Coriander is a member of the Apiaceae family, which has been widely used in traditional medicine, and its medicinal value has been proven throughout history among various nations. One of the most important problems of this valuable crop is non-chemical weed control, which can be reduced by using cover crops.

Abstract Increasing population and water shortage in arid regions have challenged food security. Optimal water management and the use of compounds such as doudab and salicylic acid, by improving the physiological processes of plants, contribute to greater water efficiency and sustainable production of crops. This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of doudab (1 and 1.5 liters per hectare), salicylic acid (0.5 and 1.5 mM), and control (spraying with water solution) on the yield and yield components of peanut plants under different irrigation cycles (once every 10 days, once every 20 days, and a combination based on seasonal conditions), was conducted in a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research-educational farm of the Agricultural College of Ravansar County in 1402. The results of variance analysis showed that irrigation interval and its interaction with foliar application had a significant effect on traits such as dry weight of full pod, dry weight of seeds, dry weight of pod skin, dry weight of roots and shoots without pods, hundred-seed weight, number of pod types (immature, empty, full, double and total per square meter) and ratio of pods (immature to total and full to total). Also, foliar application of fumigation and salicylic acid showed a significant effect on all these traits except number of immature pods, ratio of immature to total pods and seed size. The results of segmentation showed that the interaction effect of irrigation interval and fumigation concentrations and foliar application of fumigation and salicylic acid on various traits such as dry weight of seeds, roots, shoots, hundred-seed weight, number of pods (immature, empty, full, double and total), and pod ratios was significant at the 1% probability level. The results of the mean comparison showed that the best yield was observed under the conditions of 10-day irrigation interval and foliar spraying with a concentration of 1.5 l/ha of fumigation and 1.5 mM of salicylic acid. Under these conditions, the dry weight of the seed was 220 g, the number of filled pods was 283 per square meter, and the seed size was 1.42 cm. Also, the application of salicylic acid reduced the number of empty pods. Under the conditions of 20-day irrigation interval, the yield was generally reduced, but foliar spraying with fumigation and salicylic acid reduced the negative effects of drought stress. Under the conditions of 10-day irrigation interval and without foliar spraying, the dry weight of the seed was 190 g and the number of filled pods was 240, which indicates the positive effect of foliar spraying under optimal irrigation conditions. These results showed that the combination of regular irrigation and foliar spraying with optimal concentrations can help improve yield and reduce the effects of drought stress in peanut plants. Keywords: Water efficiency, growth regulator, stress, foliar application, yield.   

 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most important vegetables which are cultivated worldwide. Broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca) is one of the main agents that cause decrease in tomato yield. This parasite plant causes great damages to tomato production by uptaking nutrients from the host plant. Various methods have been proposed to control this weed, but none of them have been completely successful so far. In this study, effects of different strains of Trichoderma spp. on P. aegyptiaca and some tomato growth parameters were investigated. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The results showed that T72 increased tomato growth and yield by improving parameters such as fresh and dry weight of the plant and the number and weight of fruits in non-infested condition. Regarding P. aegyptiaca, none of Trichoderma strains had a significant effect on reducing the growth and weight of this parasitic weed. No fruit was produced under P. aegyptiaca infestation condition. Although T72 had positive effects on some phenological parameters such as fresh and dry weight of tomato, these effects were not sufficient to prevent yield reduction caused by P. aegyptiaca or to reduce weed growth. These findings indicate that although some Trichoderma strains, especially T72, can help to improve tomato growth and yield under non-stressed condition, they could not do the same under P. aegyptiaca infestation condition and even had no significant effect on reducing the weed growth. Further studies are recommended to investigate the mechanisms of the effects of these strains under different conditions.

آفتابگردان (Helianthus annuus L) يك محصول مهم دانه روغني در چندين كشور جهان است. علاوه بر آفتابگردان روغني گونه آجيلي آن نيز داراي   اهميت زيادي است. بااين‌حال، توليد آفتابگردان به دليل تأثير منفي عوامل غير زيستي و زيستي كاهش قابل‌توجهي دارد.يكي از مشكلات جدي در توليد آفتابگردان حضور علف‌هاي هرز است كه سبب كاهش عملكرد اين گياه زراعي در ايران و جهان مي‌شود. ازجمله علف‌هاي هرز جدي تهديدكننده عملكرد و رشد آفتابگردان، انگل ريشه گل جاليز است كه بدون وجود گياه ميزبان به دليل عدم وجود كلروفيل قادر به رشد و تكثير نيست. از طرفي اين انگل حدود 75 درصد از دوره زندگي خود را در زيرخاك مي‌گذراند، ازاين‌ رو روشهاي مختلف ازجمله آفتاب دهي، ضدعفوني خاك ، كشت گياهان غيرميزبان و مبارزه شيميايي پرهزينه، غيراقتصادي و در سطح وسيع قابل‌اجرا نيست. يكي از روش‌هاي كنترل علف‌هاي هرز استفاده از گياهان پوششي از خانواده لگوم   به ويژه ماشك و شبدر است. اين پژوهش در يك مزرعه آفتابگردان به­شدت آلوده به گل­جاليز به صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرح بلوك كامل تصادفي با چهار تكراربا استفاده از سه گونه گياه پوششي ماشك معمولي، شبدر ايراني و يولاف زراعي به صورت خاك پوش زنده واقع در روستاي قياس آباد در شهرستان سنقر در استان كرمانشاه انجام گرديد. نتايج تجزيه واريانس   نشان داد كه تأثير نوع گياه پوششي و مقادير مختلف كود نيتروژن بر درصد كنترل گل جاليز در سطح يك درصد معني­دار بود اما اثر متقابل اين دو باهم بر درصد كنترل گل جاليز معني­دار نبود. استفاده از گياهان پوششي سبب كنترل 17درصدي گل جاليز و كاهش 10 درصدي آلودگي گل جاليز شد. در بين گياهان پوششي، كشت ماشك از تأثير بيشتري بر كاهش درصد آلودگي آفتابگردان به گل جاليز برخوردار بود. در تمامي شرايط با افزايش نيتروژن، مقدار عملكرد دانه آفتابگردان نيز افزايش يافت و حداكثر عملكرد دانه آفتابگردان در تيمار كودي 200 كيلوگرم در هكتار مشاهده شد .      

امروزه به دليل رشد سريع جمعيت و توسعه شهرها، كمبود امكانات براي دفع زباله، و همچنين اثرات زيست‌محيطي و بيماري‌هاي ايجادشده درنتيجه‌ي روش‌هاي نامناسب دفع زباله، اهميت مطالعه و بررسي وضعيت جمع‌آوري، حمل‌ونقل،‌ دفع زباله و خصوصيات كمي و كيفي واثرات زيست‌محيطي زباله‌هاي جامد شهري بسيار احساس مي‌شود. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسي اثرات زيست‌محيطي روش‌هاي دفع پسماند شهري شهر كرمانشاه با استفاده از روش ارزيابي چرخه زندگي (Life cycle assessment) مي‌باشد. بدين منظور سه روش كمپوست‌سازي، بازيافت و دفن زباله كه از روش‌هاي غالب دفع زباله جامد شهري (Municipal solid waste) هستند، در كلان‌شهر كرمانشاه مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. بدين منظور در ابتدا اطلاعات مورد نياز براي تعيين خصوصيات كمي و مقدار زباله توليدي و تعيين اجزا فيزيكي تشكيل‌دهنده زباله (كاغذ، شيشه، پلاستيك و...) از شهرداري جمع‌آوري شد؛ سپس به‌منظور تكميل اين اطلاعات و بررسي اثرات زيست‌محيطي دفع زباله، روش ارزيابي چرخه زندگي مورداستفاده قرار گرفت؛ همچنين مرز سامانه، واحد عملكردي و سناريوهاي دفع تعيين شد و سپس در مرحله بعد، سياهه انتشار براي هريك از سناريوها فهرست شد. لازم به ذكر است كه در مرحله بعدي از به‌روزترين روش ارزيابي شاخص‌ها كه نرم‌افزار ايستك (EASETECH) مي‌باشد، براي محاسبه ميزان انتشارات و اثرات زيست‌محيطي استفاده شد و در پايان، نتايج تفسير شد. در اين پژوهش با دراختيار داشتن 1000 كيلوگرم پسماند جامد از سه سناريو كمپوست‌سازي، بازيافت و دفن در نرم‌افزار استفاده گرديد. نتايج نشان داد حدود حدود 50 درصد از آسيب‌هاي وارد بر سلامت انسان و محيط‌زيست ناشي از دفع پس از كمپوست مي‌باشد، زيرا راندمان آن حدود 40 درصد است همچنين راندمان دفع پس از مرحله بازيافت تنها 30 درصد است كه نشان از كم بودن مواد قابل بازيافت دارد. همچنين نتايج نشان داد حدود 76/94 كيلوگرم پسماند به صورت پلاستيك، كاغذ و منسوجات بازيافت شده‌اند كه منجربه كاهش 8/68 درصد هزينه‌ها شده است و پس از آن فرآيند MRF با 6/20 و فرآيند كمپوست با 12 درصد قرار دارند. طبق نتايج بدست‌آمده اين سه سناريو دوستدار محيط‌زيست نبوده و در پايان پژوهش پبشنهاداتي جهت بهبود مديريت پسماند در شهر كرمانشاه ارائه گرديد.

   Abstract Cover crops play an increasing role in improving soil quality, reducing agricultural inputs and improving environmental sustainability. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate some cover crops in order to find a suitable alternative for fallow in the weather conditions of Kermanshah. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. The experimental treatments included fallow (control) and seven cover crops: barley (Hordeum vulgare), oat (Avena sativa), rapeseed (Brassica napus), rye (Secale cereal), common vetch (Vicia sativa), white clover (Trifolium repens), and Iranian clover (Trifolium resupinatum). During the experiment, samples were taken every two weeks to measure the attributes, which are:First stage (December 2022), second stage (January 2023), third stage (January 2023), fourth stage (February 2023), fifth stage (February 2023), sixth stage (March 2023), seventh stage (March 2023), eighth stage (March 2023) and ninth stage (April 2023).The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of the cover plant on all the measured traits, including the percentage of green cover, weed density, wet and dry weight of weeds, weed control, carbon and nitrogen content of the soil and the cover plant, C to N ratio of soil and cover plant, dry weight of cover plant and soil moisture content were significant. The results of the experiment indicated the superiority of barley and rye plants in controlling weeds by 68.95 and 67.56%.The highest and lowest soil carbon content was related to barley (5.54%) and fallow (3.89%) treatments, respectively.Barley (5.3%) and vetch (5.1%) cover crops showed the highest soil nitrogen content.The highest carbon content of cover crops was related to barley, followed by oat and rye.Iranian clover with 1.54% nitrogen content was superior to other treatments.The highest dry weight of the cover crop in the first stage was related to barley and oat, and in the second and ninth stages, it was related to only oat. In the third, sixth and seventh stages, it was related to the cover crop of barley. In the fourth, fifth and eighth stages, the highest dry weight of the cover crop was obtained from barley, oat, vetch and rye treatments. The highest amount of soil moisture in the first and second sampling was related to the cover crop of white clover and vetch, respectively. The lowest soil moisture content was obtained from fallow treatment. But in the third and fourth stages of sampling, the fallow treatment had the highest soil moisture content compared to other treatments. From the fifth stage to the seventh stage of sampling, soil moisture content increased in cover crop treatments (vetch, oat, rapeseed and white clover) compared to fallow.    Keywords:cover crop, green cover percentage, C/N ratio, weed control, biomass   

  This experiment was conducted to investigate theeffect of planting arrangement and cover crop on weed control and the growth and yield of corn (cv. 704) in 2023. The arrangement of treatments was as factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was the crop planting pattern (including single-row planting patern of corn) and the second factor was cover crop cultivation between the crop rows (clover, vetch, barley, clover + barley, vetch + barley). The results of this study showed that the pattern of planting and covering plants and their mutual effect had an effect on the wet weight of weeds. In the two-row planting pattern, the wet weight of the weeds was lower than in the single-row planting pattern. Also, the lowest fresh weight of weeds was related to vetch+barley and clover+barley. The highest wet weight of weeds was related to vetiver, clover + barley and barley alone treatment, which could not control weeds well. The number of leaves per plant was not affected by the investigated treatments, but the height of the plant was only affected by the interaction effect of planting pattern in cover crops. The highest fresh weight of the plant compared to the control with an average of 73% compared to the control was obtained from the vetiver treatment. It was also observed that the lowest fresh weight (16% compared to the control) was obtained from the vetch + barley treatment in the single-row planting patern (single/double-row planting patern). The results also showed that the diameter of the stem and cob was affected by cover crops and the reaction of cover crops in the planting pattern only at the level of 1%. The highest cob diameter (15% compared to the control) was obtained from barley treatment in single-row cultivation, followed by vetiver and barley treatment in double-row cultivation

  Tribenuron methyl is widely used in Iran's grain cultivation systems under rainfed conditions. However, there is little information about its persistence in soil and transfer of this herbicide and its toxicity to subsequent crops in the rotation. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the sensitivity of different chickpea cultivars to tribenuron methyl and also to find alternative products. In a field experiment, chickpea fields located in Ravansar city, Kermanshah province, were monitored during the 1402-1401 crop season, and chickpea growth was evaluated in response to tribenuron methyl residues used in the previous wheat crop. Also, in a greenhouse experiment, the effect of different concentrations of tribenuron methyl on the growth of chickpeas, lentils, and vetiver was investigated. In all species examined in this study, the presence of tribenuron methyl decreased plant growth. In general, among the studied crop species, lentils were more tolerant to tribenuron methyl, followed by common vetch and chickpeas. Compared to other two cultivars, namely Mansour and Adel, Beonij chickpea variety was more sensitive to tribenuron methyl residues in the soil (30% decrease in grain yield). Based on the results of this study, tribenuron methyl residues used in wheat fields are the main factor in the reduction of chickpea height in rainfed cultivation systems in western Iran. It is recommended to replace common lentil and vetiver with chickpeas in rotation with wheat in soils that are heavily contaminated with TBN residues.

of 5% were strongly, positively and significantly  

   Abstract Plant coefficient is one of the important plant parameters in the calculation equation of plant evaporation and tra  iration, and the method of its calculation is very important. Due to the fact that the necessary information for calculating the plant factor by direct methods is not available in most of the country's lands, so collecting information to calculate the plant factor using direct methods requires a lot of time and money, today, we are looking for new methods to obtain Vegetation coefficient is one of these methods that is suitable for large areas is the use of satellite images and remote sensing. Using these methods, the required parameters can be obtained spatially on a large scale. In this research, the plant factor of potato was determined using the lysimetric method. For this purpose, data such as the amount of irrigation water, the amount of drained water, the amount of soil moisture before irrigation and the amount of rain water were measured. According to the measured values, evaporation and tra  iration of reference plant and potato plant were determined. Further, by dividing the evaporation and tra  iration of the potato plant by the evaporation and tra  iration of the reference plant, the plant coefficient was obtained for the initial, middle and final stages, respectively, 0.69, 1.02, and 0.86. Then, using Landsat 8 satellite images and Sebal algorithm, the value of potato vegetation coefficient was obtained for the initial, middle and final stages, respectively, 0.06, 0.75, 0.43. Finally, the vegetation coefficient obtained using these two methods were compared by RMSE, ME, MBE, NRMSE, MAE and R^2 statistical indices. The values of these indices were obtained as 0.14, 0.012, 0.22, 0.11, 0.08 and 0.76, respectively, which shows that the results obtained using the two methods are close to each other. Next, the relationship between vegetation coefficient and vegetation indices SAVI and NDVI was found using linear regression; The correlation coefficient (R^2) between SAVI and NDVI was 0.33 and 0.62, respectively. Also, a regression was performed between the potato vegetation index and the combination of SAVI and NDVI vegetation indices, and the correlation coefficient value was 0.90. According to the values of R^2, it can be concluded that the plant coefficient calculated using the combination of SAVI and NDVI indices will give a better result than using these indices alone. Keywords: evapotra  iration, potato, remote sensing, plant factor, Landsat 8, SAVI, NDVI

Parasitic plants of the Orobanchaceae family are one of the limiting factors of cultivation in agricultural systems, and accurate identification and investigation of their biology is essential in order to better control these parasitic plants in fields and gardens. In Kermanshah province, many products are attacked by this plant family, and among them, products such as canola, tomato and sunflower with growing cultivated area and high damage potential by these species are of special importance. Referring to the mentioned fields, 414 samples were prepared, and after morphological and molecular examination of the samples, the dominant species in canola fields is Phelipanche cilicica, tomato fields, Phelipanche aegyptica, and sunflower fields, Orobancche cumana. The distribution map of 414 samples was done using the ... method.   

Since there is an increasing interest amongst sheep farmers to use artificial insemination, finding solutions to preserve the fertility of sheep’s semen can have usage and importance. The aim of this study is to investigate the addition of laminarin, as an antioxidant supplement, to the diluter of sheep’s semen after freezing-defrosting. Semen samples from four mature sheep of the Sanjabi breed with a mean age of 3 – 4 years and confirmed fertility were collected using an artificial vagina, two times per week. The samples were transferred immediately to the lab in a diluted tris basic buffer, and laminarin with concentrations of 100, 200, 400, and 800 micrograms per milliliter was added to them. Sperm viability and motility, sperm membrane integrity, sperm abnormality, apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity of the samples were assessed. Results showed that laminarin with a concentration of 800 micrograms per milliliter compared to the other treatment groups made an improvement in motility percentage, membrane integrity, and sperm viability. In addition, laminarin with a concentration of 800 micrograms per milliliter compared to the other treatment groups decreased abnormality percentage and apoptosis. Laminarin concentrations of 800 and 400 micrograms per milliliter decreased lipid peroxidation levels. Laminarin with a concentration of 800 micrograms per milliliter increased the activity of semen’s dismutase enzyme. Overall, it was shown that using laminarin with a concentration of 800 micrograms per milliliter will improve qualitative and quantitative parameters of Sanjabi sheep’s sperm after the process of freezing-defrosting.

   This study was performed to evaluate the relative suitability of susceptible and resistant wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) biotypes to the herbicide terry benuron methyl (granstar) in Hamil and Markazi counties in Islamabad Gharb city, Kermanshah province during 2017-2017 crop in two greenhouse sections. And the laboratory was run. The results of this experiment showed that the resistance of different masses harvested from 9 altitudes (above sea level) did not show a statistically significant difference despite the increase in resistance at altitudes, and the recorded resistance index between 5.55 to 64 / 6 was obtained. The results of the effect of temperature on germination of susceptible and resistant masses of wild mustard showed that the response of susceptible and resistant masses was different at different temperatures and at 20 and 25 ° C sensitive masses had the highest percentage of germination and vigor. They were resistant to the mass. Germination rate also showed significant differences in different temperature treatments and at (5 and 20) ° C the germination rate of resistant masses was significantly higher than sensitive mass. At 25 ° C, the germination rate of the sensitive mass was significantly higher than that of the resistant mass. The results related to the effect of different osmotic potential also showed that in general wild mustard is sensitive to reducing the osmotic potential of soil and the percentage and speed of germination and vigor of sensitive masses at the osmotic potential of 0.1 and 0.2 MPa were the highest and In the osmotic potential of 1 and 1.2 reached zero. Acidity and resistant and sensitive masses of wild mustard have a significant effect on germination percentage and vigor, as well as different amounts of acidity have a significant effect on wild mustard seeds, so that resistant masses prefer acidic to neutral acidity. The results of dose-response experiment showed that the interaction of mass in the amount of trifenuron methyl on the germination percentage of wild mustard seeds was significant. The highest germination percentage occurred at concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 in resistant masses, and in susceptible masses in control treatment and concentration of 0.25 and germination in both sensitive and resistant masses at concentrations of 8, 16 And 32 went to zero. Given the relative suitability of wild mustard sensitive stands in terms of germination, it seems that if no special management operations are carried out to reduce the germination of these stands, in the future the population of these stands will expand and in this case, the possibility of There are increasing problems by these masses. eywords: Stolactate synthase, Resistance, Relative suitability, Germination

   Abstract In order to evaluate the resistance of Avena ludoviciana wild oat biotypes to clodinafop propargil herbicide (Topic), also to evaluate the effect of managerial and agronomic factors on the incidence of resistance and to evaluate the relative suitability of susceptible and resistant wild oat biotypes in wheat fields located in Hamil and In the center of Islamabad city, west of Kermanshah province, an experiment was conducted in 97-99 at Razi University Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Experimental treatments included 314 wild oat biotypes suspected of resistance. After determining the sensitive and resistant biotypes of wild oats and their percentage of resistance in the greenhouse (using separation cycle), in the experimental stage in pot response with different concentrations of herbicides. The results showed that the amount of wild oat dry matter decreased with increasing in herbicide so that it reached zero in 4 to 16 times. Then, in order to evaluate the relative suitability of sensitive and resistant biotopes in terms of germination characteristics to different treatments of pH, drought, and temperature in Petri dish, it was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design. It was observed that the susceptible wild biotypes at a temperature of 20° C had a higher temperature and germination percentage and vigor, in drought treatment the sensitive biotypes had a high velocity ratio and vigor percentage by applying drought stress than the control. In pH treatment, no difference was observed between biotypes, only in neutral to acidic pH, the highest germination percentage, observed germination resistance. In the Petri dish response test, they also maintained their germination resistant biotypes up to 2 times the recommended. Then, using a questionnaire that was previously given to farmers, the factors, including agricultural management of farms, showed resistance. 150 Arinophenoxy families were significant in the last 5 years. Also, farmers who had a land area of more than 10 hectares using the number of times and frequency of herbicide use of ACCase family herbicide had the greatest effect on the incidence of resistance, which increased with the increase of land area. At the end of preparing the wild oat dispersion map, it was shown that the wild oat dispersal of winter wild oat resistance is scattered in Hamil and Markazi and climatic and topographic factors had no effect on the occurrence of wild oat resistance.    Keywords: Wild oats, Resistance, Climate, Relative competence, Germination rate, Germination percentage, Potency, Crop management.

   Abstract Knowledge of phenology and ecology as well as weed germination characteristics play an essential role in designing effective policies for their management in agricultural fields. Musk weeds of Vicia genus are the predominant species in rainfed fields in Iran. In order to evaluate the plant growth phenology and germination ecology of Caspian vetch and broadleaf vetch as important and predominant weeds in dryland wheat and chickpea fields, an experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications during two cropping years 2019-2020 in rainfed farms located in Kozran section of Kermanshah province were implemented. The farm where the study was conducted had a history of high infestation with both species of vetch. Previous experiments have shown that the emergence of these two species began in early February and continues alternately until April in the fields. Three peaks of emergence of both species in the three months that were the window of emergence of these two species, namely February, March and April of each year were selected and in each peak 15 plants to measure morphological traits and different phenological stages until the end of the growing season in fallow. Crop and other weeds were kept away from competition. Also, the percentage of seed germination of both species and their response to various factors of dormancy breaking were investigated. The results of this study showed that seeds were dormant after harvest and dormancy required a after ripening, so that with increasing number of weeks after harvest, germination percentage reached 40%, but never increased in the fourteenth week after harvest. The results of differentseed dormancy-breaking treatments in both species showed that the germination percentage with mechanical scraping by sandpaper had the highest performance. The results obtained in the morphological section showed that the studied traits including 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod and ratio of pods to flowers in both species had almost the same trend and plants established in February compared to post-establishment They were always superior. Calendar onset and degree of day-cumulative growth of each phenological stage also differed between establishment dates and crop years and its effect on height, number of leaves, number of pods and lateral stems produced in both species was significant. The establishment of Februry in May indicated more power and competition with the crop, and as a result, more damage to it. In general, based on the results of this study, it can be suggested to control and manage earlier settlements of these two weeds, which have competitive power and consequently higher damage to crops in their field control management program and that later established plants can not compete. Hardiness in the rainfed fields of the region. From a practical point of view, it is better to plant the crop later so that we do not face stronger plants of these weeds to compete with the crop. Keywords: after-ripening, dormancy breaking, sub-Branch

   Tomato is one of the most important agricultural products with a production of about 159 million tons in the world in 2015. ‌ One of the major problems of tomato cultivation is weed damage that in the early stages of growth due to low growth rate and limited leaf development, strength Has less competition against weeds. Weed control in tomato is one of the most costly agricultural operations in this crop, which if not paid attention to weed control can cause a lot of damage to the crop. Various methods are used to control weeds, and the use of herbicides is very common. But today, due to environmental problems, high cost, resistance to weeds and threats to human health and the environment, frequent and excessive use of herbicides has been questioned. The use of cover crops is a good alternative to uncultivated tillage and the use of herbicides. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cover cluster vetch and Iranian clover as pure and combined cultivation on yield and control of tomato weeds as well as control of winter weeds in the field. This experiment was carried out in the cropping year of 2020-2021 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Sciencess And Engineering of Razi University of Kermanshah. The experiment of cover plants by treating different percentages of cultivation of two cover plants of musk clover and clover musk, in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications with the percentage of residues left from the treatment of cover plants has been done. The tomato experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental treatments in cover crops include pure and combined cultivation (different percentages) of both clover and vetch plants (100% clover, 100% vetch, 50% vetch + 50% clover, 10% vetch + 90% clover, 90% vetch + 10. Clover, 80% vetch + 20% Clover, 20.% vetch + 80% Clover, ? 70 vetch + 30% Clover, 30% vetch + 70% Clover, ? 60 vetch + 40% Clover, ? 40 vetch + 60% Clover and 0. vetch + 0. clover (control)). Cover crops have been able to improve the physical properties and nutrients of the soil in this short period of time. Significant differences were observed between different percentages of cover crops in terms of weed control. The treatment of 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover on average have been able to create suitable and good conditions for cover plants and weed control in different measured traits. In contrast, the treatments of 20% vetch + clover and 90% vetch + 10% clover did not create suitable conditions for weed control. In all measured traits, the control treatment did not create suitable conditions in the field compared to the cover plant treatments. Regarding the effect of cover crop residues on yield and weed control in tomatoes, 50% vetch + 50% clover residues and 100% clover residues were able to control both weeds and tomato yield compared to control and other treatments used. Perform better. In the control treatment, the lowest tomato yield and the lowest weed control were recorded. Yield was observed in treatments of 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues, 67.25 and 66.51 ton / ha, respectively, while the yield in control treatment was 14.43 ton / ha. Weed density in 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues was reported to be 9 and 8 plants /square meter, respectively, and in the control treatment was 30 plants /square meter. In general, the use of cover crops and their residues In the field can be a suitable environmental and economic method to control weeds and reduce the use of chemicals in the field.    Keywords: clover, vetch, weed management, sustainable agriculture, pure cover crops, combined cover crops, tomatoes.

پيش‌بيني فشار در اثر پديده ضربه قوچ در طراحي خط انتقال و تجهيزات مقابله با ضربه قوچ از اهميت زيادي برخوردار است. روش‌هاي عددي مختلفي براي حل معادلات ضربه قوچ به كار مي‌رود. در اين پژوهش روش طيفي چبيشف و روش ويسكوزيته فوق طيفي چبيشف براي حل اين معادلات در حالت بسته شدن ناگهاني و آهسته شير با ضريب زبري ماندگار، شبه‌ماندگار و غيرماندگار به كار رفته است و با داده‌هاي آزمايشگاهي مقايسه شد. در تمام حالات نتايج روش طيفي چبيشف با ضريب زبري غيرماندگار نسبت به شبه ماندگار و ماندگار به داده‌هاي آزمايشگاهي بسيار نزديكتر است. در حالت بسته شدن سريع شير هر دو روش طيفي با ضريب زبري غيرماندگار داراي خطاي 4 درصد در پيش‌بيني فشار و نتايج هر دو روش برهم منطبق هستند. روش‌هاي طيفي فشار كمتر از داده‌هاي آزمايشگاهي را محاسبه مي‌كند. در اين حالت نتايج روش تفاضل محدود نيز داراي خطاي حدود 4 درصد و فشار را بيشتر از فشار واقعي محاسبه مي‌كند. اما در حالت بسته شدن آهسته شير با ضريب زبري غيرماندگار، تمام روش‌ها در محاسبه فشار داراي حداكثر خطاي 7 درصد در انتهاي لوله و 1/2 درصد در وسط لوله هستند و مقادير فشار حداكثر 0224/0 ثانيه ديرتر از زمان واقعي پيش‌بيني مي‌شود. روش طيفي چبيشف با تعداد گره و زمان محاسبات كمتر نسبت به روش‌هاي عددي روشي كارآمد در حل معادلات ضربه قوچ است.

   Phytoremediation is one of the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly ways to reduce adverse effects of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in the environment. The present study was conducted to investigate the bioaccumulation factor (BF) and translocation factor (TF) of Cd and Pb in muskweed (Myagrum perfoliatum) and foxtail sophora (Sophora alopecuroides). The impact of contamination on some growth responses of plants and soil biological indicators was also evaluated. A non-contaminated soil sample was divided into several subsamples: one subsample was left as control (without contamination) and the others were separately contaminated with three levels of Cd (3, 5, and 10 mg kg1) and Pb (100, 300, and 600 mg kg1). Pot experiments were performed under greenhouse conditions. The BF values of Cd were greater than 1 at all contamination levels indicating the potential of muskweed and foxtail sophora for the uptake and phytostabilization of Cd. The only TF > 1 was obtained for Cd in muskweed grown at the highest Cd contamination level. The TF values of Pb were much lower than those obtained for Cd indicating that Cd was more translocated from root to aerial parts of muskweed and foxtail sophora compared to Pb. The highest contamination levels of Cd and Pb did not significantly affect growth responses of muskweed and foxtail sophora. Furthermore, the cultivation of muskweed and foxtail sophora reduced the impact of Cd and Pb contamination on biological indicators including carbon mineralization ratio (CMR), substrate-induced respiration (SIR), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and metabolic quotient (qCO2).

   بررسي تنوع زيستي علف هاي هرز باغات گردو(Juglans regia)، انگور(Vitis vinifera) و انار(Punica granatum)   در شهرستان پاوه

  Hedge parsley (Torilis arvensis) is one of the important weeds of cereal and plants of the Apiaceae family, which produces two types of mericarps, spiny and hairy. In order to investigate the germination, phenology, and power (vigor) of weed competition, 3 experiments were carried out in the years 2016-2018. In the first experiment, the effects of environmental factors such as after-ripening, light and temperature, osmotic and salinity stress, acidity, seed burial depth, seed position and thermal shock on germination of Hedge parsley were investigated. The results of this part of the experiment showed that both seed types were dormant at harvesting, but the spiny type had a deeper dormancy level and required a more prolonged after-ripping period. So, after about eight weeks from harvesting, the germination percentage of spiny and hairy seeds is increased by 60% and 97%, respectively. Light did not affect seed germination. Germination was the highest at a temperature of 20°C (Germination percentage of spiny and hairy seeds was 58% and 96.9%, respectively.). T. arvensis was sensitive to osmotic stress induced by NaCl or PEG6000. The highest germination percentage was observed in pH 7. So that, he percentage of germination of spiny and hairy seeds reached 60% and 100%, respectively. No seedlings emerged when the seeds were buried at soil depth of 6 cm and deeper soil depths. The results of interaction of seed placement, temperature and seed shape showed that the temperature and seed shape had a significant effect on germination percentage. The depth of burial, the interaction between burial depth and thermal shock and the interaction between burial depth and seed shape had a significant effect on seed germination. The second experiment was to evaluate the phenology of this weed in the Kermanshah region. The results also showed that hedge parsley is a spring weed that its phonological stages completed in 141.6 days and to complete growth and development period need to 1847.38 degree day. In the third experiment, the effect of salinity and nitrogen on the competition between coriander and hedge parsley was investigated. Nitrogen and salinity affected on coriander growth characteristics. With the increasing salinity level, plant height, leaf number, fresh and dry weight of plant and leaf, yield and leaf area decreased. But nitrogen had a positive effect on morphological characteristics studied. The interaction between salinity and nitrogen showed that in all three levels of salinity with increasing nitrogen concentration increased coriander growth characteristics. Under salinity stress conditions, application of nitrogen 90 kg ha-1 could reduce the negative effects of salinity stress by increasing growth and finally improving the morphological characteristics of the plant.

  Zoning of physical and chemical characteristics of soil and water resources using geostatistical methods

  AbstractSignificant increases in the using of fossil fuels in internal combustion engines and the negative effects of emissions from burning these fuels into the environment have led to an increase in interest in alternative energy sources.On the other hand, the addition of MTBE to base gasoline, despite the increase in octane number, is destructive of the environment effects and malignant diseases, and has been eliminated from gasoline in developed countries for many years, but is still in use in our country. This research aims to reduce emissions in the gasoline engine and examines the amount of adsorbent of an alternative fuel, in the form of a mixture of 1-propanol and base gasoline in the gasoline pride engine. This engine has a Siemens fuel system. 1- Propanol was added to the base gasoline in various volumetric percentages (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20), and the rate of emission at 3 speeds of 1000, 2000 and 3000 rpm was measured by the MOTORSCAN emission Test device.This study was a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments (normal gasoline for control treatment) and 3 replications.data analysis was performed using SAS statistical softwareandChecked out the effect of fuel type treatments and engine speed on exhaust emissions. Comparison of means with Duncans multiple range Test and error assumption 0.05 were used. The results showed that all modes, including fuel type treatments and different engine speeds, had a significant effect on the amount of emissions,Mutual effects of fuel type and engine speed were significant in both CO2 and UHC.The addition of 1- propanol in fuel in up to 20% reduced emissions of CO and UHC, but NOX changes were irregular and generally increased compared to conventional gasoline. The increase in engine speed led to a decrease in CO and UHC and increased NOX and CO2.Key words: internal combustion engine, MTBE, base gasoline, 1- propanol, exhaust emissions.

  افزايش جمعيت، افزايش تقاضا براي غذا را به دنبال خواهد داشت بنابراين توليدات كشاورزي بايد با سرعتي برابر با رشد جمعيت، ولي با همان زمين­ها و منابع آب ثابت، رشد كنند.   به منظور تعيين ميزان رشد و توليد ماده خشك گياه تحت تاثير آبياري با نقطه شبنم، پژوهشي گلخانه اي و مزرعه اي طراحي گرديد. تاثير آبياري با نقطه­شبنم، آبياري­معمولي و بدون آبياري بر­روي صفات كمي و كيفي گيا­هان در پژوهش­هاي گلخانه­اي و مزرعه­اي مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند كه پژوهش گلخانه­اي در دو مرحله (جوانه زني بذر و مرحله رشد رويشي گياه)   اجرا گرديد. در پژوهش در مرحله جوانه زني،   تاثير تيمار­هاي آبياري با نقطه­شبنم و بدون آبياري در قالب طرح كاملا تصادفي با سه تكرار بر درصد جوانه زني بذرنخود، گندم، خيار، كتان، چغندر، شنبليله در سال 1394 ارزيابي گرديد. كه تيمار آبياري با نقطه­شبنم باعث جوانه زني بذر در مقايسه با شاهد (بدون آبياري) گرديد. پژوهش گلخانه اي در مرحله رشد رويشي گياه در قالب طرح كاملا تصادفي با سه تكرار ­روي صفات رويشي نخود و گندم بكار رفت. تيمار­هاي آبياري شامل آبياري با نقطه­شبنم و آبياري معمولي بودند. مقايسه ميانگين داده­ها براي نخود نشان داد كه تيمارآبياري معمولي نسبت به آبياري با نقطه شبنم داراي وزن تر ساقه، وزن تر تك برگ، وزن خشك ساقه، وزن خشك تك برگ، وزن تر كل ساقه و برگ، وزن خشك كل ساقه و برگ و نسبت برگ به ساقه بيشتري بود. مقايسه ميانگين داده­هاي نشان داد كه تيمارآبياري با نقطه­شبنم نسبت به آبياري با روش معمول از نظر طول ساقه، تعداد برگ، وزن تر ساقه، وزن ترتك برگ، وزن خشك ساقه، وزن خشك تك برگ، وزن­تر كل ساقه و برگ، وزن خشك كل ساقه و برگ، سطح برگ، نسبت برگ به ساقه و وزن مخصوص برگ) تفاوتي نداشت. پژوهش مزرعه­اي در قالب طرح بلوك هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار در سال 1396-1395 اجرا گرديد. در اين بخش سه تيمارآبياري با نقطه­شبنم، آبياري معمولي و ديم روي نخود اعمال گرديدند. صفات مورد بررسي   شامل كلروفيل a،   كلروفيل b،   كارتنوييد،   كلروفيل كل،   كلروفيلa/b،   هدايت روزنه­اي،   فتوسيستم (2)،   فتوسيستم (1)،   محتواي رطوبت نسبي آب، ارتفاع ساقه،   تعداد ساقه، تعداد برگ، تعداد غلاف حاوي تك بذردر هر بوته، تعداد غلاف حاوي دو عدد بذر   در هر بوته، تعداد غلاف خالي در هر بوته، تعداد غلاف در هر بوته، طول غلاف، قطر غلاف، تعداد دانه در هر بوته،   وزن 100 دانه، عملكرد در يك هكتار، عملكرد كاه­وكلش در يك هكتار، عملكرد دانه در تك بوته، عملكرد كاه­و­كلش تك بوته، عملكرد دانه در يك متر مربع، عملكرد كاه­و­كلش يك متر مربع، وزن بيولوژيك تك بوته، وزن بيولوژيك در يك متر مربع، شاخص برداشت تك بوته، شاخص برداشت در يك متر مربع بودند. تيمارهاي آبياري اثر معني داري بر   هدايت روزنه­اي،   FV/FM، شاخص كارايي فتوسنتز و تعداد برگ   نخود در شرايط مزرعه داشتند ولي تاثير تيمارها   بر ساير صفات مزرعه اي معني دار نبود. مقايسه ميانگين داده ها نشان داد كه آبياري­با­نقطه­شبنم نسبت به شرايط ديم از نظر   هدايت روزنه¬اي،   FV/FM، برتري داشت. تيمار آبياري معمولي و ديم سطح برگ بالاتري نسبت به آبياري با نقطه شبنم داشتند. آبياري معمولي نسبت به ديمكاري شاخص كارايي فتوسنتز   بيشتري داشت. با توجه با نتايج بدست آمده مي توان گفت كه آبياري با نقطه شبنم بعلت تامين مقدار اندكي رطوبت بهتر است در مراحلي كه گياه احتياج كمتري به آب دارد مانند جوانه زني استفاده گردد، هرچند در شرايط بي آبي مي تواند تا حدي رطوبت مورد نياز گياه را تامين كند و راهكاري براي مقابله با خشكي باشد.

  Chickpea is one of the most important legumes in the west of the country. In order to study the root development and yield of chickpea varieties in different cultivars, field and field experiments were conducted at Faculty of Science and Agricultural Engineering of Razi University. A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications and a pot experiment in a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three replications in the years 1394-1393. In the field and pot experiment, seven genotypes of chickpea (Arman, Azad, Philip55-98, Adil, Native Kishcheh, Hashem and ILC 482) were planted in three planting dates, 20/8/1394, 20/9/1394 and 12/1394. Reviewed. The traits were studied in field experiment including grain yield, harvest index, biological yield, plant height, remobilization, shoot re-transfer ratio and stem efficiency in remobilization. In the pot experiment, traits such as root dry weight, root to shoot ratio, root length, total root length, root volume and root density were investigated. The results showed that Hashem cultivar and K???e native genotype had the highest amount of grain yield traits, remobilization of stored photosynthetic materials into seeds. In terms of planting date, the best date of cultivation was on the date of 20/8/94 or the same date of the first cultivar, the highest grain yield in the pea plant was realized on this date. The statistical results obtained from field experiment confirm that Hashem and Karehcheh cultivars had the highest amount in terms of the amount and ratio of remobilization of photosynthetic materials stored in the stem in the formation of grain yield.In the pot experiment, Arman and native cultivars of Kearcheh on April 20, 1994 had the highest root length, root volume, root dry weight, root to shoot ratio and root density. It seems that all traits related to root of chickpea are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, to promote and increase drought tolerance in chickpea, finding genotypes with a strong and effective root system is a priority

One of the advanced and new methods that has been common is the use of mulch. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm, Campus of Agriculture and natural Resources of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in 2016 and 2017. The plants used were corn, sunflower, lentil and chickpea. The treatments consisted of plastic mulch between rows, plastic mulch on plant (in chickpea, lentil, corn) and control treatment. Plastic mulch among rows had the highest growth and yield in all tested plants compared to other treatments. The results of the comparison of mean treatments showed that grain yield, 100 seed weight, number of pods in chickpea and lentil and in both years were higher in row treatment than control. In lentil in two years, treatment of mulch between the rows had higher number of seed per pod than the control. In chickpea, there was no significant difference in the number of seeds per pod in each two years. In corn, between row treatment had higher biological yield, harvest index, number of seeds per row, ear weight and 100 seed weight than control, but there was no significant difference between “treatmet of mulch between rows” with “treatment of mulch on plant”. There was no significant difference in number of rows per ear, pod weight, ear length and chlorophyll content. In sunflower, treatment of mulch between row had higher biological yield, head diameter, head weight and 100 seed weight than control, and there were no significant differences among treatmetns in terms of harvest index, number of seeds per head and chlorophyll content. In general, the results of this experiment showed that the application of mulch between the rows of plant led to an increase in the yield of the plants, probably due to weed growth reduction, moisture retention and improved water use.

  AbstractRapeseed (Brassica napus) is one of the most important oil seed plants in the world. The presence of rapeseed weeds and control them by chemicals is a problem for its cultivation and development. Among conventional herbicides, glyphosate is a common and broad-spectrum herbicide that inhibits E   enzymes. In the present study, in order to induce resistance to glyphosate, a mutated gene with three mutations with a non-mutated gene under control of the CaMV35S promoter and the NOS terminator were first transferred to the pUC18 plasmid and then to the PBI121 plasmid. The transformation to rapeseed RGS003 spring variety was carried out via Agrobacterium tumefaciense (strain LBA4404) method. Resistance of putative transgenic plants to kanamycin was used in order to initial evaluation. In greenhouse conditions, 142 lines of T1 generation were evaluated for resistance to 10 mM glyphosate herbicide. The results were analyzed by Chi-square test. T2 Transgenic plants were evaluated in the in vitro conditions in a factorial experiment in concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mM glyphosate herbicide. Also, the T2 plants were examined in greenhouse at concentrations of 0, 1.2, 2.4, 4.2, 19.2, 38.4, 76.8, 156.6mM glyphosate. The results of herbicide effects on plants in greenhouse conditions showed that there is a significant difference between the control and transgenic lines for herbicide tolerance, and in the T1 generation, resistance to herbicide has Mendelian inheritance. Among the plants,there were some lines that were resistant to glyphosate but sensitive to kanamycin. In addition to resistance to kanamycin and herbicide, physiological traits, yield and yield components, boilingtime was also measured. According to the results of this experiment, increasing the concentration of herbicide, stomatal resistance, partial steam pressure, leaf surface temperature and photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and active photosynthesis radiation, stomatal carbon dioxide, yield and yield components were decreased.   Keywords: Rapeseed, herbicide resistance, glyphosate, E  

To evaluate the relationship between weeds and with the lentil to predict yield using Artificial Neural Network approach and also showing spatial variability of weeds and yield using geostatistical method, an experiment was conducted on one of the lentil fields of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University in Kermanshah. Sampling was systematically carried out in two stages in a network of regular points that the geographic coordinates of each sampling point were recorded using a GPS device, once in the pre-flowering stage of lentil and the second time at the end of the growing season. In these two stages, traits including density, height, canopy percentage and dry weight of weed species, and also canopy percentage, grain yield and biomass of lentil was measured and recorded. In addition, weeds diversity and evenness indices were calculated based on their density. In total, 45 weed species in the first stage and 28 species in the second stage was observed that most of which were annual and broad leaves. The results showed that, among the studied factors, density, canopy and dry weights of weeds had a significant negative effect on lentil yields, which in some cases also positive effect of some weed species was observed. The results also showed the positive effect of increasing the weed species diversity and evenness on lentil yield. In addition, according to the results, crop yield variations affected by weeds at the each area of the field, was different and the geostatistical method was showed that very good. The results showed that artificial neural network method is acceptable for predicting yield and biomass of lentil using weed traits as input of model. The best network to predict the yield was PCAs neural network, made from standard data with Steps learning law, with correlation coefficient of 80% and root normalized mean square error of 5.85%. However, the accuracy of the neural network for biomass prediction was not as effective as yield, so that the correlation coefficient and normalized root mean square error in its best network were 78% and 11.36%, respectively. The results generally showed that the neural network approach could use in lentil yield prediction under weed interference conditions, assuming that other conditions are desirable (non-outbreak of pests and diseases and occurrence of non-biological stresses).  Keywords: Spatial interpolation, Multi-species competition, Regression, Canopy, Site-specific management

  There is limited documentary information on the ecology of weeds belonging to the wheat genus in Iran. In this research, two species of wheat (Centaurea solstitialis) and Centaura balsamita (recently cultivated) were selected and examined. In this two-year research, we tried first of all to investigate the main characteristics and the reactions and mechanisms of both species, and then, experiments were designed to better understand and manage both species. This study was conducted in four main sections including germination ecology (acidity effect, potassium nitrate, osmotic potential, salinity, etc.), depth of burial and storage time, phenological research and competition. The results of this study showed that seeds are both non-foibastic species. The best germination temperature for them is 25 ° C and the minimum and maximum germination occurs at 5 and 35 °, respectively. Both species have a very negative reaction to nitrogen and are not considered nitrophilic. The inhibitory limit for salinity was 250 milli-molar, and before this level, there was a decrease in the decreasing response with germination. The maximum depth at which the germination was observed was a depth of 5 cm. There was no specific reaction to acidity and was observed in a range of 4 to 10 germination. Both species are resistant to drought and therefore have germination ability in arid areas. In relation to deep-water debris reactions, germination at a depth of 5 cm after 9 months and in dark conditions and a temperature of 20 * 10 ° C, had the highest germination percentage. All of the above mentioned factors contributed to breaking the seed dormancy and increasing germination. The lowest percentages were observed for the seeds in the warehouse, the time elapsed 3 months after burial and the presence of light. The phenological study showed that annual wheat and winter wheat were germinating early in the month, and in late August it would face seed loss. A bulky herb with a specific morphology that is more than 190 centimeters high. They had a high competitive power and reduced the yield of wheat to a large extent.Keywords: germination, burial depth and storage time, phenology, competition

  AbstractGalium aparine is a problematic weed, which has become increasingly difficult to control with herbicides in Iran. The aim of this study was to screen selected putative-resistant populations of G. aparine for resistance to auxinic herbicides 2,4-D+MCPA and ALS–inhibiting herbicides sulfosulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium. Populations of G. aparine were collected from different wheat fields in the west of Kermanshah, where herbicide-use pattern is typical for Iran. Herbicide resistance to premixed herbicide 2,4-D+MCPA was confirmed in several populations. More populations of G. aparine showed cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides examined in this research. Some populations were found to have developed multiple resistant to both auxinic and ALS herbicides. Generally, the level of resistance to ALS-inhibitor herbicides was higher than that of auxin analog herbicides.   

  One of the uses made in the northern Zagros pollarded oak trees and the foliage for feeding livestock. Several centuries in Europe to control and adjust the height of the trees they are pruned. This operation is called Lopping (pollarding) is said. To study the effects of pollarding on forest structure and spatial pattern of trees on both quantitative and qualitative characteristics in forests voshkalan, located in the city of Marivan, two standes are 20-hectar pollarding and not pollarding   was investigated. 10 ar 60 plots in each stand for grid dimensions 50 x 50 randomly Systematic, and Quantitative features of trees (Diameter at breast, density, canopy, and height) were measured. The qualitative features of them (resprouting Well, resprouting average, resprouting weak, the number of healthy trees, dry trees , mistletoe on trees and tree density infectoria) are measured and recorded. UTM coordinate system to GPS location points moved. Statistical Summary trees in the stand showed a significant effect of pollarding on forest structure factor is the marked decline in the area of the canopy so that the volume of this factor is almost half of pollarding on forest structure. To see that the average size of the canopy intact stand 188.57 cubic meters. Whereas the characteristics of this factor (pollarding on forest structure) and showed a significant difference to the amount of 80.29 cubic meters as a result of this characteristic is involved. The results of statistical tests (t-test) showed the characteristic features of four little tree canopy, average diameter at breast height, average height and density of trees undisturbed tannic between two bodies of pollarding and there is a significant difference, So that the characteristic average diameter at breast height pollarding average stand of workers is intact and features of the cover and density as a result of this operating tannic trees (pollarding) declined. The qualitative features of the all features had significant differences between the two populations. So that the stand resprouting and pollarding of healthy trees have been much better condition than the standes. Two specifications of dry trees and mistletoe on the trees in the intact stand relative to the stand pollarding more.The results Spatial structure indicate that the most quantity characteristic exponential models were examined in two areas. The average height and average diameter of the spherical model showed in both populations studied. The results of the spatial structure features of the study also showed that all the parameters in the two regions has a correlation ratio was 25-75 percent, so the spatial average showed. The qualitative characteristics of spatial structure suggests that two variables in a pile of dried tree pollarding and resprouting Well undisturbed stand strong correlation with ltr">

Effect of different sources of Zn on performance and some blood metabolites in Kermani lambs

باتوجه به كمبود آب در كشور افزايش عملكر هيدروليكي وبالابردن راندمان توزيع آب در شبكه هاي آبياري ضرروي مي باشد . يكي از راه كارهاي بالابردن راندمان بهره وري آب در كشاورزي افزايش دقت در اندازه گيري دبي و كنترل سطح آب مي باشد . به منظور كنترل سطح آب از دريچه هاي كشويي و قطاعي استفاده مي شود . تخمين ضريب دبي و به تبع آن دبي عبوري از اين دريچه ها ضرروريست . از اين رو دز اين پژوهش به بررسي تاثير آستانه بر ضريب دبي دريچه هاي كشويي و قطاعي در شرايط جريان آزاد با استفاده از نرم افزار فلوتردي پرداخته شده است . 

چكيدهآب مهم ترين عامل محدود كننده توسعه كشاورزي در مناطق خشك و نيمه خشك است. از طرفي ايران جز مناطق خشك و نيمه خشك جهان مي باشد. بنابراين استفاده بهينه از منابع آب موجود و مديريت آنها با توجه به علم روز، امري بسيار حياتي مي باشد. استفاده از روش ها و تكنيك هاي جديد آبياري نيز   در همين راستا مي باشد. يكي از اين روش ها، تنش هاي آبياري است كه مطالعات متعددي در اين زمينه صورت گرفته است. اما علم نوين مطالعه اين روش ها را   در كنار مدل هاي شبيه ساز رشد آسان نموده است. لذا با توجه به اهميت موضوع در اين تحقيق اقدام به كشت آفتابگردان رقم روغني فرخ تحت رژيم هاي مختلف آبياري شامل: تيمارهاي 20 درصد بيش آبياري، 100 درصد آبياري(شاهد)، 20 درصد كم آبياري و 40 درصد كم آبياري كه اين تيمارها در كل دوره رشد اعمال شده و 20 درصد كم آبياري و 40   درصد كم آبياري در دوره رويشي اعمال شدند و 20 درصد و   40 درصد كم آبياري در دوره زايشي اعمال گرديد.سپس به آناليز صفات گياهي تيمارهاي آبياري و واسنجي و همچنين صحت سنجي مدل Aquacrop كه از مدل هاي مهم شبيه ساز رشد گياهي تحت رژيم هاي كم آبياري مي باشد، اقدام گرديد. مدل Aquacrop همانند بسياري از مدل هاي شبيه ساز رشد، نقطه اي مي باشد. بنابراين جهت پتانسيل يابي عملكرد در سطح منطقه سنقر كرمانشاه، از مدل Aquacrop-GIS استفاده شد.آناليز صفات زراعي، معني داري را تحت تنش هاي كم آبياري نشان داد. و   واسنجي مدل Aquacro   و همچنين صحت سنجي اين مدل در شبيه سازي بيوماس و كانوپي كاور با   دقت خوب انجام شد. اما مدل در شبيه سازي تيمارهاي دوره زايشي، نسبت به بقيه تيمارها ضعيف عمل نمود. سپس با استفاده از فايل گياهي واسنجي شده، تنش هاي آبياري در منطقه سنقر با استفاده از مدل Aquacrop-GIS بررسي   و نقشه هاي عملكرد، در سطح منطقه تهيه گرديد.    كلمات كليدي: كم آبياري، مدل Aquacrop-GIS، واسنجي،   مدل Aquacrop، آفتابگردان

  To study the effects of weeds and some factors affecting the yield of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a field survey was conducted with sampling of 85 chickpea fields in three villages located in suburb of the city of Rawansar in the Kermanshah province at 2015. Data collection was done in two ways including: a) asking questionnaire from farmers and b) direct sampling of the fields. extracted data from included field area, crop rotation, farmer education level, time of plowing, fertilizer consumption, seed varieties cultivated, sowing date, weed management, date of harvest, harvesting method and the grain yield. Sampling was carried out in two stages: before flowering and pod formation randomly from six points of each field, using 1 x 1 m dimension quadrates. In this way, information such as weed species density and canopy percent , chickpea density and canopy percent , and grain yield were recorded. The results showed that the grain yield of chickpea depending on the type of crop management like time of plowing, sowing, sowing date, sowing method, weed management, date of harvest, and social factors such as farmer education level, age and experience of farmer and also studied village no significant differences were found.   Accordingly, performing twice plow before planting, using mechanized planting techniques, weed management and selection of appropriate planting and harvesting date significantly increased the yield of chickpea and decreased the weed population. In addition, increasing two factors of farmer education level and experience increased crop yield and reduce weeds. Also residing compared with non-residing in the village with an increased probability of more attention of farmers, increased crop yield and reduced weed population. A total of 28 weed species were recorded in the studied fields which most of them were mostly dominant annual and broadleaf weeds in chickpea fields in Kermanshah province. Meanwhile, the weed species of Cichorium intybus and Carthamus oxyacantha had the greatest impact on the grain yield.   ome weeds, like Glycyrrhiza glabra and Hordum glaucum   as a result of interactions with other weeds had a positive impact on the chickpea yield. In addition, increase in diversity and evenness of weed population has a positive impact on the yield of chickpea. It seems that increase the diversity of weed lead to increase competition between weeds and reduces weed competitiveness by themselves. This can reduce the negative impact of some weed species on arable crops. It was probably why the chickpea yield was affected by the positive effects of some weeds. In general it can be said that the factors affecting crop production in real conditions, can raise awareness about the effects of each of these factors, and thus is resulting in better management in the agricultural sector.

  Tomato is one of the most economically important crops of the world and Iran which its production seriously threatens by broomrape infection. In order to evaluate the effect of plant probiotics and allelopathic crops rye and hairy vetch on control of broomrape in tomato, greenhouse and field studies were conducted in 2015 and 2016 at Razi University. In greenhouse study the treatments included using different tomato cultivars Karoon, Aras, Sivand and Super Strain-B, allelopathic crops and various isolates of plant probiotics INR7, P2, B60, B71, E11. Examined treatments in filed stud which were chosed based on previously conducted greenhouse study were insisted of using two tomato cultivar Aras and Sivand, plant probiotics INR7 and B71, and allelopathic crops of rye and hairy vetch. For comparison, a non-treated (control) also was included. In this study for tomato plants, stem height and diameter, number of lateral shoots, fruit weight and number (both single and overall yield), and dry and wet weight f aerial and underground parts were measured. In addition, shoot number and dry weight of broomrape were recorded. Generally, results of this study showed that Sivand the most resistant cultivar against broomrape infection while Aras had the highest susceptibility. Interestingly, while the level; of broomrape invasion on Sivand was intensive but its yield was not diminished by broomrape. Using residues of hairy vetch was very effective in reducing the infection of broomrape on tomato. Hence, it could be concluded the most important achievement in our study was the complete inhibition of broomrape infection in tomato. Incubation of tomato seedling with plant probiotic B71 had no direct effect on broomrape infection while using plant probiotic INR7 increased tomato yield. The effectiveness of plant probiotics on tomato yield was very variable in the presence of allelopathic residues. Integrating these factors was more effective on tomato yield than their sole application. This shows the importance of selecting different factors in integrated management of broomrape I tomato crop. Under real agricultural conditions, the effectiveness of each given factor is determined by others and their subsequent interactions.

Study of the behavior of rivers given that makes the essential point   that The river is a dynamic process and   according to morphological characteristics behavior of that is Changing. As a result of these changes, hydraulic conditions of the river will be affected. Therefore, it is necessary to effect the combination of flow and sediment especially in unstable rivers Considered.  

Weeds or invasive native plants that adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems, agriculture and forestry. In this study, weeds College of Agriculture and Natural resources include field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L .; licorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra L.; amaranth, Amaranthus deflexus L .; weed, Chenopodium album L .; datura, Datura stramonium L. , wild mustard, Sinapis arvensis L .; cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium L .; oats, Avena fatua L .; Gheyagh Sorghum halepense L. and Shlmy All. (Rapistrum rugosum (L. were studied. The aim of this study was to collect and identify insects associated with the above-mentioned weeds and insects for biological control of introduced species of weeds target. For this purpose, the sampling insects Tiny microscopic slides were prepared and were sent for identification to the relevant experts. based on the result of the result, 17 species of Svsk¬Hay families Chrysomelidae, (Radymna persica (Faldermann, 1837), Chaetocnema sp., Altica sp., Spermophagus sp. and Burchidius sp.), Curculionidae, (Alcidodes karelini (Boheman, 1844), Lixus sp., Ceutorhynchus sp. and Microlarius sp.) and Coccinelidae, (Scymnus frontalis (Fabricius, 1787)), Sn¬Hay family Tingidae , (Galeatus scrophicus (Saunders, 1876)); Anthocoridae, (Orius niger (Wolff, 1811)); thrips family Aeolothripidae, (Aeolothrips mongolicus (Pelikan, 1985)); Thripidae, (Chirothrips kurdistanus (zur Strassen, 1967) , Chirothrips manicatus (Haliday, 1836) and Chirothrips africanus (Priesner, 1932)) and Phlaeothripidae, (Haplothrips ganglbaueri (Schmutz, 1913)) were identified. As well as field bindweed seeds and Shyryn¬Byan in appropriate containers in the laboratory Ng·h¬Dary and seed insects and parasitoids were collected. Of the seeds respectively, field bindweed and Shyryn¬Byan weevil Alcidodes karelini (Boheman, 1844) and seed beetle Burchidius sp. Out. Also parasitoid sex Eurytomidae family through infected seeds beetles A. karelini and Burchidius sp. Collected and identified.

Tra  lanting is one of the basic methods resulting in crop earliness and increases yield. Regarding that among crop plants in Kermanshah province, sunflower, maize, sugar beet and squash with multiple uses have higher cultivated area, so, the experiment was aimed to increase yield of the plants by tra  lanting at research greenhouse and field, campus of agriculture and natural resources, Razi University, Kermanshah during two years (2015 and 2016). In 2015, the experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Factors were three planting methods (seeding, 4-week tra  lanting and 6-week tra  lanting) and two planting dates (early planting and common planting date). In 2016, the experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included tra  lanting (6-week tra  lanting at early planting for maize and sugar beet, 4-week tra  lanting at early planting for sunflower, early seeding for squash) and seeding (control). In the first year, results showed that 6-week tra  lanting at early planting, 6-week tra  lanting at early planting, 4-week tra  lanting at early planting and early seeding produced the highest biological yield in maize, sugar beet, sunflower and squash, respectively. The treatments were selected to repeat for year two.   In the second year, results showed that tra  lanting compared to direct seeding increased biological yield, chlorophyll, leaf area and seed yield in sunflower and maize and sugar yield in sugar beet. In squash, early seeding had higher biological yield, chlorophyll and stomatal conductance compared to seeding at common date. There was no significant difference between seeding and tra  lanting in terms of sugar content in sugar beet. So, to increase yield, 6-week tra  lanting at early date for maize and sugar beet and 4-week tra  lanting at early date for sunflower is recommended for earliness in Kermanshah. Planting dates and tra  lant ages except studied ages and dates in the experiment were suggested for the next experiments.

The study effect of forbidden irrigation at different growth stages on yield and yield components of corn (SC704)

Myagrum perfoliatum is a winter weed in crops such as wheat and barley in Kermanshah province recently been problematic. This weed, emerging in Iran and in the world, many studies have been done on it. Seeds zero at different depths (surface), 5, 10, 20 and 40 cm. The time period after 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 and 14 months out of the soil and tra  orted to the laboratory and under the treatments were temperature and light. Temperature treatment at three levels (25 ° C, fixed, variable 5/10 and 10/20 °C) and light treatments on two levels (light and dark) were applied.The results showed that weed seeds are not photoblastic. Myagrum perfoliatum germinated in light and dark alike. Optimum temperature for seed germination temperature regime Myagrum perfoliatum varied 10/20. Burial depth on seed germination significant effect (p?0.01). The highest germination was found at a depth of five centimeters of soil. Over time also had a significant effect on breaking dormancy so that the seeds after 14 months had the highest percentage of germination. Due to the increased depth, germination percentage decreased Myagrum perfoliatum can be concluded that deep plowing to control weeds because it can lead to the germination of seeds and this prevents them into the depths of the plowing should be done a few years in the West because in Iran is usually done by plow tillage the soil tillage and seed lefted to gether and seeds that in the middle up and make them germinate.Key words: deep plowing, new weed, optimum temperature, wheat and barley

AbstractApproximately, one third of the worlds lands face a shortage of precipitation and half of which has annual precipitation less than 250 mm, nearly a quarter of potential evapotra  iration in these areas. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of different amounts of super absorbent polymer and drought on establishment and seedling growth of some warm and cool season plants under drought condition. The experiment was carried out as factorial design with three replications at the research farm of cumpus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University Razi, Kermanshah. At the field experiment, treatments included plant species and super absorbent polymer levels and at the pot experiment, the treatments were plant species, super-absorbent polymer levels and drought stress (favorable and long-term irrigation). Cool season plants included safflower, canola and alfalfa and warm season plants included foxtail millet, dill and fenugreek. The results showed that by increasing the super absorbent polymer rate, stem, leaf and total fresh weight, stem, leaf and total dry weight, plant height, leaf relative water content, emergence percentage and rate were significantly increased, however chlorophyll index was decreased. Increasing irrigation period (drought stress) decreased these parameters, however chlorophyll index was increased. By increasing the amount of super-absorbent in cool season plants, the percentage increase of emergence in safflower was higher than that of alfalfa and canola. By increasing the amount of super-absorbent in the warm season plants, the percentage increase of emergence in fenugreek was higher than that of millet and dill. Regarding the result, in order to increase seedling establishment, super adsorbent polymer rate of six grams per square meter is recommended except foxtail millet. For foxtail millet, super absorbent rate of 6 grams per square meter is enough.      Key words: Absorbent Polymer, irrigation period, SPAD index, leaf relative water content