX، PM2.5، OC، BC و NMVOCS شود. ميزان اتلاف عناصر كربن، نيتروژن و گوگرد در نتيجه سوزاندن بقايا نيز به ترتيب 17/2575، 58/10 و 13/2 تن برآورد شد. كلمات كليدي: آلاينده­هاي جوي، جارسوزي، گازهاي گلخانه­اي، تصاوير ماهواره­اي، ArcMap

To evaluate the relationship between weeds and with the lentil to predict yield using Artificial Neural Network approach and also showing spatial variability of weeds and yield using geostatistical method, an experiment was conducted on one of the lentil fields of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University in Kermanshah. Sampling was systematically carried out in two stages in a network of regular points that the geographic coordinates of each sampling point were recorded using a GPS device, once in the pre-flowering stage of lentil and the second time at the end of the growing season. In these two stages, traits including density, height, canopy percentage and dry weight of weed species, and also canopy percentage, grain yield and biomass of lentil was measured and recorded. In addition, weeds diversity and evenness indices were calculated based on their density. In total, 45 weed species in the first stage and 28 species in the second stage was observed that most of which were annual and broad leaves. The results showed that, among the studied factors, density, canopy and dry weights of weeds had a significant negative effect on lentil yields, which in some cases also positive effect of some weed species was observed. The results also showed the positive effect of increasing the weed species diversity and evenness on lentil yield. In addition, according to the results, crop yield variations affected by weeds at the each area of the field, was different and the geostatistical method was showed that very good. The results showed that artificial neural network method is acceptable for predicting yield and biomass of lentil using weed traits as input of model. The best network to predict the yield was PCAs neural network, made from standard data with Steps learning law, with correlation coefficient of 80% and root normalized mean square error of 5.85%. However, the accuracy of the neural network for biomass prediction was not as effective as yield, so that the correlation coefficient and normalized root mean square error in its best network were 78% and 11.36%, respectively. The results generally showed that the neural network approach could use in lentil yield prediction under weed interference conditions, assuming that other conditions are desirable (non-outbreak of pests and diseases and occurrence of non-biological stresses).  Keywords: Spatial interpolation, Multi-species competition, Regression, Canopy, Site-specific management

  There is limited documentary information on the ecology of weeds belonging to the wheat genus in Iran. In this research, two species of wheat (Centaurea solstitialis) and Centaura balsamita (recently cultivated) were selected and examined. In this two-year research, we tried first of all to investigate the main characteristics and the reactions and mechanisms of both species, and then, experiments were designed to better understand and manage both species. This study was conducted in four main sections including germination ecology (acidity effect, potassium nitrate, osmotic potential, salinity, etc.), depth of burial and storage time, phenological research and competition. The results of this study showed that seeds are both non-foibastic species. The best germination temperature for them is 25 ° C and the minimum and maximum germination occurs at 5 and 35 °, respectively. Both species have a very negative reaction to nitrogen and are not considered nitrophilic. The inhibitory limit for salinity was 250 milli-molar, and before this level, there was a decrease in the decreasing response with germination. The maximum depth at which the germination was observed was a depth of 5 cm. There was no specific reaction to acidity and was observed in a range of 4 to 10 germination. Both species are resistant to drought and therefore have germination ability in arid areas. In relation to deep-water debris reactions, germination at a depth of 5 cm after 9 months and in dark conditions and a temperature of 20 * 10 ° C, had the highest germination percentage. All of the above mentioned factors contributed to breaking the seed dormancy and increasing germination. The lowest percentages were observed for the seeds in the warehouse, the time elapsed 3 months after burial and the presence of light. The phenological study showed that annual wheat and winter wheat were germinating early in the month, and in late August it would face seed loss. A bulky herb with a specific morphology that is more than 190 centimeters high. They had a high competitive power and reduced the yield of wheat to a large extent.Keywords: germination, burial depth and storage time, phenology, competition

  AbstractGalium aparine is a problematic weed, which has become increasingly difficult to control with herbicides in Iran. The aim of this study was to screen selected putative-resistant populations of G. aparine for resistance to auxinic herbicides 2,4-D+MCPA and ALS–inhibiting herbicides sulfosulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium. Populations of G. aparine were collected from different wheat fields in the west of Kermanshah, where herbicide-use pattern is typical for Iran. Herbicide resistance to premixed herbicide 2,4-D+MCPA was confirmed in several populations. More populations of G. aparine showed cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides examined in this research. Some populations were found to have developed multiple resistant to both auxinic and ALS herbicides. Generally, the level of resistance to ALS-inhibitor herbicides was higher than that of auxin analog herbicides.   

  Tomato is one of the most economically important crops of the world and Iran which its production seriously threatens by broomrape infection. In order to evaluate the effect of plant probiotics and allelopathic crops rye and hairy vetch on control of broomrape in tomato, greenhouse and field studies were conducted in 2015 and 2016 at Razi University. In greenhouse study the treatments included using different tomato cultivars Karoon, Aras, Sivand and Super Strain-B, allelopathic crops and various isolates of plant probiotics INR7, P2, B60, B71, E11. Examined treatments in filed stud which were chosed based on previously conducted greenhouse study were insisted of using two tomato cultivar Aras and Sivand, plant probiotics INR7 and B71, and allelopathic crops of rye and hairy vetch. For comparison, a non-treated (control) also was included. In this study for tomato plants, stem height and diameter, number of lateral shoots, fruit weight and number (both single and overall yield), and dry and wet weight f aerial and underground parts were measured. In addition, shoot number and dry weight of broomrape were recorded. Generally, results of this study showed that Sivand the most resistant cultivar against broomrape infection while Aras had the highest susceptibility. Interestingly, while the level; of broomrape invasion on Sivand was intensive but its yield was not diminished by broomrape. Using residues of hairy vetch was very effective in reducing the infection of broomrape on tomato. Hence, it could be concluded the most important achievement in our study was the complete inhibition of broomrape infection in tomato. Incubation of tomato seedling with plant probiotic B71 had no direct effect on broomrape infection while using plant probiotic INR7 increased tomato yield. The effectiveness of plant probiotics on tomato yield was very variable in the presence of allelopathic residues. Integrating these factors was more effective on tomato yield than their sole application. This shows the importance of selecting different factors in integrated management of broomrape I tomato crop. Under real agricultural conditions, the effectiveness of each given factor is determined by others and their subsequent interactions.

  To study the effects of weeds and some factors affecting the yield of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a field survey was conducted with sampling of 85 chickpea fields in three villages located in suburb of the city of Rawansar in the Kermanshah province at 2015. Data collection was done in two ways including: a) asking questionnaire from farmers and b) direct sampling of the fields. extracted data from included field area, crop rotation, farmer education level, time of plowing, fertilizer consumption, seed varieties cultivated, sowing date, weed management, date of harvest, harvesting method and the grain yield. Sampling was carried out in two stages: before flowering and pod formation randomly from six points of each field, using 1 x 1 m dimension quadrates. In this way, information such as weed species density and canopy percent , chickpea density and canopy percent , and grain yield were recorded. The results showed that the grain yield of chickpea depending on the type of crop management like time of plowing, sowing, sowing date, sowing method, weed management, date of harvest, and social factors such as farmer education level, age and experience of farmer and also studied village no significant differences were found.   Accordingly, performing twice plow before planting, using mechanized planting techniques, weed management and selection of appropriate planting and harvesting date significantly increased the yield of chickpea and decreased the weed population. In addition, increasing two factors of farmer education level and experience increased crop yield and reduce weeds. Also residing compared with non-residing in the village with an increased probability of more attention of farmers, increased crop yield and reduced weed population. A total of 28 weed species were recorded in the studied fields which most of them were mostly dominant annual and broadleaf weeds in chickpea fields in Kermanshah province. Meanwhile, the weed species of Cichorium intybus and Carthamus oxyacantha had the greatest impact on the grain yield.   ome weeds, like Glycyrrhiza glabra and Hordum glaucum   as a result of interactions with other weeds had a positive impact on the chickpea yield. In addition, increase in diversity and evenness of weed population has a positive impact on the yield of chickpea. It seems that increase the diversity of weed lead to increase competition between weeds and reduces weed competitiveness by themselves. This can reduce the negative impact of some weed species on arable crops. It was probably why the chickpea yield was affected by the positive effects of some weeds. In general it can be said that the factors affecting crop production in real conditions, can raise awareness about the effects of each of these factors, and thus is resulting in better management in the agricultural sector.

High quality seed is essential factor for proper establishment of seedling in field. Percentage and rate of seed germination in the laboratory are usually different from the emergence percentage and rate in field. This study carried out to determine the most suitable seed vigor test in the laboratory to predict the seedlling emergence percentage and rate. Eight lentil seed lots belonged to four cultivars (kimia, Bilesavar, Qazvin and Kermanshah local), were selected. These seed lots were different in production year, so that were produced in 2010 and 2014 years. In laboratory, some seed tests were performed on the seed lots, such as standard germination test, cold test, electrical conductivity test, imbibition test, hiltner test, osmotic stress test (at three potential 0, -3 and -6 bar), and accelerated aging test (at three temperatures 40, 41 and 42 °C for periods of 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours). In these tests, some indices related to seed and seedling vigor were measured, such as final germination percentage, mean daily germination, average time to germination, germination rate, normal seedling percentage, abnormal seedling percentage, seedling vigor index, allometric index, the use of seed storage, the contribution of seed storage in seedling weight, root and shoot length, root and shoot dry weight. In the farm, also, above mention seed lots were planted and some traits were evaluated, such as the seedling emergence percentage, average daily emergence, average time to emergence and seedling emergence rate. The results of analysis of variance and mean comparisons showed that the lentil seed lots were different in terms of measured traits in the laboratory and the field. Orthogonal analysis for field and laboratory tests showed the superiority new v.s. old seed lots. To investigate the relation between field and laboratory tests, correlation analysis wase measured between germination characteristics in the laboratory with two traits of percentage and rate of seedling emergence in field. In relation to seedling emergence percentage in the field, the highest positive correlations were obtained with normal seedling percentage in the accelerated aging test at of 41 °C for 72 and 96 hours (0.888 and 0.861, respectively), the final germination percentage in the accelerated aging test at 41 °C for 72 and 96 hours (0.842 and 0.813, respectively), normal seedling percentage in the cold test at 2 °C (0.733) and normal seedling percentage in the standard germination test (0.724). In relation to seedling emergence rate in the field, the highest positive correlations were obsereved with germination rate in the cold test at 2 °C (0.792), shoot length in the cold test at 4 °C (0.766), germination rate in the osmotic stress test at -6 bar (0.765), average daily germination in the osmotic stress test at -6 bar (0.753), average daily germination in the standard germination test (0.733), and average daily germination in the accelerated aging test at 41 °C for 96 and 72 hours (0.718 and 0.712, respectively). So, these laboratory tests can be used to predict the rate and percentage of seedling emergence in the field.

Weeds or invasive native plants that adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems, agriculture and forestry. In this study, weeds College of Agriculture and Natural resources include field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L .; licorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra L.; amaranth, Amaranthus deflexus L .; weed, Chenopodium album L .; datura, Datura stramonium L. , wild mustard, Sinapis arvensis L .; cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium L .; oats, Avena fatua L .; Gheyagh Sorghum halepense L. and Shlmy All. (Rapistrum rugosum (L. were studied. The aim of this study was to collect and identify insects associated with the above-mentioned weeds and insects for biological control of introduced species of weeds target. For this purpose, the sampling insects Tiny microscopic slides were prepared and were sent for identification to the relevant experts. based on the result of the result, 17 species of Svsk¬Hay families Chrysomelidae, (Radymna persica (Faldermann, 1837), Chaetocnema sp., Altica sp., Spermophagus sp. and Burchidius sp.), Curculionidae, (Alcidodes karelini (Boheman, 1844), Lixus sp., Ceutorhynchus sp. and Microlarius sp.) and Coccinelidae, (Scymnus frontalis (Fabricius, 1787)), Sn¬Hay family Tingidae , (Galeatus scrophicus (Saunders, 1876)); Anthocoridae, (Orius niger (Wolff, 1811)); thrips family Aeolothripidae, (Aeolothrips mongolicus (Pelikan, 1985)); Thripidae, (Chirothrips kurdistanus (zur Strassen, 1967) , Chirothrips manicatus (Haliday, 1836) and Chirothrips africanus (Priesner, 1932)) and Phlaeothripidae, (Haplothrips ganglbaueri (Schmutz, 1913)) were identified. As well as field bindweed seeds and Shyryn¬Byan in appropriate containers in the laboratory Ng·h¬Dary and seed insects and parasitoids were collected. Of the seeds respectively, field bindweed and Shyryn¬Byan weevil Alcidodes karelini (Boheman, 1844) and seed beetle Burchidius sp. Out. Also parasitoid sex Eurytomidae family through infected seeds beetles A. karelini and Burchidius sp. Collected and identified.

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Myagrum perfoliatum is a winter weed in crops such as wheat and barley in Kermanshah province recently been problematic. This weed, emerging in Iran and in the world, many studies have been done on it. Seeds zero at different depths (surface), 5, 10, 20 and 40 cm. The time period after 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 and 14 months out of the soil and tra  orted to the laboratory and under the treatments were temperature and light. Temperature treatment at three levels (25 ° C, fixed, variable 5/10 and 10/20 °C) and light treatments on two levels (light and dark) were applied.The results showed that weed seeds are not photoblastic. Myagrum perfoliatum germinated in light and dark alike. Optimum temperature for seed germination temperature regime Myagrum perfoliatum varied 10/20. Burial depth on seed germination significant effect (p?0.01). The highest germination was found at a depth of five centimeters of soil. Over time also had a significant effect on breaking dormancy so that the seeds after 14 months had the highest percentage of germination. Due to the increased depth, germination percentage decreased Myagrum perfoliatum can be concluded that deep plowing to control weeds because it can lead to the germination of seeds and this prevents them into the depths of the plowing should be done a few years in the West because in Iran is usually done by plow tillage the soil tillage and seed lefted to gether and seeds that in the middle up and make them germinate.Key words: deep plowing, new weed, optimum temperature, wheat and barley