Coriander is a member of the Apiaceae family, which has been widely used in traditional medicine, and its medicinal value has been proven throughout history among various nations. One of the most important problems of this valuable crop is non-chemical weed control, which can be reduced by using cover crops.

   Soil nutrient management is of particular importance in the production of medicinal plants. On the other hand, moisture deficiency stress, as the most important factor limiting production, leads to a decrease in plant yield. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of animal manure on ecophysiological traits, grain yield, and essential oil yield of black cumin under irrigation interruption conditions. The experiment was conducted inform split plot based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, at Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University during 2022. The treatments included fully rotted sheep manure (0, 10, 20, and 30 ton ha-1) as the main plot and irrigation interruption (complete irrigation, interruption of irrigation from flowering stage, interruption of irrigation from grain filling stage) as the sub plot. The measured traits included leaf area index (LAI), radiation absorption, relative growth ratio (RGR), crop growth rate (CGR), total dry weight (TDW), radiation use efficiency (RUE), plant height, number of main branches, number of follicles, number of grains per follicle, 1000-grain weight, total dry weight yield, grain yield, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield, and harvest index. The results showed that the application of manure and irrigation treatments had an effect on the evaluated traits. The highest (2.34) and lowest (1.1) maximum LAI were related to the treatment of 30 ton ha-1 and complete irrigation and the conditions of no manure application and interruption of irrigation from flowering stage, respectively. In all manure application treatments, radiation absorption improved with increasing irrigation water. The highest and lowest radiation absorption were observed in the conditions of 30 ton ha-1 of manure and complete irrigation and the treatment of no manure application and interruption of irrigation from the flowering growth stage, respectively. The highest and lowest RGR and CGR were related to 30 ton ha-1 of manure and full irrigation (0.094 g g-1 d-1 and 6.2 g m-2 d-1, respectively) and no manure application and interruption of irrigation from the flowering growth stage (0.066 g g-1 d-1 and 2.3 g m-2 d-1, respectively). The highest RUE (0.5539 g MJ-1) was obtained with 30 ton ha-1 of manure and complate irrigation, and the lowest (0.4565 g MJ-1) was obtained with no manure and interruption of irrigation from the flowering growth stage. The interaction of manure application and irrigation interruption on yield and grain yield components was significant. The highest 1000-grain weight (1.69 g), total dry weight yield (251.5 g m-2), grain yield (108.7 g m-2), and grain essential oil yield (18.7 g m-2) and the lowest 1000-grain weight (1.39 g), total dry weight yield (125.3 g m-2), grain yield (44.3 g m-2), and grain essential oil yield (8.2 g m-2) were observed in the treatment of 30 ton ha-1 of manure and complate irrigation, and the treatment of no manure application and interruption of irrigation from the flowering growth stage, respectively. The results also showed that the correlation of grain yield with total dry waight yield, harvest index, number of follicles m-2, number of grain per follicle, and 1000-grain weight was positive and significant. In general, the results showed that in order to achieve maximum grain yield and grain essential oil yield, the treatment of 30 ton ha-1 of manure and complete irrigation was better. However, in the condition of 30 ton ha-1

The Heshilan Wetland serves as a temporary resting place for migratory birds and plays a significant role in the growth of specific plant species, the nourishment of groundwater, and the climate of the province. The unique economic values of the wetland, such as the presence of small and large islands with recreational and tourism potential, the exploitation of reeds, pastures, and the promotion of agriculture and livestock farming, have attracted people to this natural environment. This study was conducted with the aim of calculating the environmental water needs of the Heshilan Wetland under various climatic conditions, based on a comprehensive method. In this study, all social, economic, ecological, and hydromorphological indicators were considered, and by valuing and selecting indicators for each section, the aquatic bird, the Eurasian coot, was chosen as the final ecological indicator due to its highest degree of importance. To estimate the area of the water surface and vegetation cover of the Heshilan Wetland from 2000 to 2024, Landsat satellite images and the software ENVI and ARC GIS were utilized. To calculate the environmental water needs of the wetland, the relationship between the area of the wetland's water surface and the number of Eurasian coots under targeted conditions was examined at three levels, resulting in the conclusion that the volume of water required to achieve optimal, acceptable, and minimum conditions is 1,240, 900, and 580 thousand cubic meters, respectively. The results indicated that to maintain the volume of the wetland under drought and normal conditions, in order to meet the minimum acceptable ecological conditions, approximately 5.40 and 0.3 million cubic meters of water per year will be needed in the first six months of the water year, while there will be no shortage during the first six months of the water year under wet conditions. Therefore, as a management strategy, by creating new water inflow sources to the wetland through the irrigation and drainage canal of the Gavshan Dam, the required water can be supplied without harming other consumers, bringing the water level of the wetland to the targeted ecological level. These results can assist policymakers and water resource managers in taking more effective actions to preserve and manage aquatic ecosystems in the Heshilan Wetland basin.   

  Abstract Bread wheat is one of the important crops in the world and plays an important role in food security. Silicon is not an essential element for plant growth. However, the results of recent researchs showed that silicon has been effective in increasing the resistance of plants against environmental stresses. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to comparing of silicon oxide (SiO2) with different diameters, sodium and potassium silicate in reducing drought stress damage in dryland bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was conducted as of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and the Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. The test treatments include different forms of silicon (without silicon consumption (control), potassium silicate (K2SiO3), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), nano-SiO2Ps 8nm, nano- SiO2Ps 12±1 nm, nano- SiO2Ps 25±5 nm, nano- SiO2Ps 65±5 nm, SiO2Ps 1000 nm, SiO2Ps 5000 nm, SiO2Ps 10,000 nm and SiO2Ps 100,000 nm. The results showed that the use of different forms of silicon improved the growth and yield of bread wheat. So that the maximum leaf diameter (2.77 mm), spike length (11.38 cm) and the number of spikelets per spike (15.19) were obtained from foliar spraying of Nano-SiO2Ps 8 nm. In addition, the mean comparisons showed that the treatment of nano- SiO2Ps 12±1 nm and Na2SiO3 increases the number of grains in the spike by by 35.11% and 32.93% compared to the control. Also, the highest of 1000 grain weight was observed in potassium silicate treatment, SiO2Ps 10000 nm and nano-SiO2Ps 25 and 8 nm. Foliar spraying of nano-SiO2Ps 25 and 8 nm increased grain yield, biological yield, and straw yield by 38.23%, 49.20% and 57.60% compared to the control, respectively. Plants sprayed with nano-SiO2Ps 8 and 12 nm had significantly more chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll than other forms of silicon. On the other hand, the highest levels of proline, protein and soluble sugars in leaves were observed with the use of nano-SiO2Ps 8, 12, 25 and 65 nm. It was found that the use of different forms of silicon decreased the content of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in leaves compared to the control. In general, treatments of silicon oxide nanoparticles increased the yield, yield components and biochemical traits of wheat more effectively compared to the non-nano form, which indicates the better ability of nanoparticles due to their smaller dimensions and greater surface area. Therefore, it is recommended to use the form of silicon dioxide nanoparticles to increase the growth and yield of bread wheat and reduce the damage of drought stress. Key words: Antioxidant enzyme, Grain yield, Nanoparticle, Silicon, Wheat

Abstract Considering the importance of fodder beet in supplying fodder and its high adaptability to adverse environmental conditions, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the age and number of leaves of fodder beet tra  lant in the greenhouse and Research farm of Razi University's Faculty of Agriculture. The experimental design used in this research was complete randomized blocks with three replications and 10 treatments. In this research, the effect of tra  lant age (one month, 45 days, and two months) and the number of tra  lant leaves (not removing leaves, removing half leaves, and removing all leaves) were investigated. Leaves were removed before tra  lanting to the field and preserving the crown and bud of the tra  lant. Thus, the treatments include direct seed cultivation, 30-day tra  lant without leaf removal, 30-day tra  lant with half of the leaves removed, 30-day tra  lant with all leaves removed, 45-day tra  lant without leaf removal, 45-day tra  lant with half of the leaves removed, the leaves were 45-day tra  lant with the removal of all leaves, 60-day tra  lant without removal of leaves, 60-day tra  lant with the removal of half of the leaves and 60-day tra  lant with the removal of all leaves. After the tra  lants reached the desired age, all the treatments were transferred to the main field simultaneously and on the same date. The results of the analysis of variance showed that survival percentage, the relative amount of leaf water loss, relative leaf water content, SPD, stomatal conductance, specific weight of leaves, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of leaves, and aerial parts, diameter and length Root, crown length, fresh and dry weight of root, root yield, gross income, net income, and benefit-cost ratio were significant. The 45-day tra  lant with removing all leaves was superior to other treatments regarding SPD and stomatal conductance. The results of the research showed no statistical difference between the treatments of two-month and 45-day tra  lants, except for the complete removal of leaves, although the highest value was related to the 45-day tra  lant with half of the leaves removed. The highest gross income and profit-cost ratio was related to the 45-day tra  lant with half of the leaves removed. However, the 45-day tra  lant with no leaf removal and half-leaf removal and the two-month tra  lant with no leaf removal, half-leaf removal, and whole-leaf removal showed the highest net income. Considering that the 45-day planting date and removing half of the leaves had the greatest effect on root yield and income, the simultaneous use of these two methods can play a significant role in increasing early harvest and fodder beet root yield. Keywords: Direct cultivation, Fodder beet, Planting date, Removal of tra  lant leaves, Tra  lantation   

  Abstract   The Hircanian forests of Iran, located in the north of the country and in the three provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan, are the most industrial and important forests of the country, the area of ??which is estimated to be about 1.9 million hectares. These forests with high species and genetic diversity and great age, which belong to the third geological era, are a lasting and valuable heritage.   But unfortunately, it is always threatened by fire as a phenomenon of natural and human origin. Although fire is an inseparable part of the forest ecosystem, this phenomenon is one of the most important factors in the destruction and destruction of these ecosystems. Fire causes changes and transformations in the function and structure of ecosystems, including the forest ecosystem, and has a very destructive effect on natural processes such as reproduction, seed bed, carbon and nitrogen cycles andsequence, diversity of species and wildlife, physical, chemical and soil fertility characteristics.In this research, fire occurrences of 23-year period (2001-2023) of Hyrcanian forests were obtained from MODIS sensor and 11-year period (2012-2022) from VIIRS sensor. Then these events were examined in terms of time (month, season and year) and place (physiography) and their relationship with physiographic characteristics (percentage of slope, direction of slope, altitude >The results of the frequency of fire incidents with time factors showed that the highest number of incidents was in 2021 with 70 incidents and the least in 2016 with 16 incidents. In terms of monthly review, three consecutive months, namely January with 59 cases, December with 71 cases and November with 50 cases, have the highest number of cases. The lowest number was in May with 11 cases and then April with 22 cases. In terms of seasonal analysis, the most events are in the autumn season.The investigation of spatial factors (physiography) showed that the slope >Also, the spatial pattern of fire occurrences during a 23-year period using MODIS and VIIRS sensor data showed that fire occurrences from a distance of 20 to 40 km have a random pattern and from a distance of 40 to 65 km have a cluster pattern. The results of time series analysis using ARIMA model showed that the peak of fire events until 2026 was similar for VIIRS and MODIS data, but the number of predicted events using VIIRS data is more than MODIS sensor.Key words: fire - Hyrcanian forests - modeling - prediction

  To investigate the effect of tillage systems on the yield and yield

  This study aimed to compare the effects of intrauterine injection of electrolyzed water with ceftiofur sodium on the pregnancy rate in dairy cows with postpartum sub clinical endometritis. Uterine diseases such as endometritis, metritis, pyometra, and retained placenta in dairy cows are crucial because of the low fertility and infertility consequences. Postpartum uterine infections result in a delay in the time of artificial insemination, a decrease in the pregnancy rate and an increase in the culling rate. The treatment of endometritis is performed using different methods including parenteral or intrauterine rout of injection of antibiotics, intrauterine application of antiseptics and hormonal treatments .However using antibiotics for the treatment of endometritis has several disadvantages. The disadvantages include the cost, milk disposal, bacterial resistance, and suppressing the leukocytes’ phagocytic activity of the uterine immune system. In addition to electrolyzed water, have an antibacterial effects. Using electrolyzed water as an alternative treatment method against various diseases was investigated. A total of 316 Holstein cows diagnosed with endometritis during the clean test (35-42 days after calving) were used in the present study. Sub-clinical endometritis diagnosed using transrectal palpation and ultrasonography of the uterus and ovaries. After trans-rectal palpation and ultrasonography, cows with signs of endometritis (i.e., cervical diameters > 5 cm, asymmetry of the uterine horn, thickened uterine wall, and small amounts of fluids in the uterine cavity) were suspected to have sub-clinical endometritis. The cows were randomly assigned to six treatment groups: control group, intrauterine infusion of ceftiofur sodium (group b, 1 gram), infusion of 200ppm electrolyzed water (group c), infusion of 300ppm electrolyzed water (group d), infusion of 200 (group e) and 300ppm(group f) electrolyzed water twice with an interval of 3 days . After completing the voluntary waiting period (55 days after calving), all six groups of cows were subjected to an ovulation synchronization program (Ovsynch). Pregnancy rates after first AI was. The cumulative pregnancy rate after second .The results showed that treatment with 300 ppm electrolyzed water alone or twice with an interval of 3 days could improve the pregnancy rate in cows with subclinical endometritis.

Today, for the production of agricultural products, inputs such as fertilizers and chemical poisons, fossil fuels, and machinery are needed, each of which has a significant contribution to the production of greenhouse gases. The increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases is the reason for climate change, which itself plays an important role in the amount of production of the world's agricultural ecosystems. For this purpose, a study was conducted with the aim of the effect of crop rotation on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the fields of Kermanshah. To carry out this study, all agricultural operations and inputs consumed in the studied fields from planting to harvesting, including all chemical inputs (fertilizers, poisons, fossil fuels, seeds, agricultural machinery, etc.) were calculated and analyzed. The data analysis was calculated in three parts energy input (consumption), energy output (production) and global warming potential (GWP) caused by the emission of greenhouse gases. The results of this study showed that the total input energy in common wheat cultivation was 13844.7 megajoules, of which the largest share was related to fossil fuel consumption (37.4%). While the highest share in low-tillage and no-tillage wheat cultivation belonged to nitrogen fertilizer in the amount of 36.7%. The total input energy in the common chickpea cultivation system was 7009.6 megajoules, while the total input energy in low tillage chickpea cultivation was 5256.4 megajoules and in no-tillage chickpea cultivation the total input energy was 4470 megajoules. The largest share in all three tillage systems was related to fossil fuels. In the common wheat cultivation system, low tillage and no-tillage, energy consumption efficiency were 3.2, 5.1 and 4.9 respectively. The amount of energy consumption efficiency in common chickpea cultivation, low tillage and no-tillage was 2.6, 2.8 and 3.9 respectively. The largest share of consumption inputs caused by global warming and greenhouse gas emissions in the cultivation of wheat and peas is related to fossil fuels. The highest amount of CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the wheat-wheat cycle was related to fossil fuels (59.21), nitrogen fertilizers (30.82), phosphate fertilizers (7.41) and potash fertilizers (55.2). Also, the highest amount of CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the wheat-pea cycle was related to fossil fuels (59.32), nitrogen fertilizers (28.58), phosphate fertilizers (9.19) and potash (2.90). The highest emission of CO2 gas in common wheat cultivation was related to the consumption of fossil fuels and in low tillage and no-tillage, wheat cultivation was related to the use of nitrogen fertilizers. The highest emission of greenhouse gas N2O caused by chemical inputs related to fossil fuels was common in wheat cultivation. According to the results, it can be stated that wheat cultivation with a low tillage method had the highest energy consumption efficiency. The highest energy efficiency in chickpea cultivation was related to the no-tillage system. The higher energy efficiency in the wheat-pea rotation was due to the decrease in input energy and the increase in crop efficiency in this rotation. The global warming index increased with the increase of greenhouse gas emissions in the wheat-wheat rotation compared to the wheat-pea rotation.   

Abstract:  Legumes are of high nutritional importance due to their high protein content. Chickpea is one of the important plants of this family. In order to evaluate the effect of planting arrangement and Mycorrhiza inoculation on the growth and yield of spring pea "Cicer arietinum L." Under different tillage methods, an experiment in the crop year 1399-400 in a research farm located in the campus of agriculture and natural resources of Razi University of Kermanshah at the longitude of 47 degrees and 9 minutes, latitude of 34 degrees and 21 minutes and the height of 1319 meters above sea level. With an average annual rainfall of 445 mm, it was done in the form of a factorial split plot based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The experimental factors include tillage in three levels (no plowing, minimum plowing and Conventional plowing) as the main factor and inoculation with mycorrhizae in two levels (seed inoculation with Mycorrhiza biological fertilizer and no inoculation) and planting arrangement in two ways (25 row spacing) and 50 cm and distance on the row 10 and 5 cm) were applied as sub-factors. In this experiment, Bivanij variety was used. The evaluated traits are the number of green plants, plant height, the number of sub-branches, the distance of the first node from the soil surface, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, green cover and greenness index, sample weight and seed yield, biological yield. hundred seed weight and harvest index. Based on the results of analysis of variance, the effect of tillage type was significant only on the sample weight trait at the probability level of 5% and did not affect other functional traits. Mycorrhiza inoculation was significant on grain yield traits and harvest index at one percent probability level and on hundred seed weight at five percent probability level. The effect of planting arrangement on the characteristics of seed weight and biological performance was significant at the probability level of one and five percent, respectively. In this study, the number of pods per plant trait was more affected by tillage type. The number of seeds in pods and seed yield were also more affected by planting arrangement and Mycorrhiza inoculation. Three treatments of inoculation with mycorrhiza and row spacing of 50 cm (682.6 kg/ha), no inoculation and row spacing of 25 cm (625.5 kg/ha) and inoculation with mycorrhiza and row spacing of 25 cm (611/2 kg/ha) showed the highest seed yield. In total, the results of this research showed the positive effect of the use of biofertilizers on most of the morphological and functional characteristics of the chickpea plant.  Key words: no-tillage, yield, low-tillage, mycorrhiza, chickpea                                                                                      

  

  itter melon or Carla, scientifically known as Momordica charantia, is a tropical and subtropical squash family that is grown entirely as a plant in Asia, Africa and South America for its fruits. Due to the high medicinal value, low level of processing in the country, high price of the product and the amount of demand, Carla is considered a medicinal plant and the production of this product as a crop can play an important role in the country's economy. In order to investigate the effect of different levels of urea and poultry manure and two different cultivation methods on yield, harvest index, dry matter and yield components of Carla, an experiment in the form of a random split plot in the research farm of Razi University of Kermanshah in spring . 1400 were executed. In this experiment, the main plots include the type and composition of urea and poultry manure in 5 levels (100% urea), (75% urea + 25% poultry), (50% poultry + 50% urea), (25% urea + 75% poultry) , (100% poultry) and sub-plot included two types of scaffolding and plume cultivation methods, type strip irrigation system was used in this study. In this study, fruit fresh weight, fruit dry weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, plant height, plant dry weight and indices were measured. The results showed that the effect of poultry manure level and the effect of cultivation method on most of the measured parameters were significant. Increased performance in Carla. Among the cultivation methods, the highest yield was obtained in the Cretan cultivation pattern. The interaction of cultivation pattern and fertilizer level was also insignificant in most traits. According to the test results, the use of poultry manure and scaffolding cultivation method is recommended for Carla cultivation. Keywords: Bitter melon, Cretan cultivation, Scaffold cultivation, Carla, Nitrogen

به منظور بررسي اثرات نيتروژن و رژيم هاي آبياري بر عملكرد، اجزاي عملكرد و برخي صفات فيزيولوژيكي كينوارقم سانتاماريا، آزمايشي به صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرح پايه كاملاً تصادفي در پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي،دانشگاه رازي، در سال 1399 اجرا گرديد. فاكتورها شامل رژيم هاي آبياري )بدون تنش خشكي )در زمان 50 درصد7تخليه رطوبت قابل استفاده گياه(، تنش ملايم )در زمان 65 درصد تخليه رطوبت قابل استفاده گياه( و تنش شديد خشكي)در زمان 80 درصد تخليه رطوبت قابل استفاده گياه(( و مقادير نيتروژن )شاهد، ?? ، ??? ، ??? ، ??? و ???كيلوگرم در هكتا ر( از منبع اوره در چند نوبت بودند. اندازه گلدانها 50 × 50 × 50 سانتيمتر )طول، عرض و ارتفاع( واز جنس سيمان بودند. تاريخ كاشت 12 ارديبهشت و برداشت 9 مرداد بود. نتايج نشان داد كه عملكردهاي زيست تودهو دانه در شرايط بدون تنش و مصرف 200 كيلوگ رم در هكتار نيتروژن در بيشترين مقدار و در شرايط تنش شديد ومصرف 250 كيلوگرم در هكتار نيتروژن در كمترين مقدار بودند. ميزان كاهش عملكرد دانه در شرايط تنش ملايم درسطوح نيتروژن بين 1 / 80 - 9 / 32 درصد و در تنش شديد در سطوح نيتروژن در دامنه بين 9 / 87 – 0 / 73 درصد نسبتبه تيمار بدون تنش خشكي )شاهد( و 200 كيلوگرم در هكتار نيتروژن بودند. با افزايش تنش خشكي ساير صفات ازجمله وزن هزار دانه، شاخص برداشت، ارتفاع بوته، محتواي نسبي آب برگ و آنتي اكسيدان سوپراكسيداز كاهش وليآنتي اكسيدان پراكسيداز افزايش يافت. با افزايش نيتروژن محتواي نسبي آب برگ )تا 100 كيلوگرم در هكتار(،پراكسيداز و سوپراكسيداز و كاتالاز افزايش داشت. با افزايش نيتروژن، ميزان كلروفيل a ، b، كاروتنوئيدها، پروتئينهاي محلول، عملكرد كوانتومي و هدايت روزنه اي در شرايط بدون تنش خشكي افزايش ولي در شرايط تنش خشكي)ملايم و شديد( كاهش داشتند. در نهايت نتايج اين آزمايش نشان داد كه، اثر تنش خشكي بيشتر از اثر ميزان نيتروژنبر صفات مورد بررسي بود، بگونه اي كه در شرايط تنش خشكي ملايم و بخصوص شديد، مصرف نيتروژن چنداناهميتي نداشت.

    Autumn-SeededChickpea Cultivars  AbstractThis study wasconducted to investigate the effect of different tillage methods on yield andgrowth characteristics of some chickpea cultivars and some soil characteristicsduring 2020-2021 year in Kuhdasht region located in Lorestan province. Theexperiment was performed as a split plot based on a randomized complete blockdesign with four replications. Treatment of different tillage methods at threelevels (conventional tillage, reduction tillage and no tillage) in main plotsand eight autumn chickpea cultivars (Adel, Arman, Hashem, Mansour, Azad, Azkan,Aksu and Goksu) were located on sub-plots. The results of analysis of varianceshowed that some of the studied traits were affected by tillage and more bycultivar. Based on the obtained results, the highest moisture content wasobtained at a depth of 15 to 30 cm of soil at the rate of 12.6% in the plotunder cultivation of Azkan cultivar. The highest soil temperature of 14.17 ° Cwas recorded in conventional tillage treatment. The results showed that in allthree tillage systems, the highest degree of growth day to emergence of 244 wasrelated to Adel cultivar. The effect of tillage treatment on emergencepercentage and plant height was not significant. The highest percentage ofemergence was obtained in Kogsu cultivar (73%) and the highest plant height wasobtained in Azkan cultivar (30.20 cm). Root weight was not affected by tillagetreatment, while the highest root dry weight was obtained in Aksu cultivar(2.87 g). The effect of tillage treatment on 100-seed weight was notsignificant, although 100-seed weight of Aksu cultivar in no-till treatment was42 g and higher than other cultivars. Based on the results, the effect oftillage and cultivar on grain and biological yields, harvest index andreproductive effort index were not significant. The highest harvest index wasobtained in Adel cultivar and the highest reproductive effort index wasobtained in Arman cultivar. Also, grain protein was not affected by tillagetreatments. Among the cultivars, Mansour had the highest grain protein content(19.09%) and the highest greenness index was obtained in Azkan cultivar(27.94%).Keywords: Yield components, Grain protein, Conventional tillage, Greennessindex, Chickpea  

      Abstract:    Due to the occurrence of drought in the country and the indiscriminate use of groundwater resources in agriculture, especially in Mahidasht plain of Kermanshah province, which has recently been recognized as a forbidden plain due to high water consumption and inappropriate utilization of water wells, it is important to manage groundwater resources in this region. For this purpose, installation of smart water gauge for optimal use of water wells in Mahidasht plain seems necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the acceptance of smart meters among farmers in Mahidasht plain. In this study, survey method was used to collect the information of the questionnaire. To determine the sample size, random cluster sampling method was used and 185 farmers were selected. The questionnaire was given to experts of Kermanshah Regional Water Company and professors of agricultural extension and education department in order to confirm the validity. To determine the reliability, Kronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated by 30 questionnaires, according to which all the scales designed in the questionnaire had high reliability. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed using    and AMOS statistical softwares. In the descriptive statistics section, the percentage of frequency and relative frequency percentage were used to describe the variables, and in the inferential statistics section, path analysis method was used to investigate the causal relationship between the variables of the conceptual framework of the research, and also the method of averaging and using z test, Man-whitney and Wilcoxon were analyzed and interpreted. The results showed that perceived usefulness, readiness of perceived use and attitude toward using smart meter had a positive and significant effect on tendency to use meters. The results also showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the underlying factors of perceived usefulness and the ease of perceived use. Based on the overall results, farmers' attitudes had the greatest impact on the tendency to use smart meters and thus accept it. According to the results of this study, which should be considered by relevant planners, it is suggested that programs be considered to increase farmers' attitudes toward accepting smart water gauge to manage optimal water consumption in Mahidasht plain.

Abstract In order to implement measures for the development and exploitation of new water resources, especially in the agricultural sector in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, the use of wastewater can be considered as water resources. By using these resources, not only part of the agricultural water shortage is compensated, but also the effects of improper discharge of effluents and its damages to agricultural resources and the environment are prevented. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the strategic crops that is very important in terms of level and nutritional value, so over the past few decades, many measures have been taken to increase its yield. Among these measures, we can mention the use of organic fertilizers such as sewage sludge, which in addition to increasing yield, it is important to study the environmental and health issues related to the use of these fertilizers, as well as the absorption of heavy elements. In order to evaluate the effect of Ravansar industrial town effluent on yield, yield components and accumulation of heavy metals in wheat grain (Pishgam cultivar), in the 2016-17 crop year on a farm in Kermanshah province, Ravansar city, Upper Khorramabad village, a research project as split plot was performed in three replications. Experimental factors included 1. Irrigation water as the main factor (at three levels: a) Irrigation with industrial town effluent b) Irrigation with the left channel of Ravansar c) Irrigation with well water) 2. Irrigation times as a secondary factor (including 1- Onc irrigation time 2- two irrigation times 3- three irrigation times). The results of the present study showed that the treatment of industrial town effluent and water of Qarsoo Ravansar canal had a significant potential of micronutrients. The application of the mentioned effluent in controlled amounts, in the results of plant decomposition, showed that the effluent effluent increased the concentration of iron, zinc and copper in comparison with the control in the plant seeds. All of these elements are the nutrients needed to fill cereal grains such as wheat. The use of wastewater in all quantities to some extent increased the weight of 1000 grains of wheat, so that the highest 1000-grain weight of wheat (49.897 g) was related to the treatment of canal water and three irrigation times, which there was no significant difference between this treatment and three irrigation treatments with industrial town effluent in terms of 1000-grain weight (49.217 g). The results showed that the application of effluent had a positive role in filling wheat grains and by releasing nutrients during the growing period of wheat, Pishgam cultivar increased seed yield and seed yield components including 1000-grain weight, number of grains per spike, number of spikes per plant, and leaf area in wheat. Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in plant samples showed that the concentrations of heavy metals of lead and cadmium evaluated in the present study are high in effluent-treated samples. In well water treatments, the concentration of heavy metals was less than the allowable limit, but in canal and effluent water treatments, the concentration was very high and beyond the allowable limit of heavy metals. But it is not in the toxic concentration range of these elements. Therefore, in order to use the wastewater effluent of the industrial town in agriculture as irrigation water, according to the amount of increase of the mentioned metals in the soil and the amounts absorbed by the plants, it is necessary to consider the toxicity threshold for each metal depending on the type of plant and environmental conditions and evaluate the effluent values based on it. Keywords: Heavy elements, Industrial effluent, Organic fertilizer, Pollutants, Wheat, Yield

Potato (Solanum tuberosum, family Solanaceae) is an annual crop with great economic importance. Potato leafroll virus (PLRV, genus Polerovirus) is one of the most important viral pathogens that cause great losses on the yield and quality of this plant around the world. The first step in managingviral diseases is to identify them. With the right diagnosis, proper planning can be done to control the pathogen and prevent its spread. Considering the importance of Potato leafroll virus and the damages it can cause, the present study was conducted to investigate the status of Potato leafroll virus infection in potato fields in some parts of Kermanshah province (Iran). In the growing seasons of 2019-2021, potato fields (varieties Sante, Banba, Marfona, Sprit, Natasha and Jelly) located in some areas of Kermanshah Province, Iran (regions Kermanshah, Kangavar, Islam-Abade-Gharb, Gahvareh, Kamyaran road and Ghazanchi) were sampled. Samples were collected from the aerial parts of potato plants that had suspected symptoms of this virus (yellowing, dwarfism, leafroll). Virus detection n the collected samples was performed by TAS-ELISA using a kit from DSMZ, that included IgG antibody (AS-0741), specific monoclonal antibody MAb-IgG (AS0060/11), RAM-AP and a positive control (PV-0842). According to TAS-ELISAresults, infection with Potato leafroll virus was detected in Kermanshah, Islam-Abade-Gharb, Gahvareh, Kamyaran road and Ghazanchi and inSante, Banba, Marfona, Sprit, Natasha and Jelly cultivars. Keywords: Viral diseases, Polerovirus, Serology    

Abstract An experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications to study the effect of planting date, density and cultivar on yield and yield components of quinoa in Razi University of Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Farm. The main plots in this experiment are planting dates at three levels including; March 20, April 20 and May 20, and the factors were density (40 and 60 plants per square meter) and three cultivars of quinoa (Titicaca, Redcarina and Q29). The results showed that in all three planting dates, the highest number of days to reach different phenological stages was obtained in Q29 genotype, so that the day to maturity for this cultivar was 151.33 days in the planting date. The height of the plant in the culture treatment on April 10 was higher than other planting dates by 102.47 cm. On the date of sowing on April 10, the weight of 1000 seeds in quinoa was 2.19 grams, which was significantly less than the date of sowing in May 20 and higher than the date of sowing in March. Seed yield in Titicaca cultivar and on planting on April 10 had higher grain yield (2297 kg / ha) than the other two cultivars. Also, quinoa plant at 60 plants / m2 had higher grain yield (1962.22 kg / ha) than 40 plants / m2 (1884.7 kg / ha). The highest biological yield of 5498 kg / ha was obtained in Titicaca cultivar on April 20. The biological yield of quinoa plant at a density of 60 plants per square meter (4578.2 kg / ha) was higher than the density of 40 plants per square meter (4233.5 kg / ha). At a density of 40 plants per square meter and planting of quinoa on March 11, the highest harvest index was 48.28%. Based on the results of this study, it can be recommended for Kermanshah region to obtain maximum quinoa seed yield that Titicaca cultivar is planted at a density of 60 plants per square meter on April 20.   

  

   In this study, the effects of planting date (November 1, mid-November and late October) and different nitrogen fertilizer treatments in rainfed (0,50,100,150 kg/h N) and irrigated (0,100,200,300 kg/h N) condition on yeild and morphological traits of Camellina were invesigated. In order to evaluate water use efficiency indicators, the amount of irrigation for water conditions for each planting date was calculated by volume method. For comparison of both conditions separately in the form of split-plot design in a randomized complete block.. The results showed that planting date had a significant effect on the yield parameters of camelina and only on traits (total yield and straw, nitrogen utilization efficiency-(UTE), straw protein% and straw protein yield) in rainfed conditions had a non significant effect. Also, traits (1000-grain weight, oil yield, oil-to-grain yield ratio, grain protein yield, UTE , nitrogen uptake efficiency (UPE), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen harvest index, water use efficiency (grain yield and grain protein yield)) in conditions Irrigation was not affected by planting date. The results showed that fertilizer had a significant effect on all traits and only traits (total yield, straw yield and nitrogen harvest index) were not affected by fertilizer in rainfed conditions. Also in irrigated conditions, only traits (oil yield and oil water use efficiency) were not affected by fertilizer. Examination of morphological traits showed that in dryland conditions, all traits were affected by planting date and fertilizer and only the number of sub-branches was not affected by fertilizer. Also, all traits in irrigated conditions were subjected to fertilizer on the planting date and only the height trait was not significant and the GDD in both conditions was only affected by the planting date. Based on the results, it was found that the traits in both conditions and planting date and application of nitrogen fertilizer are different from each other so that all functional traits of rainfed conditions except (grain yield, oil to grain weight ratio and straw protein) on the second planting date have They were the highest and in response to nitrogen fertilizer, all traits increased by applying 150 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare and only traits (oil to grain ratio, nitrogen harvest index, NUE, UPE and UTE) decreased with increasing nitrogen. Irrigation conditions were different so that most of the functional traits had the highest value in the first planting date and traits such as (straw protein%, protein to oil ratio, nitrogen harvest index and UTE) had the highest amount in the third planting date. Yields were also different among the amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer, so that the traits (oil and seed water use efficiency, grain yield, oil, harvest index and 1000-grain weight had the highest amount with the application of 100 kg N/h and other traits They increase the amount of N increased and only traits (UTE, NUE, UPE and nitrogen harvest index) had the highest values in the control. Examination of morphological characteristics showed that all traits reached their maximum on the first planting data with the highest amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and only the number of seeds per pod on the last planting data was different in irrigation conditions due to the simultaneous start of irrigation with the pod formation stage and GDD in the irrigation condition was higher than the rainfed and in both levels it had the highest value in the first planting date. Keywords: NUE, oil yield, phenological development, yield components

   Tomato is one of the most important agricultural products with a production of about 159 million tons in the world in 2015. ‌ One of the major problems of tomato cultivation is weed damage that in the early stages of growth due to low growth rate and limited leaf development, strength Has less competition against weeds. Weed control in tomato is one of the most costly agricultural operations in this crop, which if not paid attention to weed control can cause a lot of damage to the crop. Various methods are used to control weeds, and the use of herbicides is very common. But today, due to environmental problems, high cost, resistance to weeds and threats to human health and the environment, frequent and excessive use of herbicides has been questioned. The use of cover crops is a good alternative to uncultivated tillage and the use of herbicides. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cover cluster vetch and Iranian clover as pure and combined cultivation on yield and control of tomato weeds as well as control of winter weeds in the field. This experiment was carried out in the cropping year of 2020-2021 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Sciencess And Engineering of Razi University of Kermanshah. The experiment of cover plants by treating different percentages of cultivation of two cover plants of musk clover and clover musk, in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications with the percentage of residues left from the treatment of cover plants has been done. The tomato experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental treatments in cover crops include pure and combined cultivation (different percentages) of both clover and vetch plants (100% clover, 100% vetch, 50% vetch + 50% clover, 10% vetch + 90% clover, 90% vetch + 10. Clover, 80% vetch + 20% Clover, 20.% vetch + 80% Clover, ? 70 vetch + 30% Clover, 30% vetch + 70% Clover, ? 60 vetch + 40% Clover, ? 40 vetch + 60% Clover and 0. vetch + 0. clover (control)). Cover crops have been able to improve the physical properties and nutrients of the soil in this short period of time. Significant differences were observed between different percentages of cover crops in terms of weed control. The treatment of 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover on average have been able to create suitable and good conditions for cover plants and weed control in different measured traits. In contrast, the treatments of 20% vetch + clover and 90% vetch + 10% clover did not create suitable conditions for weed control. In all measured traits, the control treatment did not create suitable conditions in the field compared to the cover plant treatments. Regarding the effect of cover crop residues on yield and weed control in tomatoes, 50% vetch + 50% clover residues and 100% clover residues were able to control both weeds and tomato yield compared to control and other treatments used. Perform better. In the control treatment, the lowest tomato yield and the lowest weed control were recorded. Yield was observed in treatments of 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues, 67.25 and 66.51 ton / ha, respectively, while the yield in control treatment was 14.43 ton / ha. Weed density in 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues was reported to be 9 and 8 plants /square meter, respectively, and in the control treatment was 30 plants /square meter. In general, the use of cover crops and their residues In the field can be a suitable environmental and economic method to control weeds and reduce the use of chemicals in the field.    Keywords: clover, vetch, weed management, sustainable agriculture, pure cover crops, combined cover crops, tomatoes.

° C higher than the system without tillage  

مقدمه:پس از غلات، حبوبات با سطح زيركشت 770 هزار هكتار وتوليد 700 هزار تن، دومين سطح زير كشت را در كشور ايران دارا هستند و نقش مؤثري درتأمين پروتئين مورد نياز كشور ايفا مي­كنند. عدس از مهم­ترين حبوبات در سيستم­هاي كشت ديم بهخصوص در تناوب با جو و گندم در مناطق با بارندگي كم تا متوسط به حساب مي­آيد.ارزيابي سيستم­هاي مختلف تغذيه گياه يكي از نيازهاي مهم در برنامه‌ريزي زراعي است. عناصر كممصرف با وجود نياز كم، جايگاه ويژه‌اي در توليد محصولات كشاورزي دارند. علي­رغم نقش معني­داراين عناصر در رشد گياهان، كمبود اين عناصر در اغلب مناطق كشاورزي ايران به چشم مي­خورد.اهدافباتوجه به نقش مهم عدس در تغذيه انسان­ها و تأثيركود­هاي آهن و روي بر جنبه­هاي مختلف رشد گياهان از جمله عدس، اين آزمايش جهت مقايسه اثر محلول­پاشي غلظت­هايمختلف كود رايج و نانو سولفات آهن و سولفات روي در ابتداي مراحل رويشي و گلدهي بر عملكرد،اجزاء آن   و برخي صفات فيزيولوژيك عدس درشرايط ديم اجرا خواهد شد. روش تحقيقاين تحقيق در سال زراعي 98-1397در مزرعه­ي پژوهشي دانشگاه رازي انجام خواهد شد. آزمايش مورد نظر به‌صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرحبلوك­هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار خواهد بود. فاكتور اول شامل محلول­پاشي سولفات آهن   و روي نانو و سولفات آهن و روي معمولي هركدام درپنج سطح   شامل: 2،0، 4، 6 و 8 گرم در ليترو فاكتور دوم مرحله رشدي اعمال تيمار كودي در دو مرحله شامل: ابتداي رشد رويشي وابتداي گلدهي خواهد بود. رقم عدس مورد مطالعه نيز رقم كيميا مي­باشد. پس از نمونه برداري ازتيمارهاي مختلف آزمايش، صفاتي مانند عملكرد دانه، عملكرد زيست­توده، شاخص برداشت، تعدادبوته در واحد سطح، تعداد دانه در بوته، وزن هزار دانه، ارتفاع بوته، محتوي كلروفيلو كارتنوئيد­ها و پروتئين­هاي محلول برگ، درصد پروتئين دانه و عملكرد آن، سرعت فعاليتآنزيم­هاي آنتي اكسيدان شامل: كاتالاز، پروكسيداز و سوپراكسيدديسموتاز، پراكسيدهيدروژن، پايداري غشاء سلول­هاي برگ‌ و محتوي آهن و روي موجود در دانه اندازه­گيري

  تجزيه گرمايي زيست توده در محيطبدون اكسيژن يا با اكسيژن اندك را گرماكافت مي‌نامند كه محصول اين فرآيند دي اكسيدكربن، گازهاي سوختي، بخار قيري و جزء جامدي به نام بيوچار است. فرآيند گرماكافتراهي براي تبديل زيست توده به مواد با ارزشتر نظير بيوچار است. بيوچار ماده ايجامد و داراي محتواي كربن بالاست كه رايج ترين مورد استفاده آن در كشاورزي بهعنوان اصلاح كننده خاك است. محققان در سال هاي گذشته تاثير استفاده از بيوچار برخصوصيات فيزيكي وشيميايي خاك را مورد مطالعه قرار داده اند و مشخص شده است كهافزودن بيوچار به خاك كيفيت خاك را بهبود مي‌بخشد. خصوصيات فيزيكي و شيميايي بيوچارتحت تأثير عوامل مختلفي از جمله نوع مواد اوليه، شرايط واحد گرماكافت، سرعت گرمادهي،مدت زمان گرماكافت وللفعوامل متعدد ديگري قرار مي‌گيرد . دامنه گسترده فرآيندگرماكافت منجر به توليد بيوچارهايي   كه ازنظر خواص شيميايي و فيزيكي مختلفي نظير تركيب عنصري و خاكستر، وزن مخصوص، تخلخل،توزيع اندازه منافذ، سطح ويژه، pH، جذب و دفع آب و يون ها و بسياري خواص ديگر متفاوت هستند مي‌شود. هدفاز اين مطالعه، بررسي اثر تغيير دبي هوا و دماي محفظه در گرماكافت اكسايشي بسترثابت بر روي عملكرد بيوچار، محتواي خاكستر، وزن مخصوص و pH بود. بدين منظور يك دستگاه توليد بيوچار اكسايشي بسترثابت با قابليت تغيير در دماي محفظه و دبي هواي خروجي طراحي و ساخته شد.آزمايش‌هادر چهار دبي هواي 20، 25، 30 و 35 ليتر در دقيقه ونيز چهار دماي 350، 400، 450 و500 درجه سانتي‌گراد براي كاه و كلش گندم انجام شد. نتايج نشان داد كه افزايش دبيهواي   خروجي   از محفظه و افزايش دماي محفظه، سبب افزايش ميزانخاكستر وpH شد. درحالي كه تغيير اين پارامترها سبب كاهش وزن مخصوص ظاهري و عملكرد   بيوچارتوليدي شدند.     

  Abstract Tillage is an important component of soil management that affects crop production. In addition, tillage can contribute to agricultural sustainability and improve soil quality by altering the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. One of the most useful tools for assessing soil management status in different tillage systems is soil quality assessment and the use of quantitative indices is one of the most appropriate methods for determining and comparing soil quality. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of different tillage systems on chemical, physical and biological quality. Accordingly, in order to investigate the effects of tillage systems on some of the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils in the Campus Agriculture and Experimental Natural Resources factorial in a randomized complete block design at two depths of 0-25 and Physical, chemical and biological properties of soil such as bulk density, diffusible clay, calcium carbonate equivalent, pH, EC, respiration, microbial biomass and urease and invertase enzymes measured in soil. Were. The results showed that tillage system affected all the studied traits with different intensities. By changing the tillage system from traditional to more conservative, the soil properties had a positive change which resulted in improved quality. It was dirt. So that the apparent bulk density in the conservation tillage system in the surface and deep layer was 18.86% and 18.02%, respectively, compared to the traditional tillage system and soil organic carbon was 21.74% and 18.87%, respectively. The percentage of increase and the highest variation among the biological characteristics of microbial biomass carbon was 53.49% and 42.45% respectively. Cumulative and developmental indices had the highest values in conservation, reduction and traditional tillage systems, respectively. Overall, the cumulative quality index was more accurate in determining soil quality.

In order to evaluate the effect of farmyard manure and cover crop on soil physico-chemical characteristics and growth and yield of organic sesame, a split-plot experiment based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in the Organic Farming Educational and Research of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources at Razi University 2016-2017. The experiment treatments were farmyard manure appilication (0, 10 and 20 t ha-1) as a main-plot and cultivation of cover crops (non crop cover, berseem clover, fenugreek and hairy vetch) as a sub-plot. The cover crops were returned to the soil as green manure at the flowering stage and then cultivated sesame seeds 2 weeks later. The evaluted traits were physico-chemical characteristics for three step (befor starting expriment, befor cultivating sesame and post-harvest of sesame) and also sesame growth and yield traits. The results indicated the farmyard manure application compared to control treatment improved the soil characteristics such as organic carbon (5.3%), phosphorus (165%), potassium (15%), total nitrogen (41%) nitrate ion (30.2%), ammonium ion (53/5%), sulfur (32%), copper (27%), zinc (22%), iron (6%) and manganese (7.5%) at the befor cultivating sesame step than the befor starting expriment step. All evaluated soil traits except potassium, sulfure, iron and manganese also improved at the post-harvest of sesame step compared to the befor starting expriment step. The application of cover crops increased the evaluated soil traits so the highest effect related to cultivation of fenugreek and farmyard manure of 20 t ha-1 treatment and the lowest related to non crop cover and farmyard manure of 0 t ha-1 treatment. The results showed that interaction of farmyard manure and cover crop application were significant on 1000-grain weight, total dry weight and grain yield. The farmyard manure application had a significant effect on number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of branches substem, harvest index and plant height but oil and protein percentage were not affected by treatments. The highest grain yield (1727.6 kg ha-1), total dry wieght yield (9082.2 kg ha-1) and 1000-grain weight (3.2 g) were obtained from farmyard manure of 20 t ha-1 and cultivation of fenugreek treatment which were about 41%, 34% and 6% more than non cover crop and farmyard manure of 0 t ha-1 trarment. The green manure of fenugreek at the farmyard manure of 20 t ha-1 had the highest effect on leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth ratio, total dry weight trend and radiation use efficiency of sesame. The lowest weeds density belonged to the berseem clover and fenugreek treatments. The cover crop treatments led to reduction the weeds density and total dry wieght at the end of growing season compared to the beginning of growing season. In general, the results of the study demonstrated that the application of farmyard manure and selection of suitable plant species as cover crop and green manure could improve sesame growth and grain yield via improved the soil physico-chemical properties and reduced the weeds damages in the organic farming conditions.   

   This Research   was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of replacement of camelina meal (7, 14 and 21%) in rations and various processing methods (without processing, autoclave processing, copper sulfate processing, and autoclaving and copper sulfate) on Production performance, quality characteristics of eggs and some blood parameters of laying   hens. This research was conducted using 390 Bovans commercial laying hens at 30 weeks of age with 13 treatments, 5 replicates and 6 chickens per replicate for 56 days in a completely randomized design and a factoriel test 3×4+1. In this experiment, the effect of two factors level and processing of meal on the percentage of egg production was significant (p <0.05). so that 7% of processed meal and without processing and 14% of autoclaved and copper sulfate content produced the highest percentage of egg production، While 21% showed the lowest production. The interaction of level and processing had a significant effect on egg weight and egg mass (p <0.05) .The highest amount of egg weight and egg mass in control group and 7% replacement of camelina meal, regardless of processing, and the lowest egg weight in group 14 and 21% replacement of camelina meal, regardless of processing method were observed. The lowest amount of egg mass was observed in 21% of unprocessed camelina meal   .Different levels of the camelina meal had a significant effect on the   feed conversion rate, but the effect of processing on the   feed conversion rate was not significant (p <0.05). In fact, the lowest conversion rate was observed at 7% level of the camelina meal, and had a significant difference with levels of 14 and 21%.. Different levels of whole meal and different processing methods had a significant effect on feed intake, so that the highest feed intake was observed at 7% level and the lowest level was 21%. Also, in the untreated method, the lowest feed intake and in the processing method The autoclave had the highest feed intake. Different levels of meal had no significant effect on shell and shell thickness, yolk weight, and egg whites but had a significant effect on yolk color and different processing methods alone had a not significant effect on the shape of the index, shell thickness, and hawa color However, the interaction of two factors on egg Hao unit and egg shell weight was significant, so that the highest number   of Hao unit   was related to the 14% level without processing, and the lowest amount of   Hao unit was related to the level of 21% of autoclaved copper meal containing copper sulfate . Regarding shell weight, the highest egg shell weight was in the control group and the lowest   egg shell weight was related to the level of 21% of the untreated camelina meal. The use of different levels of meal did not have a significant effect on the level of cholesterol, glucose and total protein.   but had a significant effect on triglyceride levels, which was the highest at 7 and 14% levels, and showed the lowest levels of triglyceride at 21% level. various processing methods have a significant effect on triglyceride, glucose and total protein. The unprocessing group had the highest levels of triglyceride and autoclaved group and the copper sulfate group had the smallest amount of triglyceride.. The unprocessing group resulted in the highest glucose levels and the lowest levels of glucose in autoclaved and copper sulfate groups alone It was shown that there was no significant difference between the unprocessing group and the autoclaved group containing copper sulfate.   

   Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA To study the effect of planting date and plant density on the quality and quantity of two varieties of flaxseed oil, two field experiments were carried out in 2016 and 2017 in research farm of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University of Kermanshah

This research was conduct to study the effects of exogenous application of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid on the quantity and quality of yield of two flax cultivars under post-flowering water deficiency stress. This research was conducted in 2016-2017 at the Organic Research Farm of the Campus of Agricultural and Natural Resources Razi University of Kermanshah. To this end, a split plot-factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The main plot was including of water regimes (1-control, 2-post-flowering water deficit stress) and the sub plots was including Flax cultivars (Hindi and Hungarian), exogenous application of salicylic acid (0, 100, 200 ppm) and ascorbic acid (0, 100, 200 ppm) and time of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid at two levels of vegetative growth stage (stem elongation) and reproductive stage (full flowering). According to the results, cultivar, exogenous application of hormones and moisture regime treatment had significant effect on all examined traits without morphological traits. In control condition (non-water deficit stress, grain yield and biomass yield of the Hungarian cultivar was significantly higher than Indian cultivar. Application of post anthesis water deficiency significantly reduced grain yield (%32), biomass yield (%28), number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per plant, 1000 seed weight, seed oil percentage, oil yield, protein yield, Growing Degree Days (GDD) requirement, and significantly increased grain protein (%22). The results also showed that the physiological and biochemical traits significantly were affected by moisture regime, cultivars, exogenous application of hormones and time of exogenous application of hormones. In this respect, water deficit stress significantly reduced leaf relative water content (RWC(, catalase activity and soluble proteins and significantly increased chlorophyll a and carotenoids concentration and superoxide dismutase activity. Exogenous application of hormones in water deficit stress, not only significantly increased grain yield and other studied traits and reduced the effects of water deficit, but also under control treatment, exogenous application of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid specially at 200 ppm had the best results. According to the results, it seems that use of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid in drought stress condition, reduced its effects on flax production. It can be concluded that, exogenous application of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid in plants significantly increased the plant's resistance to water deficit stress.  

  In order to investigate the effect of seed priming and inoculation with plant growth promoting bacterias on the quality and quantity of two flax cultivars in control and drought stress conditions after flowering in 2015-2016, an experiment was conducted in organic field research of Campus of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. In this order, two factorial experiments based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The first experiment was conducted under control condition and second experiment under post anthesis drought stress condition. In both experiments, 1) two cultivars (Indian and Hungarian) and 2) seed pre-treatment factor in eight levels include: five seed bacteria innoculations (Bacillus sp, Bacillus megatrium, Bacillus amyloliquefaiens, Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas geniculata) and two levels of seed priming (Hydropriming, KNO3) and control treatment were evaluated. Based on results, in this experiment, in control treatment, Hungarian cultivar had same grain yield and more biological yield than Indian cultivar. The results also showed that post anthesis drought stress until maturity caused significant reduction in grain yield (44%), biological yield (46%), number of pod per plant, number of grain per plant, thousands grain weight, number of empty pod per plant, plant height, number of main branches, number of subsidiary branches, stem protein percentage, seed oil percentage, protein and oil yield, GDD and CGR and significant increase of seed protein percentage (17%). The use of pretreatments (seed primming and seed inocullation with plant growth promoting bacterias) under post anthesis drought stress not only caused increase in grain yield and all related traits and reducing the effects of post anthesis drought stress, but also in non post anthesis drought stress treatment, also seed primming and seed inocullation with plant growth promoting bacterias resulted in better results than control treatment. Bacillus megatrium and Bacillus amyloliqueufaciens had the best effect on evaluated traits. This finding, while preliminary, suggests that, it seems that use of appropriate strains of plant growth promoting bacterias is one of the suitable strategies for increasing the productivity of crops under drought stress conditions.Key words: Flax, growth promoting bacterias, Priming, Drought stress.  

  Crop management of weeds is one of the important strategies in sustainable agriculture. In this regard, identification of herbal traits affecting competitive ability and crop nutritional status is of particular importance. This experiment was conducted to identify the herbal properties affecting competitive ability of wheat cultivars with weeds at different levels of nitrogen in 1394 at the research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University of Kermanshah. The experiment was conducted as split plot in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The factors studied included the application of nitrogen at three levels (0, 50 and 100% recommended by soil test) as the main factor and wheat cultivars (Urum, Sirvan, Sivand, Parsi, Pishgam, Pishtaz and Mihan) as sub factors. . In order to investigate the effect of test factors on weed interference, each replication was split longitudinally from the middle to two halves, one of which weed control was controlled throughout the growing season, and in the other, no control was performed. The results showed that the highest and lowest nitrogen yields were 100 and 0%, respectively. Among the wheat cultivars, Pishgam cultivars were the highest and Orum and Mihan cultivars had the least yield. Also, with increasing nitrogen fertilizer application in terms of interference with weeds, the power index of competition tolerance of cultivars decreased and the density and dry weight of weeds increased, indicating more competitive weeds than wheat cultivars. The results showed that in competition with weeds Sivand, Pishtaz and Pishgam cultivars, due to the leaf area index, height, crop growth rate, seedling weights and number of spikes per square meter more, decreased the density and weeds biomass They had a higher competition index than other cultivars.  Key words: Interference, Competition, Variety, Wheat, Nitrogen, Plant Properties

سوزاندن بقاياي گياهي از شيوه‌هاي رايج مديريت بقاياي گياهي بوده كه از ديرباز كشاورزان با انگيزه‌هاي مختلف به آن اقدام نموده‌اند. سوزاندن بقاياي گياهي يكي از عوامل تاثيرگذار بر تصاعد گازهاي گلخانه‌اي مانند CO2، N2O، CH4 و همچنين انتشار آلاينده‌هايي مانند   NH3، SO2، NMHC، تركيبات آلي فرار و نيمه‌فرار و غيره... است. از اينرو توجه به اين مسئله و انجام تحقيقات مختلف در اين زمينه مي‌تواند در افزايش آگاهي و جلوگيري از افزايش مضرات آن حائز اهميت باشد. اين تحقيق در سال زراعي 96-95 در استان كرمانشاه شهرستان سرپل­ذهاب انجام شد. ابتدا با مصاحبه با افراد آشنا به منطقه و همچنين كارشناسان اداره جهاد كشاورزي مختصات نقاط سوخته شده تعيين و عمليات نمونه­برداري صحرايي انجام شد. سپس جهت شناسايي نواحي سوخته شده زراعي از تصاوير ماهواره­اي8 LANDSAT سنجنده OIL/TIR   استفاده شد. پس از  انجام اصلاحات به روش FLAASH، در ادامه جهت انتخاب بهترين تفكيك پذيري از روش­هاي تركيب باندي شاخص مطلوبيت (OIF)، PCA و MNF   استفاده شد. طبقه بندي تصاوير با استفاده از روش حداكثر مشابهت صورت گرفت. نتايج نشان داد كه طبقه­بندي تصاوير به نقاط سوخته و نسوخته همبستگي بالا و معني­داري با نمونه­برداري صحرايي داشت كه در اين ميان روش تركيب باندي بر اساس شاخص مطلوبيت از بيشترين دقت (787/0) برخوردار بود. بر اين اساس مساحت زمين هاي زراعي جار سوزي شده 7380 هكتار برآورد شد. نتايج نشان داد كه در اراضي جارسوزي شده شهرستان سرپل ذهاب ميزان كل توليد بقاياي گندم معادل 83025 تن، ميزان بقاياي گندم پس از برداشت 8302 تن و ميزان بقاياي سوزانده شده گندم 6466 تن بود. ميزان انتشار گازهاي گلخانه­اي و آلاينده­هاي متصاعد شده به جو محاسبه و در نهايت نيز مقدار عناصر كربن، نيتروژن و گوگرد هدر رفته در نتيجه سوزاندن بقاياي گندم در سطح شهرستان برآورد گرديد. محاسبات صورت گرفته نشان داد كه سوزاندن بقاياي گندم مي تواند منجر به تصاعد مقادير 8690، 376، 22، 45/0، 39/2، 26/4، 15/18، 36/61، 17/24، 36/3 و 37/48 تن به ترتيب براي آلاينده­هاي CO2، CO، CH4،   2O، NH3، SO2،   OX، PM2.5، OC، BC و NMVOCS شود. ميزان اتلاف عناصر كربن، نيتروژن و گوگرد در نتيجه سوزاندن بقايا نيز به ترتيب 17/2575، 58/10 و 13/2 تن برآورد شد. كلمات كليدي: آلاينده­هاي جوي، جارسوزي، گازهاي گلخانه­اي، تصاوير ماهواره­اي، ArcMap

Tra  lanting is one of the basic methods resulting in crop earliness and increases yield. Regarding that among crop plants in Kermanshah province, sunflower, maize, sugar beet and squash with multiple uses have higher cultivated area, so, the experiment was aimed to increase yield of the plants by tra  lanting at research greenhouse and field, campus of agriculture and natural resources, Razi University, Kermanshah during two years (2015 and 2016). In 2015, the experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Factors were three planting methods (seeding, 4-week tra  lanting and 6-week tra  lanting) and two planting dates (early planting and common planting date). In 2016, the experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included tra  lanting (6-week tra  lanting at early planting for maize and sugar beet, 4-week tra  lanting at early planting for sunflower, early seeding for squash) and seeding (control). In the first year, results showed that 6-week tra  lanting at early planting, 6-week tra  lanting at early planting, 4-week tra  lanting at early planting and early seeding produced the highest biological yield in maize, sugar beet, sunflower and squash, respectively. The treatments were selected to repeat for year two.   In the second year, results showed that tra  lanting compared to direct seeding increased biological yield, chlorophyll, leaf area and seed yield in sunflower and maize and sugar yield in sugar beet. In squash, early seeding had higher biological yield, chlorophyll and stomatal conductance compared to seeding at common date. There was no significant difference between seeding and tra  lanting in terms of sugar content in sugar beet. So, to increase yield, 6-week tra  lanting at early date for maize and sugar beet and 4-week tra  lanting at early date for sunflower is recommended for earliness in Kermanshah. Planting dates and tra  lant ages except studied ages and dates in the experiment were suggested for the next experiments.

. Soil quality has a key role in sustainable agriculture is influenced by different techniques of agricultural land management changes. Good management, improved soil quality to have, if traditional farming systems, in the long run will reduce the quality and stability of the soil. One method of using a moldboard plow Management false and burning vegetation. Because in our country is still incorrect methods of tillage is done, the effect of no-till and conservation tillage methods and modern methods such as soil characteristics and ecosystem sustainability is essential. Therefore, the present study was to evaluate the effects of conventional tillage, no-till and conservation tillage on the physical, chemical and biological soil bulk density, Average weight diameter, dispersible clay, lime percentage pH, Ec, cation exchange capacity, soil respiration, microbial biomass and enzyme activities of urease, invertase, aryl sulfatase and alkaline phosphatase in irrigated fields of wheat, pea in dryland farming in Kermanshah province for a factorial randomized complete block design in two climates (cold and temperate), were studied. In general it can be concluded that no-till soils can be improved biological indicators of kidney and so this method instead of traditional farming in drylands is recommended 

AbstractApproximately, one third of the worlds lands face a shortage of precipitation and half of which has annual precipitation less than 250 mm, nearly a quarter of potential evapotra  iration in these areas. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of different amounts of super absorbent polymer and drought on establishment and seedling growth of some warm and cool season plants under drought condition. The experiment was carried out as factorial design with three replications at the research farm of cumpus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University Razi, Kermanshah. At the field experiment, treatments included plant species and super absorbent polymer levels and at the pot experiment, the treatments were plant species, super-absorbent polymer levels and drought stress (favorable and long-term irrigation). Cool season plants included safflower, canola and alfalfa and warm season plants included foxtail millet, dill and fenugreek. The results showed that by increasing the super absorbent polymer rate, stem, leaf and total fresh weight, stem, leaf and total dry weight, plant height, leaf relative water content, emergence percentage and rate were significantly increased, however chlorophyll index was decreased. Increasing irrigation period (drought stress) decreased these parameters, however chlorophyll index was increased. By increasing the amount of super-absorbent in cool season plants, the percentage increase of emergence in safflower was higher than that of alfalfa and canola. By increasing the amount of super-absorbent in the warm season plants, the percentage increase of emergence in fenugreek was higher than that of millet and dill. Regarding the result, in order to increase seedling establishment, super adsorbent polymer rate of six grams per square meter is recommended except foxtail millet. For foxtail millet, super absorbent rate of 6 grams per square meter is enough.      Key words: Absorbent Polymer, irrigation period, SPAD index, leaf relative water content

In order to evaluate the effect of different seed priming methods and exogenous application (spraying) of some plant hormones on flower initiation and yield of pumpkin (cucurbita pepo L.). an experiment in educational and research farm of campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University of Kermanshah/Iran as completely randomized design and complete block design respectively with four replications in 2013-2014 season were conduct. Priming treatments were include: sytokinin 100ppm, auxin 100ppm,   ilica at level 1mM, salicylic acid at level 1mM, hydro priming and control (non-priming). plant spraying were include: sytokinin 100ppm, auxin 100ppm, salicylic acid 1mM, and control (non-spring). The results showed interaction effects of priming and spraying had significant effect (p?%1) for all studied traits except 1000 seed weight. Also mean compare results showed that, when spraying by cytokinin accrue, priming by salicylic can increase yield and its components. Mean while during spraying by salicylic acid, priming by auxin can raise yield characters. In case of priming without spraying, using silica was more useful and increased yield and its components. For male and female flowers, priming by silica and spraying by auxin and salicylic acid produced more female flowers.