Abstract Rapid population growth and the increasing needs of society on the one hand, intensive production of agricultural products in arid and semi-arid regions, and the lack of use of fertilizers containing potassium (K) on the other hand have caused the depletion and reduction of the availability and varying rates of potassium release in Iranian soils. Also, the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and improper management in the agricultural sector have faced the country's soils with a shortage of organic matter. In a study conducted during 1402-1403, the effects of various organic fertilizers on potassium forms and biological activities in soil were investigated. Initially, two different soil samples were collected from a depth of 0-30 cm, considering mineralogical differences. Six types of organic fertilizers—cow manure, chicken manure, sheep manure, compost, vermicompost, and mealworm frass manure—were added to soil samples at a concentration of 1.5%. These samples were then incubated for 60 days under controlled conditions, with a temperature of 25°C and maintained at field capacity moisture. At the end of the period, measurements were taken for potassium forms, basal respiration (BR), substrate-indued respiration (SIR), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and metabolic quotient (qCO2). The results indicated that incorporating various organic fertilizers significantly influenced potassium forms and biological activities in both soils at a 5% probability level. In Soil 1, the highest levels of soluble potassium were found in the chicken treatment (173.8 mg kg?¹) and the frass treatment (167 mg kg?¹). The frass treatment also had the highest exchangeable potassium (542 mg kg?¹) and non-exchangeable potassium (1130.60 mg kg?¹), while the cow treatment showed the highest structural potassium (6580.06 mg kg?¹). In soil 2, the highest level of soluble potassium was found in the chicken manure treatment, measuring 303.5 mg kg?¹, followed closely by the frass treatment at 296.66 mg kg?¹. The frass treatment also exhibited the highest exchangeable potassium at 1343.66 mg kg?¹. In terms of non-exchangeable potassium, the chicken manure treatment had the highest value at 2326.66 mg kg?¹, while the frass treatment showcased the highest levels of structural potassium, measuring 7502 mg kg?¹.

   Abstract Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) has the largest cultivated area among legumes. It not only provides a cheap protein diet, but also can improve soil fertility due to its nitrogen fixation ability. Kermanshah province is one of the top provinces in the country in terms of chickpea cultivation area as this crop is considered the second crop of most rainfed farmers in the province. Therefore, conducting applied research in the field of chickpea cultivation is of great importance. This field experiment was conducted in Sarbekuh village, Homeyl district, West Eslamabad-e Gharb county, in split plots in a randomized complete block design. The land was divided into 4 blocks and each block had 28 plots. The main plots included the control (without zinc sulfate and humic acid), soil application of zinc sulfate at a rate of 20 kg/ha, soil application of humic acid at a rate of 5 kg/ha, and soil application of zinc sulfate +   humic acid at a rate of 20 and 5 kg/ha, respectively, and the subplots included the control (without foliar application), foliar application of zinc sulfate at a concentration of 2 kg in 1000 L at podding time and before and after flowering, foliar application of humic acid at a concentration of 2 kg in 1000 L at podding time and before and after flowering, and foliar application of zinc sulfate + humic acid at concentrations of 2 + 2 kg in 1000 L at podding time and before and after flowering. The results indicated that the highest 100-grain weight was related to the soil application of zinc sulfate + humic acid at a rate of 1.42 g, which was not significantly different from the zinc sulfate treatment. Comparison of the simple effects of soil treatments showed that the highest biological yield was obtained in the zinc sulfate + humic acid treatment with an amount of 3250 kg/ha. Comparison of the simple effects of soil treatments showed that the highest biological yield among foliar treatments was related to the zinc sulfate + humic acid before and after flowering with an average of 3364 kg/ha. The highest amount of grain nitrogen (3.3%) was related to the foliar application of humic acid before and after flowering without soil application of zinc sulfate and humic acid. In general, the results showed that the foliar application of zinc sulfate + humic acid before and after flowering had the greatest effect among the treatments on the yield and yield components of chickpea. The soil and foliar applications of zinc sulfate and humic acid significantly increased the amount of nitrogen and grain protein, while they had no significant effect on the amount of phosphorus, potassium and zinc in the grain. Keywords: Rainfed chickpea, Biological yield, Seed yield, Humic acid, Foliar application

      Abstract: Considering the increasing rate of the world's population and the increasing demand for agricultural products, the cultivation of greenhouses in order to increase the production per unit area is very important. Environmental stresses such as high temperature, severe cold, drought, salinity and heavy elements have a negative effect on plant metabolism. Salinity is one of the most common environmental stresses that affects the growth and development of plants. Seeds are highly vulnerable to stress during the planting stage until the seedling is established. Biofertilizers have microorganisms that can help improve plant nutrition by methods such as fixing nitrogen, dissolving phosphate, releasing potassium ions, or providing iron and other required elements. In order to investigate the characteristics of greenhouse cucumber seeds (Nagin) under salinity stress conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with three repetitions, three levels of potassium (control, 100 and 200 mg/liter with potassium sulfate), two levels of fertilizer. Biology (control and bacillus sativa bacteria (CFU/ml) and three levels of salinity stress (control, 7 and 14 dS/m with sodium chloride) were carried out. The seeds were cultivated in Petri dishes and the treatments were applied and the germination percentage, germination speed, Average germination and seed strength index were calculated. Increasing the concentration of potassium in high salinity created positive effects in all the investigated traits. The interaction of treatments applied on greenhouse cucumber seeds increased seed vigor index, radicle length, seedling wet weight, shoot and seedling dry weight. However, biofertilizer in the laboratory did not have a significant effect on the examined traits. Keywords: greenhouse products, potassium sulfate, Bacillus sativa bacteria, sodium chloride, germination index

  ustainable rural development is only possible in the light of proper use of environmental resources with theoretical and intellectual infrastructure and their preservation and improvement for future generations. The behavior of farmers in dealing with these basic resources has a decisive role in their protection. Purpose: The research was conducted with the purpose of modeling the environmentally responsible behavior of vegetable growers in Miandarband district of Kermanshah city based on Heinz et al.'s model. Research methodology: The research was applied in terms of purpose, which was carried out descriptively and correlationally. The statistical population was 149 vegetable farmers of Mian-Darband district in Kermanshah province, and the data was collected from them. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. The collected data were analyzed using   WIN22 and SmartPLSWIN3 software and in two descriptive and inferential sections.

جنگل‌هاي زاگرس كه به‌عنوان اكوسيستم­هاي جنگلي نيمه‌خشك تقسيم‌بندي مي­شوند وسيع‌ترين اكوسيستم جنگلي   ايران به شمار مي‌روند كه 44درصد جنگل‌هاي كشور را تشكيل داده و مهم­ترين رويشگاه گونه­هاي بلوط در ايران به شمار مي­روند. پژوهش   حاضر براي بررسي تنوع عملكرد ميكروبي خاك در ارتباط با جزاير حاصلخيزي در جنگل­هاي شاخه زاد بلوط زاگرس انجام شد. منطقه مورد مطالعه، در استان كرمانشاه، جنگل­هاي شهرستان گيلان غرب منطقه دار بادام قرار داشت. به‌منظور نمونه‌گيري، تعداد 4 ترانسكت در منطقه مورد مطالعه با فاصله‌هاي 50 متر در نظر گرفته شد. سپس، در راستاي ترانسك­ها، نمونه­برداري‌ از خاك با توجه تيمار­ها انجام گرديد. تيمارهاي مورد بررسي شامل محدوده تاج جست‌گروه‌ها (جست گروه­هاي با تعداد جست­هاي 1 تا 3، 3 تا10، 10 تا20 و بيشتر از 20) و فواصل مابين جست‌گروه­ها (تاج درختان به هم چسبيده (بدون فاصله)، فاصله تاج درختان 1 تا 3 متر و 3 تا 5 متر) بود. در هر كدام از تيمار­هاي فوق، قطعات نمونه با مشخصات ابعادي 25/0 ×25/0 متر و از عمق صفر تا 30 سانتي­متري و به‌طور كاملاً تصادفي برداشت شدند. هر يك از اين تيمار­ها، در هر ترانسكت با 4 تكرار در نظر گرفته و در مجموع تعداد 28 نمونه براي منطقه مورد مطالعه برداشت شد. نتايج نشان داد كه نتايج به دست آمده از مقايسه ميانگين ويژگي­هاي فيزيكي و شيميايي خاك درون تاج و بيرون تاج نشان داد كه ميانگين ويژگي­هاي كربن آلي، پتاسيم و شن در درون تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني­داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن­ها در فضا­هاي بيرون تاج درختان است. ولي ميانگين ساير ويژگي­ها از جمله واكنش شيميايي خاك، هدايت الكتريكي، فسفر، رس، سيلت و آهك در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج بود. همچنين ويژگي­هاي تنفس پايه و كسر متابوليك در زير تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني‌داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن­ها در فضا­هاي بيرون تاج درختان مشاهده شد، ولي ميانگين ساير ويژگي­ها از جمله تنفس برانگيخته، كربن زيست‌توده ميكروبي و بهره ميكروبي در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج به دست آمد. نتايج به دست آمده از مقايسه ميانگين آنزيم­هاي خاك درون تاج و بيرون تاج نشان داد كه ميانگين آنزيم­هاي فسفاتاز قليايي و ساكاراز در زير تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني‌داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن‌ها در فضاهاي بيرون تاج درختان است ولي ميانگين ساير آنزيم­ها از جمله فسفاتاز اسيدي و اوره آز در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج است.   

Abstract Soils that undergo structural changes and experience a decrease in particle resistance and cohesion with the application of minimal force are known as problematic soils. One method of rehabilitating such soils is by incorporating certain amendment materials that possess high specific surface area and porosity, along with high reactivity, to influence soil properties. This study investigated the effects of four types of organic and mineral amendment materials on selected characteristics of a clay loam soil. The experiment was conducted at Razi University using a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments consisted of zeolite, biochar, compost, each at four levels (0, 1, 2, and 5% by weight), and nano-clay at four levels (0, 0.5, 1, and 2% by weight). After amending the soil, it was subjected to alternate wetting and drying cycles for a period of two months. Subsequently, certain physical and mechanical properties of the soil, including Atterberg limits, saturated hydraulic conductivity, shear strength, compressive strength, and particle size distribution were measured. The results showed that the use of different amendment levels had a significant effect on the measured parameters. Biochar at the 5% level had a significant impact on increasing the brittleness index, resulting in a 125% increase compared to the control, indicating a higher moisture range suitable for soil cultivation. Furthermore, the addition of nano-clay led to an increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity, with the highest value (7.49 cm/h) obtained at the 2% level. Overall, the addition of amendment materials can alleviate physical and mechanical constraints of the soil. Keywords: Amendment, Biochar, Compost, Nano clay, Soil physical properties, Zeolite   

   Abstract:

The current study included the isolation and identification of fungi associated with the seeds of wheat and barley plants, which are considered important agricultural crops globally, where the isolated fungi were diagnosed by traditional methods as well as by PCR method. Sequencing and phylogenetic tree were also conducted to monitor the evolutionary relationship of some fungal isolates under this study. The study also included the preparation of different concentrations of silver and zinc nanoparticles for the purpose of testing their effect on isolated fungi in in vitro (laboratory) conditions as well as in the in vivo (soil). The results of our current study showed the superiority of superficially sterilized seeds over non-superficially sterilized seeds in terms of the number and frequency of isolated fungi, which included Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizupus oryzae, Alternaria alternata, and Alternaria solani. In wheat seeds the fungus A. niger was the most frequent in both sterile and non-superficially sterilized seeds where it was 28% and 37.8%, respectively, while in barley the fungus Rhizopus oryzae was the most common with 17% and 55.3% , respectively. The molecular biological study also revealed that our isolates are close to genuine isolates from Pakistan (A. niger), India (A. terreus and A. solani), China and America (A. fumigatus and R. oryzae). The genetic study using PCR, gene sequencing, and a phylogenetic tree revealed that the isolates were identical to the traditional screening that relied on phenotypic traits (A. parasiticus). The current study demonstrated the existence of various effects of zinc and silver nanoparticles in plates (well diffusion method), as treatment of all concentrations (5, 10 and 15 percent) did not significantly differ from one another, but it gave an inhibition that reached above in the fungus A. niger at a concentration of 15 percent for silver nanoparticles, where it reached 11.33 mm, even though these particles gave a clear inhibition. The effect of treatment with nanoparticles was varying on the germination rate of wheat and barley seeds in the plates, the seeds gave a germination rate of 100% when using silver nanoparticles for both wheat and barley, but the zinc nanoparticles gave a germination rate of 96.6% at concentration of 15% for wheat, while the rest of the concentrations gave a germination rate of 100% for both wheat and barley. Regarding the root and peduncle, they were impacted by the nanoparticle treatments mentioned above. The treatment of barley seeds with a concentration of 5 percent silver nano, where the length of the stem was 30 mm, had the greatest impact. Except for the treatment of zinc nanometers on the root in barley, which gave a significant germination rate than in the comparison, and the concentration of 5 percent nano silver on the peduncle, all treatments of the seeds in field experiments gave the dusty and non-dusty seeds a single germination rate, which is 100 percent. All nanoparticle coefficients were also significantly influential. Key words: Fungi, Molecular identification, Nanoparticles, Pesticides, Iraq.

Capped mushrooms form a large group of basidiomycota fungi, which are called gilled mushrooms in English. The term agaric fungi is used for fungi of the order Agaricales, which have umbrella-shaped and fleshy basidiocarps, and usually consist of a cap and a base. This group of fungi decomposes rotten wood and returns useful substances to the soil, and also plays a role in destroying sick and weak trees. A group of these mushrooms are important in terms of nutrients and medicine, and some can cause disease, biological control, or poisoning. during a survey of Agaric mushrooms of Dalaho, determine the toxic and deadly habitat in the region, check the presence of suitable species for artificial cultivation, saprophit species in the Dalaho highlands and suurounding plains, conduted from 2019 to 2021, About 104 specimens of Agaric Fungi were collected. The specimens were examined based on macroscopy features (shape of pileus and stipe, the presence or absence of volva at the base stip ,   the presence or absence of   a ring on the stip, gill attachment, the spore print color, etc.) and microscopic properties (shape and type of hypha, the presence or absence of clamp connection, shape, color and size of basidiospore, shape and size basidiospore, shape and size cystidia, ect). after examining these characteristics, the specimens were dried by a dehydrator and then kept in a freezer at -20°C for two weeks in order to eliminate possible pests. Then the samples were placed in zipped plastic bags, and while assigning a herbarium code to each specimens, one specimens was sent to herbarium of fungi, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran. In order to complete the morphological identification, the specimens were analyzed molecularly. In this study, ITS intra-ribosomal transcribed region, which includes ITS1, 5.8S coding gene, and ITS2, was used. Out of 104 collected specimens, 75 specimens were analyzed and 29 specimens were excluded due to insufficient number of samples. The studied specimens belong to 20 genera and 26 species. Among the identified species, five species including Melanoleuca exscissa, Peziza varia, Suillellus luridus, Tubaria co  ersa, Tulosesus impatiens, are reported for the first time from Kermanshah province and five species including   Coprinellus bipellis, Coprinopsis strossmayeri, Leucocalocybe mongolica, Meottomyces dissimulans, Mycena zephirus are new for the Iranian Flora.  

In the soils of Iran, the deficiency of essential nutrients and the low efficiency of their absorption are considered important factors contributing to the reduction in quantity and quality of agricultural products. Therefore, by implementing proper plant nutrition methods, the efficiency of nutrients can be enhanced. Based on this premise, to investigate the effect of foliar application of nano micronutrient fertilizers on morphophysiological traits and performance of black cumin (Nigella sativa), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the agricultural year of 1401-1400 at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University in Kermanshah Province. Experimental treatments included foliar application of six nano chelated micronutrient fertilizers: iron and boron (2 ppm), zinc and manganese (1.5 ppm), copper and molybdenum (1 ppm), at the early vegetative growth stage; foliar application of the same six nano chelated micronutrient fertilizers at the early seed filling stage; and a control treatment (foliar application with water). In this experiment, traits related to plant growth characteristics, yield and yield components, physiological traits, biochemical traits, percentage of black cumin oil, and oil yield were measured.The results of variance analysis showed that the application of nano micronutrient fertilizers at the branching and seed filling stages separately had a significant effect on most traits (except for the number of seeds per plant and the maximum efficiency of photosystem II). A comparative analysis of the effect of foliar application of nano micronutrient fertilizers between the two stages of branching and seed filling showed significant differences in most traits (except for seed filling rate, stem height, plant dry weight, capsule weight ratio, catalase, and superoxide dismutase). Foliar application of nano iron fertilizer in the branching and seed filling stages (yielding 1679 and 1772 kg/ha, respectively) produced the highest seed yield compared to the control treatment (1414 kg/ha). Additionally, the highest oil yield was observed, firstly with the application of iron and zinc at the seed filling stage (640 and 606 kg/ha, respectively), and then at the branching stage (569 and 561 kg/ha, respectively). The highest response in morphological and physiological traits was initially achieved with iron application, followed by foliar application of zinc. Overall, the results of this experiment suggest that foliar application of nano chelated micronutrient fertilizers, especially iron and zinc, appears to be effective in enhancing both quantitative and qualitative yield of black cumin.   

آگاهي از كيفيت خاك، لازمه بهره­برداري صحيح از اين منبع مهم طبيعي، در راستاي كشاورزي پايدار است. كيفيت خاك با اندازه­گيري بعضي شاخص­هاي مهم تعيين مي­شود. اگر اين شاخص­ها در محدوده مناسب قرار داشته باشند، عملكرد محصول به حداكثر مقدار ­رسيده و تخريب خاك نيز كاهش مي­يابد. به منظور ارزيابي كيفيت فيزيكي خاك و عملكرد بيولوژيكي ذرت و گندم، مطالعه­اي در سال زراعي 98-1397 در بخشي از اراضي منطقه روانسر در استان كرمانشاه انجام شد. در اين راستا، در قالب يك شبكه منظم (ابعـاد 100 ×100 متر)، نمونه­ برداري خاك انجام و بعضي از ويژگي­هاي مهم فيزيكي موثر بر عملكرد محصولات زراعي از قبيل جرم مخصوص ظاهري، هدايت هيدروليكي، كربن آلي خاك، تخلخل غيرموئينگي و مقدار رطوبت قابل دسترس خاك تعيين گرديد. سپس، تغييرپذيري مكاني ويژگي­هاي خاك با استفاده از تكنيك­هاي زمين آمار و به كمك نرم افـزار ArcGIS انجام شد. در پايان فصول رشد نيز در هر نقطه نمونه­برداري، عملكرد بيولوژيكي دو محصول مورد نظر (ذرت و گندم) تعيين گرديد. شاخص رتبه­بندي فيزيكي خاك با حاصل­ضرب ارزش پنج پارامتر فيزيكي مورد بررسي تعيين و در نهايت، ارتباط عملكرد بيولوژيك با شاخص فيزيكي خاك مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. بررسي نقشه­هاي پهنه­بندي نشان داد كه تغييرات هدايت هيدروليكي اشباع بين 04/0 تا 69/1 سانتي متر بر ساعت و كربن­آلي بين 26/0 تا 35/1 درصد متغير بوده و در بخش شمال غربي مزرعه داراي بيشترين مقادير بودند. دامنه تغييرات جرم مخصوص ظاهري خاك نيز بين 34/1 تا 66/1 گرم بر سانتي متر مكعب، تخلخل غيرموئينگي بين 25/6 تا 92/19 درصد و رطوبت قابل دسترس نيز بين 29/6 تا 93/18 در­صد متغيير بود. ضرايب همبستگي بين شاخص فيزيكي خاك و عملكرد بيولوژيكي گندم و ذرت به ترتيب 82/0 و 77/0 بودند كه نشان­دهنده همبستگي قوي بين اين شاخص و عملكرد دو محصول در منطقه مورد مطالعه است. بطوركلي، شاخص فيزيكي خاك يك ابزار مهم در ارزيابي كمي شرايط فيزيكي خاك است كه با توجه به آن و بر اساس نقشه­هاي پهنه­بندي، مي­توان در راستاي بهبود كيفيت فيزيكي خاك در مزارع كشاورزي اقدام نمود.كليد واژه: ذرت ، زمين آمار ، كيفيت خاك، گندم

   آگاهي از وضعيت تغذيه­اي باغات ميوه به منظور افزايش كميت و كيفيت محصول يك امر ضروري و اجتناب­ناپذير است. همچنين، مديريت پايدار حاصلخيزي خاك يكي از مؤلفه­هاي مهم مديريت خاك در راستاي كشاورزي پايدار است كه ارزيابي آن از طريق سنجش ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي امكان­پذير مي­باشد. اين پژوهش با هدف بررسي تأثير چالكودهاي تلفيقي مختلف از كودهاي آلي، شيميايي و زيستي بر رفع كلروز آهن در درختان هلو و شليل، تعادل عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه درختان تيمار شده و برخي ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي خاك انجام گرفت. پيش از اعمال تيمارهاي چالكود، نمونه­هاي خاك از دو عمق 30-0 و 60-30 سانتي­متري به ‌صورت مركب از باغ مورد مطالعه تهيه و ويژگي­هاي شيميايي (pH، EC، ماده آلي و فسفر و پتاسيم فراهم) و زيستي (تنفس پايه، كربن زيست­توده ميكروبي، تنفس ناشي از سوبسترا و كسر متابوليك) آن­ها تعيين شدند. اين پژوهش به صورت آزمايش فاكتوريل در قالب بلوك­هاي كامل تصادفي در 3 بلوك و 5 تيمار اجرا شد. اواسط اسفند 1398، تيمارهاي آزمايشي به صورت چالكود در يك سوم بيروني سايه­انداز درختان به اين صورت اعمال شدند: كود دامي كاملاً پوسيده (A)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين (B)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + باكتري باسيلوس (C)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + تيوباسيلوس + گوگرد پودري (D)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + باكتري باسيلوس + تيوباسيلوس + گوگرد پودري (E). مقادير نيتروژن، فسفر، پتاسيم، آهن، منگنز، مس و روي در برگ و ميوه درختان در سال­هاي 1399 و 1400 و كلروفيل برگ در سال 1400 اندازه­گيري شدند. پس از برداشت ميوه­ها در تابستان 1400، نمونه­هاي خاك از دو عمق 30-0 و 60-30 سانتي­متر و از كنار محل چالكود با استفاده از اوگر برداشته شد. ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي در خاك­هاي تيمار شده، اندازه­گيري و با ويژگي­هاي خاك قبل از چالكود مقايسه شدند. نتايج نشان داد كه كمترين و بيشترين مقادير كلروفيل برگ و عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه هلو و شليل به ترتيب در تيمارهاي A و E به دست آمدند. بر اساس آناليز واريانس كيت-نلسون، عملكرد 1/50 و 2/43 كيلوگرم در درخت به عنوان عملكرد بحراني براي تفكيك جامعه با عملكرد بالا (تيمارهاي D و E) از جامعه با عملكرد پايين (تيمارهاي A، B و C) به ترتيب در درختان هلو و شليل به دست آمد. آهن و فسفر، محدودكننده­ترين عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه هلو و شليل در جامعه با عملكرد پايين بودند. همچنين، نتايج نشان داد كه pH خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري نسبت به خاك شاهد كاهش يافت و كمترين مقدار pH مربوط به تيمار E بود. همچنين، با افزايش عمق، مقدار pH در خاك­هاي چالكود شده كاهش پيدا كرد، در حالي­كه در خاك شاهد افزايش يافت. مقدار EC خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري بيشتر از خاك شاهد بود. با اين حال، افزايش EC در خاك­هاي تيمار شده به اندازه­اي نبود كه منجر به شوري خاك شود. اثر تيمارهاي چالكود بر افزايش مقدار ماده آلي خاك معني­دار بود. مقدار ماده آلي خاك در عمق 30-0 سانتي­متري، از 09/2 تا 23/2 درصد متغير بود كه بيشترين و كمترين مقدار آن به ترتيب براي خاك شاهد و تيمار E به دست آمد. دامنه اين پارامتر در عمق 60-30 سانتي­متري، 90/2-69/1 درصد بود كه بر خلاف لايه اول، بيشترين مقدار در تيمار E و كمترين مقدار در خاك شاهد اندازه­گيري شد. مقدار فسفر فراهم خاك به طور معني­داري نسبت به شاهد افزايش پيدا كرد، در حالي­كه بين مقادير اين پارامتر در خاك­هاي چالكود شده، تفاوت معني­داري وجود نداشت. مقدار پتاسيم فراهم در خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري نسبت به شاهد افزايش پيدا كرد و اين تفاوت در عمق 60-30 سانتي­متري چشمگيرتر بود. تيمارهاي چالكود به طور معني­داري تنفس پايه، تنفس ناشي از سوبسترا و كربن زيست­توده ميكروبي را نسبت به شاهد افزايش دادند، در حالي­كه اثر آن­ها بر كسر متابوليك معني­دار نبود. به طور كلي، مي­توان گفت كه مديريت تلفيقي چالكود در تيمار E، بيشترين تأثير را در بهبود كلروز آهن، تعادل تغذيه­اي درختان و كيفيت شيميايي و زيستي خاك داشت.

   اثر   تيمارهاي پيش كاشت بذر با ساليسيليك اسيد، هيوميك اسيد و روي بر عملكرد و كيفيت ارقام گندم دوروم در شرايط ديم چكيده به­ منظور بررسي تأثير تيمار بذر با اسيد هيوميك، اسيد ساليسيليك و روي بر عملكرد و برخي صفات مربوط به ريشه گندم دوروم (Triticum durum Desf.) دو آزمايش گلداني و مزرعه اي در پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي دانشگاه رازي كرمانشاه در سال زراعي 99-1398 اجرا شد. فاكتورها در هر دو آزمايش شامل اسيد هيوميك، اسيدساليسيليك، روي، اسيد ساليسيليك+ اسيد هيوميك، اسيد ساليسيليك + روي، اسيدهيوميك+ روي، اسيد ساليسيليك+ اسيدهيوميك+ روي و شاهد (عدم مصرف) بر روي ارقام گندم دوروم ساجي و ذهاب بودند. در طرح گلداني، آزمايش از نوع فاكتوريل در قالب طرح كامل تصادفي در سه تكرار اجرا گرديده و صفات سطح برگ، وزن خشك ساقه، وزن خشك ريشه، وزن خشك كل، ارتفاع بوته، طول و تراكم ريشه اندازه­ گيري شدند. در طرح مزرعه اي، آزمايش از نوع فاكتوريل و در قالب طرح بلوك كاملاً تصادفي و با سه تكرار و صفات   عملكرد بيولوژيك، عملكرد دانه، تعداد سنبله در متر مربع، تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن هزار دانه، شاخص برداشت، ، ميزان پروتئين دانه، ارتفاع بوته، ميزان كلروفيل a ، b و كاروتنوئيدها مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. نتايج تجزيه واريانس در شرايط گلخانه نشان داد كه رقم، بذرمال نمودن تيمارها و اثرات متقابل آن ­ها بر تمام صفات مورد مطالعه   اثر معني ­دار در سطح احتمال 5 درصد داشتند. در بيشتر صفات عملكردي تيمار اسيد هيوميك+ اسيد ساليسيليك+ عنصر روي بالاترين مقدار را نشان داد و بيشترين ميزان وزن خشك ريشه، طول، تراكم و حجم ريشه در تيمارهاي اسيد هيوميك و اسيد ساليسيليك مشاهده شد. در شرايط مزرعه نيز اثرات متقابل تيمارها بر اكثر صفات مورد بررسي اثر معني ­داري نشان داد. در آزمايش گلخانه­ اي بيشترين ميزان براي تمام صفات در رقم ساجي مشاهده شد. در شرايط مزرعه بر خلاف گلخانه، اكثر صفات به‌ ويژه صفات عملكردي در رقم ذهاب مقادير بالاتري داشتند. به ­طوري كه تقريباً همه­ تيمارهاي مورد بررسي بدون اختلاف معني دار با يكديگر، بالاترين عملكرد دانه (510 گرم) را نشان دادند. بيشترين تعداد دانه در سنبله (46) نيز در تيمارهاي روي در رقم ذهاب مشاهده شد. در مجموع مي­توان چنين بيان كرد كه كاربرد كودهاي آلي و تنظيم كننده­ هاي رشد گياهي موجب افزايش عملكرد و اجزاي عملكرد مي ­گردد.       واژه­ هاي كليدي: رنگيزه هاي فتوسنتزي، وزن خشك ريشه، پروتئين دانه، ذهاب ، ساجي

   One of the important issues in sustainable land management for optimal agricultural production and conservation of natural resources is soil quality assessment. The use of soil quality profiles is a useful tool for determining and comparing soil conditions. This research was conducted in order to investigate the quality of the top layer of soil in a part of Mahidasht region. For this purpose, according to the geological characteristics of the region and the use of topographic profiles, the position of 71 observation points was determined by applying the conditional Latin hypercube algorithm (CLHS) in the study area. According to the objectives of the research, the pattern of sampling points was designed in such a way that it includes different terrains and irrigated and rainfed agricultural lands, pasture and oak forest of Zagros. Laboratory analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of the samples was done according to standard methods. After the statistical analysis of the data, soil quality was evaluated based on the Cumulative Quality Index (IQI) and Numerical Quality Index (NQI) separately based on two sets of Total Data (TDS) and Minimum Data (MDS). MDS selection was done with the help of principal component analysis (PCA) and out of 8 TDS indicators, 6 indicators including soil reaction, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, saturation percentage, clay and silt were selected. Among the different characteristics of calcium carbonate equivalent and soil reaction, they were the most limiting for soil quality in the region. The average soil quality in IQITDS, NQITDS, IQIMDS and NQIMDS indexes was 0.815, 0.760, 0.717 and 0.857, respectively, for all indexes except IQIMDS in good class and for IQIMDS in It was an average class. The correlation coefficient between IQITDS and IQIMDS was equal to 0.93 and between NQITDS and NQIMDS was equal to 0.74, which was significant at the 1% level. The highest values of soil quality indexes are respectively in forest, pasture and agricultural land with an average of 0.844, 0.831 and 0.804 in the IQITDS index and an average of 0.833, 0.779 and 0.744 in the index It was NQITDS. Spatial change of soil quality was investigated by calculating and fitting the experimental variogram spherical model on IQITDS and NQITDS profiles. According to the normal kriging maps, the values of both IQITDS and NQITDS indices are higher in forest and pasture land use, which are mostly located at the edge of the study area, and in the middle parts of the area where the land use is agricultural. It was lower.

Water is the main element for the vital processes of all living beings and the main feature of the earth's sustainability of life on the planet, because having healthy and hygienic water is one of the most essential needs of human life and society. Water quality causes intensive resources in water exploitation. One of the most common problems of exploitation and maintenance of water phenomena is feed and scaling. Corrosion is a phenomenon that generally occurs as a result of material contact with the surrounding environment. Currently, a significant percentage of the country's annual income is allocated to issues related to life and water scaling, which prediction and estimation help a lot to control and reduce consumption costs. The use of corrosion and scaling indices is an indirect method of detecting and measuring water's tendency to corrosion and scaling. Due to the influence of various factors, the corrosion and scaling potential of water is a complex phenomenon and cannot be modeled easily. In this research, meta-exploratory methods such as artificial neural networks and gene expression programming were used to predict the water corrosiveness and sedimentation potential of the water distribution network in some rural areas of Kermanshah province. From the method of linear regression and gene expression programming, equations were extracted to estimate water corrosion indices. The results showed that artificial neural networks are able to determine water corrosion indices with the highest correlation {0.95, 0.91, 0.96, 0.92 and 0.99} and the lowest percentage of error {0.20, 44. 0, 0.40, 0.44 and 0.08} respectively for Langelier, Reisner, Aggressiveness, Pokorios and Larson indices. Also, by using the linear and non-linear relationships obtained by the gene expression programming model with high accuracy (0.84 to 0.97), it is possible to measure the most effective chemical parameters, water corrosion and scaling indicators at a cost estimated less and more accuracy.

  كربن آلي خاك به دليل نقش مهمي كه بر ويژگي‌هاي فيزيكي و شيميايي خاك مي گذارد، شاخص مهمي براي ارزيابي وضعيت حاصلخيزي خاك بوده و نيز ازشاخص‌هاي مهم تعيين كيفيت خاك بشمار مي‌رود. به طور كلي محتواي كربن آلي خاك تحت تأثير عواملي چون اقليممنطقه، پوشش گياهي، ويژگي‌هاي خاك، كاربري سرزمين، پستي و بلندي و نوع مديريت قراردارد. منطقه ماهيدشت از مهم­ترين پهنه­هاي كشاورزي در استانكرمانشاه و حتي باختر ايران است كه در حالت طبيعي از نظر مؤلفه‌هاي مربوط به پستيو بلندي (متغيرهاي توپوگرافيك چون ارتفاع، درصد، جهت، شكل شيب، و ...) از تغييراتچشمگير برخوردار است. از سوي ديگر در مناطق كشاورزي عمده مانند ماهيدشت، كاربري‌هايمتفاوت جنگل، مرتع و كشاورزي فارياب و ديم ديده مي‌‌شود كه بي‌گمان در پي چندين سده بهره‌برداري،بر ويژگي‌هاي خاك و از آن ميان كربن آلي اثر گذارده است. اين پژوهش براي بررسي كربن آليلايه رويين خاك در بخش گسترده‌اي از منطقه­يماهيدشت انجام شد. براي اين منظور با توجه به ويژگي‌هاي ريخت‌شناسيمنطقه و استفاده از نقشه متغيرهاي توپوگرافي، موقعيت 70 نقطه مشاهداتي با كاربستالگوريتم ابرمكعب لاتين مشروط (CLHS) در منطقه مورد مطالعه مشخص شد. با توجه به اهداف پژوهش، الگوي نقاط نمونه‌برداري به‌گونه‌اي طراحي شد كه زمين­چهرهايمختلف و زمين‌هاي كشاورزي آبي و ديم، مرتع و جنگل بلوط زاگرس را در برگيرد. تجزيه ويژگي‌هاي فيزيكي و شيميايي نمونه‌هامطابق روش‌هاي استاندارد انجام شد. پس از تحليل آماري داده‌ها، همبستگي كربن آليبا برخي از ويژگي­هاي خاك و همچنين شاخص­هاي پستي و بلندي بررسي شد و سپس تغييراتمكاني مقدار كربن آلي به روش زمين‌آمار مدل گرديد.بيشترين مقدار كربنآلي به­ترتيب در جنگل، مرتع و زمين­هاي كشاورزي با ميانگين 90/1، 72/1 و 18/1 درصدبود. بين مقدار كربن آلي با برخي از شاخص­هاي پستي و بلندي از جمله ارتفاع، شيب،شاخص تندي و درازي شيب، موقعيت نسبي شيب، ارتفاع از سطح شبكه آبراهه، فاصله تا شبكه آبراهه، ژرفايدره و شاخص ديد آسمان   همبستگي معني­داريداشت كه بيشترين همبستگي با شاخص ژرفاي دره (53= r) بود.در نقاط مرتفع و شيب­دار مقدار كربن آلي  بيشتر بود. الگوي تغيير مكاني كربن آلي  با محاسبه و برازش مدل كروي واريوگرام تجربي بررسي شد . وابستگي مكاني   كربن آلي در منطقه­يمطالعاتي متوسط بود. با توجه به نقشه­هاي كريجينگ معمولي،مقدار كربن آلي در كاربري جنگل و مرتع كه بيشتر در حاشيه­ي منطقه­ي مطالعاتي قراردارند، بالاتر و در قسمت­هاي مياني منطقه كه كاربري زمين­ها كشاورزياست،   پايين‌تر بود. بنابراين فعاليت­هايمختلف كشاورزي ازجمله استفاده   از ادواتكشاورزي سنگين براي عمليات شخم، سوزاندن  بقاياي گياهي و استفاده از كودهاي مختلف شيميايي نقش مهمي در كاهش مقداركربن آلي در زمين­هاي كشاورزي دارد.

  

  Humic acid is the active ingredient in humus, which is gray to dark brown in color. Humic acid macromolecules have a predominant aromatic characteristic and have a high content of functional groups such as phenolic, carboxyl and quinone, which leads to the surface charge and reactivity of this compound.This factorial experiment will be performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. Initially, humic acids will be extracted from five different organic sources (bovine manure, municipal waste compost, vermicompost, sheep manure, poultry manure) with 0.1 M NaOH. Extraction with distilled water will also be performed to compare the extraction with NaOH and to calculate the extraction efficiency. In the next step, the properties of the extracted humic acids such as spectroscopic absorption at different wavelengths, ash percentage, carbon content, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and total sulfur with the elemental analyzer (Elemental Analyzer) and groups The factor will be determined with the FTIR device and the results will be compared. Then, a sample of surface layer calcareous soil (depth 0 to 20 cm) is prepared and after applying different concentrations of humic acids (four concentration levels, 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 g of humic acid per kg of soil) extracted from various sources, and will be incubated for 70 days. Finally, the availability of the three main consuming elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) will be determined at the end of the incubation period. After collecting the results, they will be analyzed using    software.Keywords: humic acid, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

Abstract One of the important issues in human health and agricultural products is soil health and quality that soil quality. Soil quality can be affected by inherent soil characteristics and human management factors. Mahidasht plain in Kermanshah province due to the importance of crop production with different land uses of rainfed and irrigated agriculture in this study was studied to calculate soil quality. soil quality in this study, the soil quality of the region was calculated using two indicators of cumulative soil quality and soil quality. Soil sodium,   potassium, SAR, EC, pH, texture, organic carbon, equivalent calcium carbonate, bulk density and   phosphorus measured to determine soil quality and measured soil quality calculations Using PCA was converted to the minimum data set and the characteristics of total soil sodium, total soil potassium, sand, bulk density, EC organic carbon and phosphorus were selected as the minimum effective sets in PCA. were plotted both linearly and nonlinearly. Finally, the quality of cumulative soil with linear weighting more reliably showed the quality of soil in the region and total sodium was selected as the most important factor affecting soil quality. Key Word: Soil health, Soil Compression, Soil physical Character, Soil quality, PCA, Soil quality index, Minimum data set.   

Abstract With the advancement of science and technology, human needs for food and energy are increasing. This has led to the uncontrolled use of land, which has severely reduced soil quality. Frequent sowing, non-compliance with management principles and cultivation frequency have intensified soil compaction. We see soil density in almost all agricultural fields. In many areas, at a depth of 10-30 cm, the soil is usually hard, which is due to poor management of agriculture and specifically plowing, hence it is called plow. Mahidasht located in Kermanshah province is one of the important agricultural hubs that field observations in October 1397 show the expansion of plowing in this area. Therefore, identifying and ranking important factors in the development of plowing is of particular importance. For this purpose, after specifying the study area, the coordinates of the points were selected by Google Earth. Deep excavations were excavated and dissected for all points and information such as: color, structure, amount of organic matter by boiling with oxygen water, amount of lime by boiling of acid, soil resistance and amount of clay for each horizon were recorded. Intact samples from each soil surface were transferred to the laboratory for chemical and physical analysis (EC, pH, potassium, sodium, lime, specific gravity, etc).) align="right" dir="RTL" >  According to the ST align="right" dir="RTL" >Overall, with increasing depth, the specific gravity of the soil increased, which was very significant in the plow layer. The main reasons for the increase in specific gravity with depth are the decrease in organic carbon and the increase in clay in the deep soil layers. The bulk density in Entisols, Inceptisols and Vertisols soils was 1.2, 1.80 and 1.93 g / cm3, respectively. The higher clay percentage in Vertisols soils increased the bulk density and soil compaction. The highest specific gravity was observed in    horizons in Vertisols soils, in all of which the specific gravity was more than 2 g / cm3. The high amount of clay increases the adhesion and ductility of the soil, which shows that under equal conditions in Vertisols soils, the density of the plow layer in these soils is higher compared to other soils.    Abstract With the advancement of science and technology, human needs for food and energy are increasing. This has led to the uncontrolled use of land, which has severely reduced soil quality. Frequent sowing, non-compliance with management principles and cultivation frequency have intensified soil compaction. We see soil density in almost all agricultural fields. In many areas, at a depth of 10-30 cm, the soil is usually hard, which is due to poor management of agriculture and specifically plowing, hence it is called plow. Mahidasht located in Kermanshah province is one of the important agricultural hubs that field observations in October 1397 show the expansion of plowing in this area. Therefore, identifying and ranking important factors in the development of plowing is of particular importance. For this purpose, after specifying the study area, the coordinates of the points were selected by Google Earth. Deep excavations were excavated and dissected for all points and information such as: color, structure, amount of organic matter by boiling with oxygen water, amount of lime by boiling of acid, soil resistance and amount of clay for each horizon were recorded. Intact samples from each soil surface were transferred to the laboratory for chemical and physical analysis (EC, pH, potassium, sodium, lime, specific gravity, etc).)

  آتش¬سوزي يك عامل اكولوژيك در جنگل به شمار مي¬رود كه طي آن اكثر گياهاني كه در حال رويش هستند، آسيب مي بينند. آتش¬سوزي با سوزاندن پوشش گياهي سطح خاك، مي¬¬تواند موجب اثرات منفي و يا مثبت بر خصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي، ميكروارگانيسم¬ها و پوشش گياهي خاك شود. قارچ¬هاي ميكوريزا از اصلي¬ترين ميكروارگانيسم¬هاي موجود در محيط خاك محسوب مي¬شوند كه رابطه همزيستي با گياه دارند. اين موجودات از اهميت بسياري در اكولوژي خاك برخوردارند. آتش محيط زندگي قارچ¬ها را با اثر بر ساختمان خاك، مواد غذايي در دسترس، مواد آلي و غير آلي لايه¬هاي زيرين خاك و ساير اجزاء زنده كه با قارچ¬ها ومخصوصاً ساير ريز موجودات در ارتباط مستقيم و يا غير مستقيم هستند تغيير مي¬دهد. اثر آتش بر قارچ¬ها به شدت متفاوت است و به عواملي مانند نوع خاك و گياه ، فاصله زماني بين آتش و تفاوت درشدت آتش بستگي دارد. نتايج بررسي¬هاي صورت گرفته نشان مي¬دهد آتش سوزي كه در منطقه مورد مطالعه (زير تاج و بيرون از تاج درختان منطقه زاگرس) رخ داده است سطحي بوده و قادر به ايجاد تغييرات چنداني در فاكتورهاي فيزيكي، شيميايي و زيستي خاك نبوده است. علاوه بر اين تأثير قابل توجهي از آتش سوزي سطحي بر شاخص هاي مورد مطالعه (تعداد، فراواني و چيرگي و ...) قارچ مايكوريزا ديده نشد.

      Abstract   In organic farming, organic fertilizers not only provide the nutrients needed by the plant but also improve the soil physical structure and its biological activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of vermicompost enriched with bacterial strains on the vegetative yield of basil (Ocimum basilicum) and physical and chemical properties of soil. Bacterial isolates were isolated from worm and vermicompost samples. Screening of the bacterial isolates was performed based on improving basil dry weight in greenhouse conditions. Finally, three bacterial isolates (28, 54 and 56) were selected and used in the main greenhouse experiments along with the two reference strains B. velezensis Fol and B. pumilus INR7. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design and the experimental treatments included mature animal manure, vermicompost without inoculation and vermicompost inoculated with each of the bacterial isolates. After two months, the basil plants were harvested and the factors related to plant growth, soil and plant nutrients and soil biological characteristics were evaluated. The results showed a significant advantage of vermicompost inoculated with bacterial isolate 56 compared to other treatments. The highest shoot and root growth and nutrient elements in plant leaves were observed in this treatment. The highest wet and dry weight with 30.7 g and 3.54 g, respectively, were achieved in the treatment with isolate 56 and the lowest values ??(13.2 g) and (1.48 g) were obtained in soil amended with mature animal manure. The effect of vermicompost enrichment was significant on plant iron, zinc, copper and manganese content at 1% level and on nitrogen content at 5% level. But there was no significant difference between the amounts of plant potassium and phosphorus between the treatments. The highest levels of elements take up by plant were observed in the treatment with isolate 56, so that the concentrations of iron, copper, manganese, zinc and nitrogen increased 38.3%, 27.7%, 25.8%, 41.6%, compared to treatment with mature animal manure, respectively. The effect of bacterial isolates on soil pH and soil micronutrients (copper, manganese and iron) was not significant, but was significant on soil potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus at 1% and zinc at 5% probability level. The highest amounts of soil elements were obtained in the treatment with isolate 56. The amount of potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc increased compared to the treatments of animal manure up to 39.46, 54.4, 69.3 and 45.4 %. In fact, the highest concentration of organic carbon and plant growth were recorded in soil treatment with vermicompost enriched with isolate 56. Therefore, it can be expected that more root exudates increased microbial activity in the soil, showing it effect on soil biological indices.   

لازم به ذكر است كه علاوه بر باكتري­ها، قارچ­ها و مخمر ها نيز داراي توانايي متابوليك استفاده از كربن موجود در تركيبات هيدروكربني براي سنتز سلولي خود مي­باشند. در واقع متوسط ميزان تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي نفتي به وسيله قارچ­ها مي­تواند از باكتري­ها بيشتر باشد. در اين بررسي به منظور بررسي اثر برهم­كنش باكتري و مخمر در تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي موجود در نفت خام در محيط مايع M9 حاوي 2 درصد نفت خام چهار سويه باكتري كه داراي بيشترين توان رشد و تحمل در محيط­هاي آلوده به هيدروكربن نفتي بودند، از كلكسيون ميكروب­هاي آزمايشگاه بيولوژي دانشكده كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي استان كرمانشاه به دست آمد، كه قبلا كارايي آن­ها در حذف آلاينده­هاي نفتي اثبات شده بود، سويه هاي باكتري شامل Bacillus.thuringiensis،   taphylococcus.gallinarum،Arthrobacter.citreus و   aenarthrobacter.nitroguajacolisبود. هم­چنين باتوجه به مطالعات قبلي و توانايي مخمر Candida.catenulata در تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي نفتي اين گونه مخمر از دانشكده نفت و پتروشيمي دانشگاه رازي تهيه و جز تيمارهاي مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. توئين 80 به ميزان 10 درصد نفت خام، به عنوان سورفكتانت استفاده شد. آزمايش­هاي تجزيه زيستي در محيط مايع M9 حاوي 2 درصد نفت خام به عنوان تنها منبع كربن و با در نظر گرفتن فاكتورهاي باكتري و مخمر و سورفكتانت در دو بازه زماني 7 و 14 روز انجام شد. در مرحله اول آزمايش ابتدا توانايي تجزيه زيستي نفت خام توسط كشت خالص سويه­هاي باكتري و مخمر كانديدا كاتنولاتا در مدت زمان 7 و 14 روز مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.   نتايج حاصل از تجزيه زيستي نشان داد هركدام از جدايه هاي باكتريايي و مخمر كاتنولاتا قادر به حذف به ترتيب 21 ، 48، 53 ، 35   و 65 درصد نفت خام در مدت زمان 7 روز بوده­اند. براي بررســي تأثيــر ســورفكتانت در تجزيــه نفت خام از بيوســورفكتانت توئين80 (1/0%)استفاده شد كه به طور متوسط عملكرد جدايه­هاي باكتري را 10% افزايش داد.   به منظور بررسي اثر بر هم كنش باكتري-مخمردر محيط كشت، تلقيح همزمان هركدام از سويه هاي باكتريايي و مخمر در محيط كشت انجام شد. مقدار تجزيه نفت خام در محيط حاوي كنسرسيوم­هاي ميكروبي   برابر با 55،58،72 و 64 بود كه به ترتيب   متعلق به كنسرسيوم هاي + C.catenulata B.thuringiensis،   S.gallinarum+C.catenulata،A.citreus + C.catenulata   و   P.nitroguajacolis+ C.catenulataبود. بيشترين مقدار حذف هيدروكربن در محيط مربوط به تلقيح همزمان همه چهار جدايه باكتريايي و مخمر در حضور سورفكتانت بود كه برابر با 95 درصد در مدت زمان 7 روز بوداين نتايج نشان داد زمان بهينه براي تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي موجود در نفت خام برابر با 7 روز است و استفاده از كنسرسيوم هاي ميكروبي نسبت به كشت خالص آن­ها عملكرد بهتري در تجزيه نفت خام دارد. كليدواژه: آلاينده­هاي نفتي، باكتري، نفت شهر، هيدروكربن، مخمر كانديدا كاتنولاتا

   Detecting and representing spatial distribution of soil properties is a prerequisite of modern sustainable land management. Advancing problem solving algorithms along with GIS systems in the recent decades have strengthened our ability in processing spatial data. In this work, efficiency of artificial neural networks (ANN) in classification of some physico-chemical soil properties into predefined fuzzy soil classes evaluated and compared with the results of geostatistical analysis. Whole area of agricultural college selected as the study area with 120 surface (0-20 cm) soil samples which were taken at nodes of a number-coverage optimized equilateral systematic grid. Routine physico-chemical soil properties of all samples were determined and analyzed geostatistically. Most variables showed a clear spatial dependence. Silt and P data divided into two separate subsets for variography, more likely because sampling pattern was not dense enough to detect their variability. Ordinary kriging maps revealed various patterns of distribution over the study area according to either natural or management processes. For fuzzy classification, whole dataset along with its two subsets including textural and chemical features (all mentioned ‘datasets’ afterwards) were classified into 2-10 fuzzy classes using “fuzzy c-means with extragrades” (FCMEx) algorithm through minimization of the objective function for classification error. Chemical dataset showed most fuzziness with a fuzziness exponent of 1.95, while the whole and texture datasets took the second and third places of fuzziness with 1.45 and 1.3, respectively. Optimal number of classes for each dataset determined using two related functions, resulted in 9, 8 and 8 regular fuzzy classes at the above-mentioned fuzzy exponents, which considering the extragrade class, final number of fuzzy classes were 10, 9 and 9 in the same order. ANN analyses were conducted through adopting multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and radial-based function (RBF) algorithms on three datasets, separately. MLP resulted in perfect performance (zero error) at education step for all datasets. It is discovered that capabilities of ANN was far beyond the size and magnitude of variability inhered in the soil features measured in this study. It was furthermore, a consequence of similar measuring scales of most features. Results for the whole dataset were the same as two other at education stage. However, since there was less similarity of scale and uniformity in the whole data, though not much, prediction accuracy of both algorithms reduced at the test stage for the dataset. But by comparison, MLP performed better than RBF, since the former just misclassified some individuals of whole dataset, while the latter showed errors in allocation of new individuals into texture and chemical classes as well. Though results confirmed vast potentials of ANN in spatial prediction of soil properties or classes, geostatistical procedure showed that can keep its role in doing same jobs at local scale in a computationally cheaper and more feasible price. To consider pragmatic aspects, feeding ANN, other proper machine learning algorithms and geostatistical methods with data from denser sampling patterns and also soil profile data to construct maps of farm-scale application value, proposed.

Correct identification and proper management of soil resources to efficiency principles, goals and programs for providing agricultural areas of the country, is very important. The main factor in agriculture as soil quality has a key role and elderly. Recognizing soil physical properties can be properly managed in order to exploit the right of the soil, and this is not possible unless the impact of soil properties and quality on the crops is recognized. In this regard, in the cropping year of 2018, a study was conducted in Bilavar- Kermanshah Province as a Spatial variation of soil physical quality in a farm Rapeseed, with the aim of investigating the effect of soil physical properties on rapeseed yield. For this purpose, physical properties (soil texture, bulk density, electrical conductivity, moisture content and porosity) and chemical properties (organic matter, EC, pH and percent of lime) of soil were determined Then, according to the geographical location of the sampling points on the map and to determine their geographic locations using GPS on the ground, using the ArcGIS maps, soil characteristics were drawn. Finally, after harvest, the relationship between Rapeseed yield and soil physical index was investigated. The results showed that the values of bulk density ranged from 1.24 to 1.65 g / cm3 in the field, which is related to the amount of clay and sand. The porosity was between 42 and 53% and was correlated with the bulk density. Saturation was between 32.1% to 53.3% and compare zoning maps with maps of the spatial variation of moisture content soil bulk density showed that the highest percentage of saturated water content located in areas with the lowest bulk density. Saturated hydraulic conductivity range was between 0.27 and 0.33 cm/h, which is classified in the class of soils with low saturated hydraulic conductivity. The highest amount of organic carbon is located in the northern part of the field and the soil of the region with 0.7% to 1.27% of organic carbon is classified in the class of soils with low organic carbon. Physical indicators of the health of the soil, there was good correlation with Rapeseed yield and the correlation coefficient in the surface soil was 0.68. Overall, the physical index of soil health can be used to determine the yield potential of crops.  

   Abstract: In order to Evaluation of the factors affecting yield grain and herbages of 16 genotypes Vicia ervilia Under stre   and non-stress conditions, experiments in the research farm of Razi University of Kermanshah, in years 2016-2017 and 2017-2017 in tow Completely randomized block   design with three replications . Each year, diversity terms of morphological traits, yield and yield components. have been studied. The results of combined analysis of each year in both stre   and non-stress conditions as well as combined analysis of traits in two years in both conditions showed that the genotypes were significantly different from most of the studied traits. Based on the results of comparison of means, yield and yield components in all genotypes were reduced by applying water shortage stress in stress conditions and the percentage of reduction was not the same in all genotypes. The results showed that in the non-stress place of genotype 4 with the highest number of pods per plant, the number of seedlings per plant and 1000-seed weight had the highest grain yield (922.4 kg / ha) and in the dryland genotype 6 had the highest grain yield.According to the results of biplot chart in stre   and non-stress conditions, grain yield had a positive and high correlation with plant height, yield components, harvest index and negative correlation with the number of days to flowering. according to the results of Causal analysis in both years, in non-stress conditions, the number of seeds per plant and in stress conditions, biological yield had the most direct and positive effect By factor analysis, three factors were identified in both environments that explained 71.62 and 71.74% of the data diversity, respectively. Based on the evaluation of drought tolerance indices, stress intensity (SI) was equal to 0.34. Grain yield in non-stress conditions had a high correlation with SSI, TOL, MP, GMP and STI indices but grain yield in stress conditions showed a significant negative correlation with SSI and a positive correlation with GMP and STI. Therefore, due to the correlation of grain yield in both non-stre   and stress conditions with GMP and STI indices, these two were the best indices for selecting and determining drought tolerant cultivars for 16 Vicia ervilia genotypes. Genotype 15 with the highest value of these two indices was identified as a drought tolerant genotype in this study. Keywords: Causal analysis, Drought, Vicia genotypes, Yield and yield components, Biplot chart..   

   Phytoremediation is one of the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly ways to reduce adverse effects of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in the environment. The present study was conducted to investigate the bioaccumulation factor (BF) and translocation factor (TF) of Cd and Pb in muskweed (Myagrum perfoliatum) and foxtail sophora (Sophora alopecuroides). The impact of contamination on some growth responses of plants and soil biological indicators was also evaluated. A non-contaminated soil sample was divided into several subsamples: one subsample was left as control (without contamination) and the others were separately contaminated with three levels of Cd (3, 5, and 10 mg kg1) and Pb (100, 300, and 600 mg kg1). Pot experiments were performed under greenhouse conditions. The BF values of Cd were greater than 1 at all contamination levels indicating the potential of muskweed and foxtail sophora for the uptake and phytostabilization of Cd. The only TF > 1 was obtained for Cd in muskweed grown at the highest Cd contamination level. The TF values of Pb were much lower than those obtained for Cd indicating that Cd was more translocated from root to aerial parts of muskweed and foxtail sophora compared to Pb. The highest contamination levels of Cd and Pb did not significantly affect growth responses of muskweed and foxtail sophora. Furthermore, the cultivation of muskweed and foxtail sophora reduced the impact of Cd and Pb contamination on biological indicators including carbon mineralization ratio (CMR), substrate-induced respiration (SIR), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and metabolic quotient (qCO2).

Abstract Water is one of the challenges of the present century, that can be the source of many developments in the world . Regarding the importantance of these resources and considering this matter that our country is >Keywords: climate zones, water corrosion and scaling potential, orrosion indices, soil corrosion potential, speciation ion   

AbstractAgronomic biofortification is one of the new methods of combating zinc deficiency that allows the use of this element for the plant by changing the status of zinc in the soil. In this regard, application of organic fertilizers can improve soil nutritional status by affecting soil physical and chemical properties and effects on nutrient cycling. This study was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications in a greenhouse study of Razi University was investigated during 2017-2018. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of organic fertilizers on zinc concentration and phytic acid-zinc ratio in wheat grain, grain yield and different forms of zinc in soil. Morphological characteristics, yield and yield components were also evaluated. The treatments were wood and straw rice   biochars and active biochar in four levels: 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5 % (w/w), compost at two levels 0 and 2 % (w/w) and integrated treatments (compost + wood biochar , compost + straw rice biochar, compost + wood active biochar   and compost + straw rice   active biochar with   1% w/w of each treatment). The results showed that Zn concentration in all treatments significantly increased (P <0.05) except all levels of biochar straw rice and 0.5% biochar wood the highest increase in zinc concentration was obtained in the active biochar straw rice treatments at 0.5% (59.76 mg / kg). Phytic acid concentration and the ratio of phytic acid to zinc in grain did not show any significant effect, but the molar ratio of phytic acid to zinc was less than 25 in all treatments. Grain protein percentage increased significantly (P <0.01) in most treatments the highest percentage of protein was related to wood biochar treatment (16.16%). Grain yield increased significantly (P <0.01) in compost and combined treatments (compost + biofuels activated wood) compared to the control treatment. Biological yield in active Biochar wood and straw rice treatments of at 2.5% (1.04% and 3.85%), compost (8.06%) and combined treatments (compost + biochar active wood) (20 (24%) significantly increased (P <0.01) compared to control. Also, organic treatments had significant effect on plant length, spike length, number of grains per spike, straw yield and harvest index (P <0.01). Organic treatments had an influence on soil chemicals the most effect of organic treatments on concentration Zn-CFeOX and Zn-Res. Correlation relationships showed that there was a significant positive correlation between Zn-car and Zn-CFeOX with uptake zinc grain (r = 0.40 ** and r = 0.36 **, respectively). Keywords: Biochar,Active Biochar, Compost, Integrated application, concentration of zinc grain wheat, Zinc fractionation in soil solid phase.

   Municipal solid waste compost is a rich source of organic matter, macro and micro elements, but increasing the concentration of   trace elements in soil and plant is one of the possible side effects of long term using of compost in agricultural soils.Then this research was done with the purpose of evaluating the residence health risk arising from trace elements in Kermanshah municipal solid waste compost that is used in agricultural lands in Kermanshah. 64 soil samples, 30wheat samples, 14onion samples, 16corn samples, 10potato samples, 16sugar beet samples, 10 leek samples, 15cress samples, 32 samples of water and livestock fertilizers applied in the studied agricultural lands were collected   from different areas of the province. the concentration of chromium, cobalt, cadmium, lead and nickel in the composted soil increased significantly at 1% level. Also the   Arsenic concentration increased significantly in composted wheat, cress, onion, potato, leek and corn. Concentration of lead in   the composted Onion, cress, sugar beet and corn increased significantly compared to the control. The results also showed that the effect of compost on the chromium concentration in onion, potato, cress, and sugar beet was significantly higher than the control at 1% level. The increase of cadmium concentration in the composted leek, onion and potato was significant compared to control. Concentrations of cadmium in   control corn and sugar beet was higher than composted samples. Concentration of cobalt increased not significantly, in the composted leek and wheat. nickel concentration in composted potato, leek, cress, corn and sugar beet Increased significantly at 1% level , . Non-cancerous HQ was calculated more than one for arsenic, lead and cobalt. The most important pathway for intake of arsenic was drinking water, while the highest risk for lead and cobalt was observed via ingeation   of wheat. Non-cancerous HQ in children was more than adults. Cancerous HQ was within the acceptable range for all the studied elements. The cancerous HQ for middle-aged men and women was higher than for other receptor groups. Keywords: trace elements, soil, risk assessment, municipal solid waste compost

soil pattern prediction using artificial neural network