This qualitative study aimed to analyze the challenges of marketing apple products in home businesses in Sahneh County in the villages of Sang-e-Safid and Sartakht. The participants in this study were the owners of the aforementioned businesses. Data were collected using in-depth individual interviews, focus group interviews, and participatory observation in the study villages. After conducting 25 in-depth individual interviews with home business owners and two focus group interviews with 12 of them in the two study villages, data saturation was achieved. After implementation, the interview notes were analyzed using conventional content analysis techniques. The status of home businesses processing apple trees in the study area showed that apple production in these villages dates back six decades and has been the main source of income for the residents of these villages until now. Also, most of these businesses are managed by rural women, and most women in these villages are engaged in the production and processing of apple cider, including dried apples, apple juice, and apple vinegar, as well as the collection of local aromatic and medicinal plants. An examination of the marketing routes of apple cider products in the studied villages (13 routes) showed that these routes start from relatives and reach ordering consumers. In the meantime, the role of village teachers, festivals, local tourists, local shopkeepers, social networks, and travelers cannot be ignored. The results of this study also showed that the studied businesses faced challenges such as lack of marketing skills as the main challenge to the owners of home apple processing businesses’ access to post-production equipment. Meanwhile, lack of liquidity, opposition from spouses, the presence of brokers, remoteness of the village, cultural problems, lack of appropriate brands, retailing, and finally climate change had prevented home apple processing business owners from delivering their products to consumers. By utilizing the solutions proposed in this study, extension and horticulture experts from the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Sahneh County can help resolve challenges and smooth marketing paths for home apple processing business owners, while being aware of the marketing paths of apple products in the region and the challenges facing marketing these products.

  Methodology: This research is applied in terms of purpose and is of a descriptive correlational type. The statistical population of this research includes 117 rural youth in Haft Ashian Rural District. These youth are active in various fields such as agriculture, handicrafts, rural tourism and local services. In this research, due to the limited statistical population (117 people), the whole count method was used to collect data. Information was collected in this research using two methods: library and field, and the research tools were lifestyle questionnaire; entrepreneurial capabilities; and entrepreneurship questionnaire, whose validity was determined in terms of content and reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed in two parts: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, and in the inferential statistics section, correlation test, analysis were used using    software. Results: The findings of this research showed that the lifestyle of rural youth in Haft Ashian Rural District has a significant effect on the growth of their entrepreneurial capabilities. The lifestyle components of rural youth (such as materialistic, goal-oriented, and modern) have a significant effect on their entrepreneurial capabilities, but the traditional lifestyle does not have a significant effect on their entrepreneurial capabilities. There is a significant relationship between the entrepreneurial capabilities of rural youth (such as mastery of opportunities, tolerance of ambiguity, motivation for progress, leadership, risk-taking, and creativity) and their success in entrepreneurial activities. The obstacles and challenges faced by rural youth have a negative and significant effect on the growth of their entrepreneurial capabilities. It was also concluded that practical solutions can help improve the lifestyle and strengthen the entrepreneurial capabilities of rural youth.

درخت زيتون (Olea europaea L.)، عضوي از خانواده زيتونيان (Oleaceae)، يكي از قديمي‌ترين محصولات درختي است كه از هزاران سال پيش در منطقه مديترانه كاشته شده است. اين درخت كه به درخت جاودانگي نيز شهرت دارد، نه تنها نقش مهمي در اقتصاد و رژيم غذايي مردمان اين منطقه ايفا مي‌كند، بلكه در حفظ تنوع زيستي، جلوگيري از فرسايش خاك و زيبايي منظر نيز سهم بسزايي دارد. در سال­هاي اخير درختان زيتون در استان كرمانشاه دچار علائمي از جمله سرخشكيدگي و زوال شده­اند. در اين بررسي از درختان زيتون داراي علائم بيماري نمونه­برداري صورت گرفت. در اين پژوهش، 250 جدايه قارچي از 30 نمونه درخت مبتلا به علائمي همچون سرخشكيدگي، پژمردگي، شانكر تنه و طوقه و زوال پس از ضدعفوني سطحي و كشت روي محيط عصاره سيب­زميني دكستروز آگار بدست آمد. قارچ­هاي جداسازي شده از درختان زيتون با علائم بيماري با استفاده از خصوصيات مورفولوژيكي و استفاده از توالي­يابي ناحيه نسخه­برداري شده داخلي دي.ان.اي.ريبوزومي و ژن بتاتوبولين شناسايي شدند. جنس‌هاي قارچي شناسايي شده عبارت بودند از: Aspergillus   با 10 كلني (? درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Penicillium با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Clonostachys با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Fusarium با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Neoscytalidium با 110 كلني (44 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Neopestalotiopsis با 80 كلني (32 درصد كل جدايه‌ها) و Pseudophaeomoniella   با 35 كلني (14 درصد كل جدايه‌ها) . از ميان جدايه­هاي بدست آمده، قارچ Neoscytalidium با فراواني 44 درصد بيشترين جدايه را به خود اختصاص داد. قارچ Neopestalotiopsis با فراواني 32 درصد و Pseudophaeomoniella   با فراواني 14 درصد به ترتيب در رتبه‌هاي دوم و سوم قرار گرفتند. مايه­زني جدايه­هاي بدست آمده روي شاخه­هاي بريد زيتون در آزمايشگاه و نهال­هاي زيتون دو ساله در گلخانه انجام شد. جدايه­هاي مربوط به Pseudophaeomoniella  ، Neoscytalidium و Neopestalotiopsis قادر به ايجاد شانكر روي شاخه­هاي بريده و نهال­ها بودند. براي تائيد اصول كخ، پس از مايه زني، جدايه­ها مجدد از بافت­هاي بيمار جداسازي شدند. اين اولين گزارش از وجود اين قارچ­ها به عنوان بيمارگر درختان زيتون در استان كرمانشاه مي­باشد. درخت زيتون (Olea europaea L.)، عضوي از خانواده زيتونيان (Oleaceae)، يكي از قديمي‌ترين محصولات درختي است كه از هزاران سال پيش در منطقه مديترانه كاشته شده است. اين درخت كه به درخت جاودانگي نيز شهرت دارد، نه تنها نقش مهمي در اقتصاد و رژيم غذايي مردمان اين منطقه ايفا مي‌كند، بلكه در حفظ تنوع زيستي، جلوگيري از فرسايش خاك و زيبايي منظر نيز سهم بسزايي دارد. در سال­هاي اخير درختان زيتون در استان كرمانشاه دچار علائمي از جمله سرخشكيدگي و زوال شده­اند. در اين بررسي از درختان زيتون داراي علائم بيماري نمونه­برداري صورت گرفت. در اين پژوهش، 250 جدايه قارچي از 30 نمونه درخت مبتلا به علائمي همچون سرخشكيدگي، پژمردگي، شانكر تنه و طوقه و زوال پس از ضدعفوني سطحي و كشت روي محيط عصاره سيب­زميني دكستروز آگار بدست آمد. قارچ­هاي جداسازي شده از درختان زيتون با علائم بيماري با استفاده از خصوصيات مورفولوژيكي و استفاده از توالي­يابي ناحيه نسخه­برداري شده داخلي دي.ان.اي.ريبوزومي و ژن بتاتوبولين شناسايي شدند. جنس‌هاي قارچي شناسايي شده عبارت بودند از: Aspergillus   با 10 كلني (? درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Penicillium با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Clonostachys با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Fusarium با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Neoscytalidium با 110 كلني (44 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Neopestalotiopsis با 80 كلني (32 درصد كل جدايه‌ها) و Pseudophaeomoniella   با 35 كلني (14 درصد كل جدايه‌ها) . از ميان جدايه­هاي بدست آمده، قارچ Neoscytalidium با فراواني 44 درصد بيشترين جدايه را به خود اختصاص داد. قارچ Neopestalotiopsis با فراواني 32 درصد و Pseudophaeomoniella   با فراواني 14 درصد به ترتيب در رتبه‌هاي دوم و سوم قرار گرفتند. مايه­زني جدايه­هاي بدست آمده روي شاخه­هاي بريد زيتون در آزمايشگاه و نهال­هاي زيتون دو ساله در گلخانه انجام شد. جدايه­هاي مربوط به Pseudophaeomoniella  ،

Introduction and Problem Statement:This study investigates the capacities and advantages of sustainable livelihoods in the Sarfirouzabad district, located in Kermanshah Province. Achieving sustainable development is not possible without improving livelihoods and reducing poverty in rural areas. According to data from Iran's Statistical Center, the annual income ratio of rural households to urban ones in this area is significantly low, leading to the unsustainability of rural livelihoods. Additionally, climate change and the instability of natural resources threaten food security and the livelihoods of residents. Therefore, identifying capacities and advantages in this district is essential for strengthening sustainable livelihoods and reducing economic and social vulnerabilities. Materials and Methods:This research was conducted descriptively-analytically using both qualitative and quantitative methods. In the qualitative section, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 local residents, identifying five types of capital: natural, physical, human, financial, and social. These interviews aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of local capacities and existing challenges regarding sustainable livelihoods. In the quantitative section, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to prioritize capacities and advantages. A sample of 20 experts and informed individuals in local development was selected, and paired comparison questionnaires were distributed to collect data. The data were analyzed using Expert Choice software. Findings and Conclusion:The findings revealed that physical and natural capital have the highest priority in improving sustainable livelihoods. Analysis of interview results and paired comparisons indicated that cultivating high-value-added products, particularly saffron, and raising livestock and poultry were identified as the most important advantages for enhancing sustainable livelihoods. Saffron, due to its high labor demand and suitable income generation, presents an attractive job opportunity for local residents. Additionally, livestock and poultry farming, being a traditional occupation with local expertise, can contribute to food security and improve household economic status.The results emphasize that leveraging local capacities and strengthening them can lead to sustainable job creation and improved quality of life for residents in this district. These findings are particularly significant for planners and policymakers in the context of rural sustainable development. Recommendations:Based on the study's results, it is recommended that educational and supportive programs be designed and implemented to enhance human and physical capital in the region. These programs could include training courses in sustainable agriculture, natural resource management, and technical and vocational skills. Additionally, attention to developing the necessary infrastructure for increasing productivity in high-value-added crops and livestock and poultry farming could significantly improve the sustainable livelihoods of Sarfirouzabad residents.Furthermore, creating distribution and marketing networks for local products and establishing service-related jobs in tourism could play a crucial role in strengthening the local economy. These approaches would not only help improve residents' livelihoods but also contribute to preserving natural resources and enhancing the quality of life in these areas.  

   گل جاليز، انگلي جهاني است كه خسارات قابل‌توجهي به محصولات زراعي، به‌ويژه گوجه‌فرنگي و كلزا وارد مي‌كند. براي كنترل اين انگل، محققان به دنبال روش‌هاي زيستي؛ مانند استفاده از قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت هستند. در اين پژوهش باهدف مهار زيستي گل جاليز، اثر ?? جدايه قارچي اندوفيت روي ارقام مختلف گوجه‌فرنگي (كارون و متين) و كلزا (نپتون) بررسي شد. با استفاده از توالي­يابي ناحيه نسخه‌برداري شده داخلي دي ‌ان‌ اي ريبوزومي   گل جاليز جمع‌آوري‌شده از مزارع گوجه‌فرنگي Phelipanche aegyptiaca (شماره دسترسي­هاي ON738595 و ON738596) و گل جاليز جمع­آوري شده از مزارع كلزا Phelepanch cilicata (شماره دسترسي­هاي ON738605 و ON738606) شناسايي شد. پس از شناسايي مولكولي گل جاليز جمع‌آوري شده از مزارع، آزمايش‌ها در شرايط كنترل شده انجام شد. اين آزمايش در شرايط گلخانه‌اي و بر اساس طرح كامل تصادفي انجام شد. براي تهيه اينوكولوم قارچي، ابتدا بذر‌هاي گندم سترون شده با ريسه و اسپور قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت مايه­زني و به مدت دو هفته در دماي 25 درجه سلسيوس كشت داده شدند. سپس 10 گرم از اين بذر‌هاي آلوده به همراه 2 كيلوگرم خاك سترون و 0.05 گرم بذر گل جاليز با هم مخلوط شده و در گلدان‌هاي حاوي اين مخلوط، نشاء‌هاي گوجه‌فرنگي رقم كارون و بذر‌هاي كلزا رقم نپتون كاشته شدند. سه الي چهار ماه پس از كاشت و با ظهور بوته‌هاي گياهان به همراه گل جاليز، صفات رشدي گياهان از جمله وزن خشك اندام هوايي و ريشه، ارتفاع گياه و محتواي كلروفيل برگ‌ها اندازه‌گيري شد. نتايج آماري آناليز نشان داد كه بين گياهان تيمار شده با قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت و گروه شاهد (گياه با گل جاليز و بدون قارچ اندوفيت)، اختلاف معني‌داري در برخي از صفات رشدي وجود دارد. در گياه گوجه­فرنگي (رقم متين)، بيشترين وزن تر اندام هوايي، وزن تر ريشه، وزن خشك اندام هوايي و طول ريشه به ترتيب مربوط به جدايه­هاي قارچي TC-26-6, RU-BeBa, RU-ClRo و TC-26-6 از قارچ­هاي، Alternaria Beauveria bassiana, Clonostachys rosea و Alternaria با افزايش 8/61، 6/52، 9/76 و 9/77 درصد نسبت به گياه شاهد بودند. همچنين جدايه­هاي مربوط به گونه­هاي مختلف Trichoderma و گونه­هاي Microdochium bolleyi و Ascotricha funiculosa بيشترين تأثير در افزايش وزن خشك‌ريشه در حدود ?? درصد نسبت به گياه شاهد شدند. در گياه گوجه­فرنگي (رقم كارون)، بيشترين وزن تر اندام هوايي، وزن تر ريشه، وزن خشك اندام هوايي، طول ريشه و وزن خشك‌ريشه به ترتيب مربوط به جدايه­هاي قارچي RU-RoTo، RU-TrRo، RU-TrAt، TW-24-2 و RU-ClRo   از قارچ­هاي Rodotorula   torulidae، Trichothecium roseum، Trichoderma atroviride، Alternaria     و   Clonostachys rosea   به ترتيب با افزايش 42،   6/46،   9/68،   73،   3/78 درصدي نسبت به گياه شاهد بودند. در بررسي تأثير قارچ­هاي اندوفيت بر گياه كلزا (رقم نپتون)، بيشترين وزن تر اندام هوايي، وزن خشك اندام هوايي، وزن تر ريشه، وزن خشك‌ريشه و طول ريشه نسبت به گياه شاهد مربوط به جدايه­هاي TC-26-6، RU-AsNi، RU-FuTr،   RU-TrRo و RU-RoTo از قارچ­هاي Alternaria، Aspergillus niger، Fusarium tricinctum، Trichotecium roseum و Rodotorula toruloidea به ترتيب با افزايش 7/87، 8/79، 6/79، 8/58 و 6/73 درصد بودند. بيشترين مقدار محتواي كلروفيلي در گياه كلزا مربوط به جدايه TrKo از قارچ Trichoderma koningiopsis ‌ با افزايش 6/65 درصدي نسبت به گياه شاهد بود. يافته‌هاي اين مطالعه نشان داد كه قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت مي‌توانند نقش مهمي در بهبود عملكرد گياهان گوجه‌فرنگي و كلزا، به‌ويژه در شرايط وجود انگل گل جاليز ايفا كنند. در مجموع استفاده از قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت مي‌توانند به‌عنوان ره يافتي اميدبخش در مديريت تلفيقي اين علف هرز انگلي مورداستفاده قرار گيرد.

   Introduction and statement of the problem: The problem of food waste is one of the main challenges in the world.   According to reports, in different countries, a significant amount of food that is produced and consumed at home is wasted due to improper consumption and storage practices.   Meanwhile, rural women play an important role in managing food resources at home.   As the managers of the house and food resources, they influence in reducing or increasing the food waste of households.   Therefore, the present research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the responsible behavior of women in the village of Dalaho towards reducing household food waste.   Materials and methods: The current research is based on quantitative-qualitative paradigm.   The research sample in the quantitative part includes 190 female households of Dalhousie city, who were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method.   Quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire, the validity of which was prepared with the opinion of experts, and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's test.   The sample of the qualitative section was also selected from among the women of the Dalhouh city using a clear sampling method, and the data was collected through interviews, and after 15 interviews, theoretical saturation was achieved.   Data analysis of the qualitative part was done through content analysis and theme analysis and using the traditional open, central and selective coding method.   At first, in the first objective, qualitative method was used to identify examples of responsible behavior of women in Dalaho city towards reducing household food waste.   In the second objective, the amount of responsible behavior of village women towards the reduction of household food waste was investigated using a quantitative method.   that the data collected by means of descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (T and F test and determining the relationship between independent and dependent variable, Spearman's correlation and then step-by-step regression)   ) and was analyzed using    statistical software.   Finally, the third objective was to identify the reasons affecting the responsible behavior of rural women towards reducing household food waste at each stage using a qualitative method.   Findings and conclusions:

   Seedling death disease is one of the important problems in agricultural fields, which causes economic damage to crops, especially pumpkins. Farmers have to use pesticides to control the disease, but these toxins have harmful side effects on the environment and human health. Many recommendations have been made regarding the need to find suitable alternatives in dealing with this pathogen. The widespread use of chemical pesticides in agriculture, in addition to increasing production costs and negative effects on human and animal health, has caused irreparable damage to the environment. according to this; The development of alternative methods, including biological control (using Trichoderma fungus) in the management of plant diseases (especially soil-borne diseases), seems very necessary. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate the effect Isolates of Trichoderma on cucumber seedling death disease. The antagonism test of T. longibrachiatum against pathogenic fungi was investigated in laboratory conditions. This step included placing the disc of the pathogenic fungus against the isolated disc of Trichoderma on the PDA medium. After one week of incubation, the antagonism ability was measured. In the greenhouse, the effect of 4 control treatments alone (without pathogenic fungus and Trichoderma), the fungus causing the death of cucumber seedlings, Trichoderma fungus and the combination treatment of Trichoderma and pathogen on germination percentage, root length, stem length and dry and wet weight of the plant one month after The beginning of the experiment was measured. The data obtained from the measurement were compared using the LSD test at the probability level of 5 and 1 percent. The fungus responsible for the death of cucumber seedlings was Fusarium oxysporu. T. longibrachiatum had antagonistic ability with Fusarium oxysporum fungus. Germination percentage, root length, stem length and dry and wet weight of cucumber plants in different samples were T. longibrachiatum > Fusarium oxysporum along with T. longibrachiatum > control > Fusarium oxysporu. Based on the results of laboratory and greenhouse, T. longibrachiatum mushroom as a strong antagonist was able to prevent the growth of Fusarium oxysporum fungus, so T. longibrachiatum as a strong biological controller plays an important role in controlling various diseases caused by Fusarium fungus, including Death has seedlings.

   Abstract: Introduction: The creation of home gardens helps to create employment in the rural community and the production of organic agricultural products, besides this, educational and promotional activities can also help to develop this employment and production in this sector. One of the most important programs and priorities in the organization of agricultural jihad is training and the formation of training align="left">Objective: In this research, the effectiveness of promotional educational activities of the home garden project in Sanghar city has been investigated. Research method: Rural women are the study community of this research. This research includes interpretive paradigm with qualitative approach and discourse studies. The research method used in this study was conducted with a general qualitative approach, which used the interview tool and the narrative analysis method to analyze the information. The purposeful sampling method is of the type of special cases, which required data was collected through a semi-structured interview, and the data obtained was based on narrative analysis at two levels: 1- Primary analysis, 2- Integrated analysis, analyzed and discourse. Ghalib has been extracted. In this research, gaining a deep understanding of the studied phenomenon has been desired. The people studied in this research included 14 rural women who were active in the construction and creation of home gardens, as well as 3 experts and teachers active in this sector. Findings: In this research, most of the participants were married and housewives, the spouses of most of the people who were interested in creating home gardens were farmers, and most of them created home gardens in their yard, a significant percentage of the participants in period, the cultivated area of their gardens was less than 100 and the most types of vegetables cultivated were in the group of vegetables and summer vegetables. The results showed that the effectiveness of promotional educational activities in the discussion of home gardens includes 9 components and they are divided into 2 general categories according to the situation: 1) Components with positive and effective capacity 2) Components with crisis. The components examined in this research are effective in the quality of educational programs. Elements with positive capacity (effectiveness) have six components, which shows the effectiveness of the course in terms of these elements. Elements with crisis was another important concept in this research, which in the integrated analysis of the dominant discourses of the current research showed three types of crisis regarding the components of the elements of educational courses. Also, in this research, there are three types of align="left">Offers:Updating the information of teachers to know how to teach applicants, conducting training align="left">Keywords: effectiveness, home garden, rural women, educational-promotional activities

Abstract  

   Introduction: The development of lifelong learning as an educational subject has expanded in all aspects of life and is one of the most important capabilities needed in today's information society. Objective: The research was conducted with the aim of explaining the willingness of agricultural students of Razi University to lifelong learning based on Bandura's theory of social cognition. Research methodology: The research was carried out descriptively and correlationally. The statistical population was the students of agriculture and natural resources of Razi University in the academic year of 1402-1401 in the number of 1365 people, based on the table of Karjesi and Morgan, 300 people as a sample and using stratified random sampling with proportional assignment according to degree were selected. In order to collect information, standard questionnaires were used. The collected data were analyzed with   WIN22 and SmartPLSWIN3 software and in two descriptive and inferential sections. Findings: The students' desire for lifelong learning was at an average level. The level of desire for lifelong learning among doctoral students, working in the private sector and with more than 5 hours of extracurricular study per week was higher than other students. Examining the situation of the four dimensions of Bandura's social cognition theory showed that the three dimensions of expectation-value, self-efficacy and self-regulation are at a high level in students. Based on the modeling results of the structural equations of self-efficacy and self-regulation (first and second factors), they explained a total of 67% of the total variance of the desire for lifelong learning. Conclusion: In the economic and technological situation of today's society, lifelong learning is a necessity, institutionalizing this concept and training agricultural students with it can partially overcome the lack of skills and unemployment of graduates of this sector and the sustainable development of agriculture. to do Based on this, by expanding research activities, encouraging students to study extracurricularly, strengthening self-efficacy and self-regulation, the desire for lifelong learning can be promoted in them. Keywords: lifelong learning, Bandura's theory of social cognition, self-efficacy, self-regulation, expectation-value, self-control.   

  Background and purpose: Water is the most vital resource for sustainable development and the most important environmental component that has a significant impact on the protection of nature. In connection with the crisis of water resources in Iran, the increase in population, unsustainable development and incorrect consumption of water resources are the most important factors causing the current situation. The standard of rainfall in Kermanshah province is much lower than 15 years ago and it is in an unfavorable situation from the environmental point of view. In this regard, the main goal of the upcoming research was to analyze the social responsibility of farmers in Bilwar Plain of Kermanshah. Among the factors on the basis of which this research was formed, the irresponsible behavior of farmers such as drilling unauthorized wells, excessive harvesting of water resources, and the use of flood irrigation in this region.Materials and methods: The current research was applied and carried out in a quantitative, descriptive-analytical way. The statistical population includes all the farmers of Bilvar plain of Kermanshah city with the number of 3500 people. Sampling by simple random method and according to Cochran's formula, 300 farmers were selected as the research sample. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information, and Cronbach's alpha for the studied variables was obtained in the range of 74% to 91%. The collected data were analyzed using   18, Excel2016 and Smart PLS software.Findings: The findings of descriptive statistics showed that farmers' social responsibility towards sustainable water consumption was at a low level (32.2%). Among the 4 dimensions of social responsibility, only the legal dimension was at a high level (34.2%). Also, the findings showed that Carroll's model has changed in the research area: legal, economic, moral and humanitarian responsibility. Also, among the research variables, education components, personal values, attitude at the middle level; The understanding of risk and social pressures was at a high level and the knowledge of farmers was at a low level. The results of the model fit from the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the research model measures farmers' social responsibility well. Also, the results of structural equation model fitting using Smart PLS software indicated that understanding (p-value = 0.000, ? = 0.754) had the most direct effect on social responsibility of farmers. However, personal values (p-value = 0.744, ? = 0.015) and attitude (p-value = 0.068, ? = -0.095) had no significant effect on farmers' social responsibility.Conclusion: In order to create a sustainable agricultural sector, governments should act at the farm (local), watershed (regional) and national levels to motivate farmers and remove policies that support excessive water use.

  urpose: In recent years, due to the importance of food safety and the increase in environmental awareness, to healthy product production programs, the use of biological fertilizers and natural pesticides to reduce the use of pesticides. Chemically, much attention has been paid. Because using and replacing natural poisons instead of chemical poisons will produce healthy and organic products. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing farmers' perception of the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and its effect on the willingness to use natural fertilizers and pesticides among farmers in Islamabad-Gharb city. Research methodology: The nature of this research is a quantitative descriptive-correlation type of research. The statistical population was all farmers living in the central part of Islamabad-Gharb city (18,536 people), of which 264 farmers were selected by two-stage cluster sampling and proportional assignment. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Findings: The results of descriptive statistics showed that farmers' perception of the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on health is relatively low. This is despite the fact that farmers' perception of the effects of poisons and pesticides on the beneficial organisms of the farm and the environment is above average and relatively good. Also, based on the descriptive results, the most important obstacles to the use of natural fertilizers and pesticides are: the weakness of suitable infrastructure for the production of healthy and quality products, concern about the low performance of production with natural methods, and the inadequacy of laws related to Use of pesticides. The results of step-by-step logistic regression showed that farmers' understanding of the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has no effect on their willingness to use natural fertilizers and pesticides with the same price. However, when the price of natural inputs is higher than chemical inputs, the results of logistic regression indicate that among the 3 independent variables, understanding of the effects of fertilizers and chemical pesticides on health, understanding of the effects of fertilizers and pesticides There is a significant relationship between chemical effects on useful farm organisms and the understanding of the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on the environment with the dependent variable (tendency to use natural fertilizers and pesticides with a higher price). Also, the findings showed that the understanding of the effects on health and the understanding of the effects on the environment had a significant negative effect, and the understanding of the effects on the beneficial organisms of the farm had a significant positive effect on the willingness of farmers to use natural fertilizers and pesticides at a reasonable price. have higher In general, these 3 variables are predictors of farmers' willingness to use natural fertilizers and pesticides with higher prices. Conclusion: The results of this study can provide positive achievements for the development of healthy and organic agriculture and culturalization of this type of products among farmers. Keywords: perception, natural pesticides, organic agriculture, healthy agriculture, biological fertilizers.

Absteract Tourism has been identified as a vital environmental impact. Greenhouse gas emissions are related to travel, accommodation and leisure activities. It also not only causes global warming, but also destroys the host or ecological environment of the host destination. In addition, intentional and unintentional behaviors of tourists have caused environmental damage in many tourist destinations, such as disrupting the ecosystem of tourist destinations. In the meantime, to reduce the negative effects of tourists, special attention should be paid to environmentally responsible behaviors, so that several structures affect the environmentally responsible behavior of tourists. One of these very important structures is values. The aim of this study was to investigate the place of values ??in environmentally responsible behavior among tourists in Taq-e-Bostan Forest Park. The present study was a descriptive exploratory study. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire. Which was designed and compiled by examining the research background and using the Schwartz (2001) standard questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is the tourists of Taq Bostan Forest Park. The sampling method of this research is simple random. Cochran's formula was used to determine the number of research samples. The statistical sample of this study was 300 people. Statistical analyzes were performed using    and AMOS software. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used in inferential data analysis. Findings indicate that values ??of self-excellence, values ??of self-transcendence, values ??of conservatism and values ??of readiness to change the environmentally responsible behavior through individual norms, social norms, attitudes toward the environment And awareness of the consequences of environmental degradation is influential, as are values ??of attention to excellence inversely. The results of the present study showed that values ??have an important place in shaping the responsible behavior of tourists. But values ??alone do not affect environmentally responsible behavior, but also variables such as individual norms, social norms (as a moderating variable), attitudes toward the environment and awareness of the consequences of environmental degradation. They are of special importance.       Keywords: Environmentally, responsible behavior, Forest Park,values   

  Humic acid is the active ingredient in humus, which is gray to dark brown in color. Humic acid macromolecules have a predominant aromatic characteristic and have a high content of functional groups such as phenolic, carboxyl and quinone, which leads to the surface charge and reactivity of this compound.This factorial experiment will be performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. Initially, humic acids will be extracted from five different organic sources (bovine manure, municipal waste compost, vermicompost, sheep manure, poultry manure) with 0.1 M NaOH. Extraction with distilled water will also be performed to compare the extraction with NaOH and to calculate the extraction efficiency. In the next step, the properties of the extracted humic acids such as spectroscopic absorption at different wavelengths, ash percentage, carbon content, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and total sulfur with the elemental analyzer (Elemental Analyzer) and groups The factor will be determined with the FTIR device and the results will be compared. Then, a sample of surface layer calcareous soil (depth 0 to 20 cm) is prepared and after applying different concentrations of humic acids (four concentration levels, 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 g of humic acid per kg of soil) extracted from various sources, and will be incubated for 70 days. Finally, the availability of the three main consuming elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) will be determined at the end of the incubation period. After collecting the results, they will be analyzed using    software.Keywords: humic acid, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

   Management of River surface water quality is very important. Qualitative indicators of pollution can show the trend of changes in water quality over time and place. This study was conducted to evaluate the water quality of Golin River using five quality indicators: IRWQIsc, NSFWQI, CWQI, WQI, Liou. For this purpose, the water of Golin River in Najjar village station was sampled twice every month in a one-year period from April 2019 to March 2020. Also, for statistical analysis, sampling frequency was considered as replication and the desired station was considered as treatment.Comparison between data was done by Duncan statistical method at the level of five and one percent. Studid Parameters was include Do, PH, BOD5, COD, TDS, No3, Po4, Ec, Fe, K, Ca, water temperature, air temperature, O2, salinity, No2, So4, Cu, total hardness, CaCo3, Co2, turbidity.   The results of the research using different indicators showed that the IRWQIsc quality index was classified in the index between (30.15-41.88) in relatively poor quality and from (26.70 - 27.85) in poor quality and According to the obtained results, Rural sewage disposal, agricultural wastewater and animal waste are the main causes of reduced river water quality in the studied station. The results of NSFWQI index showed that the river water quality during the study period in the summer is in the bad group and it's only suitable for irrigation of agricultural land also in spring, autumn and winter, it is exsist in the middle group, and if it is used to supply drinking water, it needs advanced purification. Also, according to the NSFWQI index, the Golin River water was suitable for breeding fisheries and water-resistant species and also drinking water for domestic animals. The values of CWQI index based on water quality standard for environmental protection of aquatic ecosystem of cold-water fish also showed that water quality status is in the bad category (0-44) and in terms of the standard of use of the agricultural industry is placed in the border category (45-64). The results of the WQI quality index also showed that the water quality index is in a good category with a limited (50-100) and is suitable for drinking water. In Liou index, the results showed that water quality is in the relatively polluted category between 3.1-6 and with increasing oxygen, the value of the index decreases.

   Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the acceptance of solar energy in rural communities in the central part of Kermanshah township. Energy is the main force of human life and their social life and has led to the economic development of societies. Solar energy is one of the most important and widely used energies that, in addition to being renewable, has caused less damage to the environment and humans. Unfortunately, there are villages in our country that are not connected to the national electricity distribution network, and if these people are connected to the national network, additional pressure will be applied to the electricity distribution company, which will lead to more air pollution. On the other hand, most of these villages have a population of less than 20 people, which will not be economically viable to wir these areas. Therefore, the use of solar panels can be untying.    methodology: The present study is a quantitative-qualitative paradigm and consists of Four steps. This research is both applied and fundamental. For this purpose, first the zoning of rural areas of Kermanshah township was done with the help of information obtained from the province electricity distribution company and GIS software. In the second step, after obtaining information through individual interviews and analyzing the content of the main sentences, the main concepts are identified. In the third step, the main concepts are formulated and a researcher-made questionnaire is filled out with the help of 200 villagers in the central part of Kermanshah township, whose number is calculated by Morgan formula, of which 118 were men and 82 were women. The obtained data were analyzed using    software and the final model was obtained using AMOS software.    Results: Based on the findings, the central part is considered as the population of the present study. Based on the findings of the external variables model, which includes government support, information and education, professional characteristics, participation, individual-social characteristics and acceptance of leading and reputable people, has affected on the two variables is perceived usefulness and perceived ease, and these two are effective on the variable of attitude, and the variable of attitude on intention, and intention have also been effective on the variable of actual use. Perceived ease variable also affected perceived usefulness. But the usefulness variable has no effect on intention and their relationship is also negative. The goodness of the fit of the model with the number 0.880, shows the fit of the model well.    Conclusion: Based on the results, there is a positive and significant relationship between external variables and perceived usefulness. There is also a positive and significant relationship between external variables and perceived ease of use. In addition, there is a significant and positive relationship between the perceived ease variable and the perceived usefulness variable. Furthermore, there is a significant and positive relationship between perceived usefulness and attitudes toward use. There is a positive and significant relationship between the variable of attitude to use and intention to use. There is also a positive and significant relationship between the variable of intention to use and actual use. However, the relationship between perceived usefulness and intention was negative and there was no significant relationship because solar panels have not been used or have a negative experience in rural communities. Based on the results, 6 variables have been added to the Davis technology acceptance model, and people in rural areas of the central part of Kermanshah township are interested in installing panels if the restrictions are lifted.   

   Abstract The overall purpose of this study was to explain the strategies of establishing green management in Razi University that all dimensions and factors affecting green management in the university were examined. The statistical population of the research in the first phase includes 247 experts (staff) and faculty members There were secrets that were selected by random sampling method (based on job discipline). Of these, 69 were experts and the rest were faculty (178). In the next phases, in order to validate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the university's progress in implementing green management and forming research matrices, 32 university experts were selected. The sampling method in this section was sampling of special or special cases. The quantitative phase data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire In the qualitative section, in order to obtain the available information about identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, the necessary information was received from the interviewees in three stages through interviews and by asking open-ended questions. According to the results, in a small phase, among the 6 dimensions of green management in the university, the education dimension was given higher priority and the tra  ortation dimension was given lower priority than other dimensions. Also, in order to prioritize the factors affecting green management, the attitude and awareness of some faculty members and staff of Razi University were given a higher priority and the factor of cooperation and empowerment of university actors were given a lower priority than other factors. In terms of quality, the results showed that Razi University is faced with more promotional factors than deterrents and in terms of internal factors, has a good position to implement activities related to green management in its structure. Razi University is also in a good position in terms of external factors to implement activities related to green management in its structure, and to implement green management in its structure should use external opportunities to eliminate internal weaknesses. In general, the main purpose of this study was to develop and select superior strategies for integrating green management in the structure of Razi University, and the results of the present study can help to develop green management processes in universities.   Key words: Green management, sustainable development, environmental problems, strategy formulation, green universit

  چكيده مقدمه اصلاحات ارضي يكي از مهم ترين برنامه هايي بود كه در زمان محمدرضاه شاه به اجرا درآمد و به عنوان جامع ترين و جدي ترين اقدام حاكميتي در تاريخ كشاورزي ايران، آثار شگرفي بر مناسبات ارضي، ساختار زراعي و مورفولوژي روستايي داشت. در اين راستا پژوهش حاضر به واكاوي اثرات اصلاحات ارضي بر ساختار اجتماعي و مورفولوژي دهستان شيان پرداخته است. روش تحقيق تحقيق پيش رو از نظر هدف كاربردي است و روش تحقيق از نوع توصيفي- تحليلي و با رويكرد كيفي، به واكاوي اثرات اصلاحات ارضي بر ساختار اجتماعي و مورفولوژيكي در دهستان شيان پرداخته است. در اين پژوهش سه هدف دنبال شد. در هدف اول و دوم با استفاده از پارادايم كيفي و روش تحقيق توصيفي- تحليلي به واكاوي تأثيرات اصلاحات ارضي بر ساختار اجتماعي و مورفولوژي پرداخته شد. جامعه مورد مطالعه را مطلعين و افراد بالاي 50 سال، بخصوص كشاورزان كهنسال منطقه در بر مي گيرد كه شناخت كافي نسبت به اصلاحات ارضي داشتند. نمونه ها به صورت هدفمند انتخاب شدند و نمونه گيري تا زمان رسيدن به اشباع داده ها ادامه يافت. جمع آوري داده ها از طريق مصاحبه هاي عميق فردي و گفتگوهاي نيمه ساختارمند صورت گرفت. براي تجزيه و تحليل داده ها از مفاهيم استخراج شده از گرافها و متن مصاحبه ها، عكسها و تصاوير استفاده شد. در هدف سوم، بررسي پيامدهاي اجتماعي ايجاد شده در جريان اصلاحات ارضي در منطقه با استفاده از پارادايم كيفي و روش تحقيق توصيفي- تحليلي صورت گرفت. در اين هدف نيز جامعه مورد مطالعه را كشاورزان كهنسال منطقه، مطلعين و افراد بالاي 50 سال تشكيل دادند. نمونه گيري به صورت هدفمند انجام شد و جمع آوري دادها تا زماني كه داده هاي به دست آمده تكراري شدند انجام پذيرفت. براي تجزيه و تحليل داده ها از تكنيك تحليل محتواي ارتباطي با استفاده از روش مرسوم كدگذاري باز و محوري بهره گرفته شد. نتايج نتايج واكاوي اثرات اصلاحات ارضي بر ساختار اجتماعي در دهستان شيان نشان داد، كسب منزلت اجتماعي، استقلال، خوداتكايي و اعتماد به نفس، حذف روابط ارباب- رعيتي و رهايي از سلطه مالكان و زمينداران بزرگ از دستاوردهاي مثبت اصلاحات ارضي در منطقه بوده است كه همگي به دنبال مالكيت شخصي كشاورزان ايجاد شد. از سوي ديگر حذف قدرت مالكان و ايجاد خلاء مديريتي، از مهمترين پيامدهاي منفي اصلاحات ارضي است. در راستاي هدف دوم، نتايج اين تحقيق نشان داد كه اصلاحات ارضي، مورفولوژي روستا را هم به لحاظ مساكن و بافت روستا و هم به لحاظ مورفولوژي زراعي دگرگون ساخته است. استفاده از معماري شهري و مصالح غير بومي در بازسازي مساكن، باعث تغيير كاربري مساكن و از بين رفتن هويت اصيل سيماي روستا گرديد. به طوري كه بدون در نظر گرفتن شرايط محيطي روستا، كاركرد و ساختار مساكن كه بر اساس رويكرد توليدي بود دستخوش تغيير و تحول نمود. و روحيه مصرف گرايي و تجمل گرايي را در دهستان ترويج نمود. همچنين نتايج بررسي مورفولوژي زراعي در دهستان شيان نشان داد كه كوچك شدن واحدهاي كشت، از بين رفتن شيوه كشت تجاري تك محصولي و ايجاد تنوع كشت، باعث تغيير در الگوي كشت در اين دهستان گرديد. در هدف سوم، نتايج اين تحقيق نشان داد كه افزايش بيكاري، مهاجرت، خلاء مديريتي، تغيير در تنوع و گونه هاي كشت، ايجاد استقلال، افزايش امكانات رفاهي، كاهش بي سوادي، تشكيل شركت هاي تعاوني و افزايش سطح بهداشت از پيامدهاي اجتماعي اصلاحات ارضي در دهستان است كه هر كدام به نوبه خود تاثيرات مثبت و منفي زيادي در منطقه بر جاي گذاشته است. بحث مهم ترين علت عدم توفيق برنامه هاي اصلاحي و عمراني روستايي علاوه بر مديريت كارآمد، توجه نكردن به ظرفيتها و اسنعدادهاي هر منطقه و عدم تناسب برنامه ها با شرايط محيطي و اقليمي و بسترهاي فرهنگي هر روستاست. لذا در راستاي توسعه و عمران روستاها، توصيه مي شود برنامه ريزان و سياست گذاران برنامه هاي توسعه روستايي، قبل از طراحي و اجراي برنامه شرايط محيطي و ظرفيتهاي منطقه را مد نظر داشته و متناسب با آن برنامه هاي كاربردي و اختصاصي ارائه دهند و از پتانسيل هاي هر منطقه براي بهبود وضعيت روستاها بهره كافي گرفته شود. كلمات كليدي: اصلاحات ارضي، ساختار اجتماعي، مورفولوژي، دهستان شيان

   Abstract Purpose: today, the importance of strategic products such as oilseeds and especially rapeseed, has increased the necessity of paying attention to the role of effective factors on the improvement of the production value chain of this product. Accordingly, the purpose of this study has been the analysis of the value chain of rapeseed production and providing solutions to improve it.    Research Methodology: This research is an applied type and it has been done   with a combined approach(qualitative-quantitative). The study community consists 15 key informants in qualitative part. Data collection method was in the form of semi-structured interviews. In the quantitative part, data were collected using a questionnaire tool using two methods of survey(farmers N=130) and census(experts N=25).    Findings: The findings of this study showed that currently the rapeseed production value chain in Biston district includes 9 loops including rapeseed farmers, shopping centers, service centers, research centers, banks, supply and distribution of inputs. Tra  ortation, and insurance companies and most of them have been in unsuitable condition.   The first and most important challenge of this chain in Biston distric has been the shortage of machinery, especially harvesters, and   traditional operating system dominance, weakness in technical knowledge has increased production costs and negative profit margins for the producer loop. And reduced productivity of the chain.   Conclusion: all the loops in the value chain of rapeseed production have not achieved the expected performance in the studied dimensions and the effectiveness of the governing department by creating protections and constraints in policies and planning and monitoring how the activities are done is quite obvious. Therefore, it is necessary for the government and government institutions at the top and all actors in the chain to take a systematic look to optimize their actions in the chain and solve problems in the region. One of the achievements of this study was the identification of dysfunctional, missing and extra loops in the rapeseed production value chain in Biston district, which has not been addressed before. Keywords: Agricultural Development, Value Chain, Supply Chain, Rapeseed, Biston district.            

Abstract This research is paradigmatic in the form of a mixed method consisting of qualitative and quantitative method and in terms of purpose in the field of applied research in the form of a survey strategy. The purpose of this study was to Analysis of the distinguishing factors of local Stakeholder responsibility in the management of Jobsorkh watershed located in Chardavol city. The statistical population of this study in a small part included all villagers (heads of households) in the sub-basin of Jobsorkh of Chardavol (N = 1968). To determine the sample size, Morgan table was used and the sample size was 320 people and was selected using stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment. Also, the study population in the qualitative section included experts from the General Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Ilam Province and Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Chardavol city and local elites of the target villages. In this study, using in-depth interviews with analysis units, the initial indicators of responsibility were determined and used in quantitative terms. In a quantitative part, a questionnaire was used, the validity of which was confirmed using content validity and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha method (0.769 to 0.813). In this study, the field information obtained was analyzed using    software. The results of this study showed that 54.1% of the subjects had a high level of responsibility towards the implementation of watershed management projects in the study area. Also, 28.8% had moderate level of responsibility and 17.2% of the subjects had low level of responsibility. Also, the results of diagnostic analysis showed that the variables of attitude, participation and cooperation had the highest standard coefficient and this indicates the importance of these variables in predicting the responsible behavior of the subjects in the three >   Key words: accountability, participation, local community, watershed, Jobsorkh watershed      

   در اين تحقيق با توجه به وضعيت منابع آب در كشور و بخصوص جنوب و جنوب غرب كه منطقه مورد مطالعه در اين نواحي قرار دارد جهت رفع مشكلات كمبود منابع آب و تامين تمامي نيازها و در عين حال حفظ منابع آب موجود از روش كوپل مدل شبيه ساز_بهينه ساز استفاده شد. شبيه سازي با استفاده از مدل WEAP براي حوضه مارون كه شامل سد مارون و منابع آب زيرزميني(شمال بهبهان و جنئب بهبهات و جايزان فجر) انجام شد و با توجه به تناوب اهداف بهينه سازي از منابع آب زيرزميني و سطحي جهت بهينه سازي از الگوريتم فراكاوشي چند هدفه NSGAIII استفاده شد كه در آن سه هدف لحاظ شد،هدف اول حداكثر نمودن تامين نياز مصارف،هدف دوم حداكثر نمودن تامين نياز زيست محيطي و هدف سوم حداقل نمودن جريمه ناشي از تخطي از مخزن سد مي باشد.در ابتدا اطلاعات منابع و مصارف را به منظور واسنجي و صحت سنجي براي شبيه سازي آينده وارد مدل گرديد، ايم مدل در بازه 5 ساله(سه سال واسنجي و دو سال صحت سنجي) از مهرماه سال 1391 تا شهريور 1396 اجرا و مورد واسنجي و صحت سنجي قرار گرفت.پس از اطمينان از مطابقت مدل با شرايط واقعي، با فرض ادامه وضع موجود و تكرار دوره آماري 50 ساله جريان ورودي به مخزن سد در سال هاي آتي (از مهرماه سال 1399 تا شهريور 1449) نتايج حاصل از اجراي مدل در منطقه مورد مطالعه با عنوان سناريوي مرجع مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.در سناريوي مرجع تامين نياز   مصارف و نياز زيست محيطي و تغييرات حجم مخزن و همچنين مميزان برداشت ار آب زيرزميني هر يك از دشت هاي موجود مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. پس از انجام بهينه­سازي، با توجه به اندازه جمعيت 24 و اجراي الگوريتم NSGA-III براي 1000 تكرار، جواب­هاي نزديك به بهينه حاصل شد كه بين جواب هاي به دست آمده يك جواب به عنوان بهنرين جواب انتخاب شد.در اينجا دو سناريو لحاظ شد كه سناريوي اول سناريوي مرجع مي باشد و سناريوي دوم همان سناريوي بهينه است كه از مدل بهينه ساز حاصل گرديد.سپس بين اين دو سناريوي مقايسه صورت گرفت كه سناريوي بهينه ضمن تامين نيازهاي موجود با در نظر گرفتن سه تابع هدف نتيجه خوب و مطلوبي نسبت به سناريوي مرجع به همراه داشت.

   Abstract: Job empowerment( employability) has been proposed as one of the key strategies for the development of entrepreneurial activities in rural areas. However, the empowerment and development of job skills of rural youth depends on various factors, among which teamwork skills have a special place. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the role of teamwork skills on the job empowerment of rural youth in rural communities, sanjabi rural Districtin in Kermanshah. The present research method was descriptive-analytical in terms of quantitative intellectual orientation. The statistical population of the study consisted of rural youth (15-35 years) (N = 4288). The sample size was determined using 351 multi-stage cluster sampling method. The data required for the research were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed through face and content validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed using   23 software. Based on the results, there was a significant relationship between teamwork­ skills, job empowerment   and psychological empowerment with demographic characteristics such as education level, job status and type of employment of rural youth. Findings from correlation analysis showed that teamwork­ skills and its components (except communication) have a direct and significant effect on the job employment of rural youth in Sanjabi rural district. The findings also showed a direct and significant effect of psychological empowerment and its components (except autonomy) on the teamwork skills of rural youth studied. The direct and significant effect of psychological empowerment and its components (except competency) on the job empowerment of rural youth in Sanjabi rural district was also confirmed. Finally, the findings of Teamwork skills (except for its components of communication, coordination and interpersonal communication) and psychological empowerment (except for its components of competence and Feeling effective) have affected the job empowerment of rural youth in sanjabi rural Districtin. The results of the present study indicate that the collective and Team skills and psychological readiness of young people are the motor and dynamics in the fields of team and group entrepreneurship to create employment, self-employment and income generation.    Keywords: Skill, Teamwork, Employability(Employment,Job), Rural Youth, Sanjabi Rural District.

  AbsteractIn today's world, the quality and health of food is one of the issues and challenges facing human society. Due to their economic benefits, vegetable farmers are always looking to maximize production per unit area by using a variety of chemical inputs and in cases of water shortages and crises, the use of unconventional water. This behavior of vegetable farmers is explained by several structures. The aim of this study was to investigate the position and role of values of vegetable farmers in Kermanshah in the production of healthy vegetables in 10 rural areas of the city. The present study was descriptive and exploratory. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire which was designed and compiled by examining the research background and using the standard questionnaire of Allport et al. (1970). Based on the results, there is a significant difference in socio-economic and theoretical values between the two groups of men and women. The results also showed that the level of literacy and adherence to values have an inverse and significant relationship (p = 0.015, rs = -0.151). Also, the results of comparison between different groups of vegetable growers in terms of age showed that there is a negative relationship between the age of the farmer and his values, and as he gets older, some values decrease (p = -0.3, rs = -. 0065). The results showed that attitude alone can not be effective in controlling the behavior of farmers in the production of healthy vegetables. But values can be effective in explaining the behavior of healthy vegetable production by influencing attitudes that act as an intermediate variable. There is also a positive and significant relationship between the farmer's attitude and his behavior and the farmer's attitude can affect his behavior. According to the research results, we found that there is always a direct relationship between the values of vegetable growers, their attitudes and behaviors, and values as the most important influential structure in the attitude of farmers can both directly and indirectly through the attitudes of individual thoughts in behavior. Guide healthy vegetable production and explain the results, the role and position of value in healthy vegetable production.  Keywords: ethics, value, agriculture, vegetable growing, development, sustainability, Kermanshah city.

  هدف: آموزش عالي نيروي محركه و عامل پيشرفت هر جامعه­اي است. اعضاي هيات علمي دانشگاه­ها به عنوان افرادي كه مسئول تعليم و تربيت دانشجويان هستند، بايد نسبت به اخلاق حرفه­اي آگاهي داشته و با پايبندي به آن، سلامت فرآيند ياددهي – يادگيري را تضمين نمايند. عليرغم نقش بي بديل اعضاي هيات علمي در فرايند تعليم و تربيت در دانشگاه­ها و اهميت رعايت اخلاق از سوي آنها پژوهش­هاي چنداني در راستاي ساخت مدل­هاي مفهومي اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي انجام نشده است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي رشته هاي كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي از ديدگاه دانشجويان انجام شده است. روش‌شناسي پژوهش: رويكرد اين پژوهش، كمي بوده است. جامعه آماري شامل كليه دانشجويان (زن و مرد) رشته­هاي كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي (ترويج و آموزش كشاورزي، زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، گياهپزشكي، علوم دامي ، مهندسي آب، خاكشناسي، ماشين‌‌‌هاي كشاورزي و باغباني) بين مقاطع تحصيلي (كارشناسي، ارشد و دكترا) بود. تعداد دانشجويان رشته‌هاي كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي بالغ بر 1360 نفر بود كه از اين جامعه آماري، 302 دانشجو به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شده بودند. روش نمونه گيري طبقه­اي تصادفي بوده است. ابزار مورد استفاده در اين مطالعه شامل پرسشنامه محقق ساخته اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي دانشگاه و پرسشنامه جمعيت شناختي بوده است. ابعاد اخلاق حرفه­اي از تحقيقات پيشين گردآوري شده است. ابعاد پنج گانه اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي شامل: بعد آموزش، بعد پژوهش، بعد منش، بعد روابط انساني و بعد سازماني مي باشد. براي تجزيه و تحليل داده­ها در اين پژوهش، از نرم افزار   .22 استفاده شده است.يافته‌ها: نتايج پژوهش نشان داد كه ميانگين كلي ابعاد اخلاق حرفه­اي پايين تر از حد متوسط است. نظر دانشجويان نسبت به ابعاد اخلاق حرفه­اي يكسان نبود و اختلاف معنا داري بيان نظر دانشجويان وجود داشت. ميانگين ابعاد آموزش و روابط انساني به صورت جداگانه پايين تر از حد متوسط بود اما ميانگين ابعاد پژوهش، منش و سازماني بالاتر از حد متوسط بود. مقاطع تحصيلي، جنسيت، سن، گرايش رشته تحصيلي و وضعيت اشتغال در نظر دانشجويان نسبت به ابعاد اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي تاثيرگذار بودند اما محل سكونت، نوع پذيرش در دانشگاه، ميزان تحصيلات پدر و ميزان تحصيلات مادر تاثيري در نظر دانشجويان نسبت به ابعاد اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي نداشتند. نتيجه‌گيري: هرچند وضعيت اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي در سه بعد پژوهش، منش و سازماني بالاتر از حد متوسط بود ولي هنوز فاصله زيادي (بخصوص در دو بعد آموزش و روابط انساني) با وضعيت مطلوب دارد. متغير هاي دموگرافيك تاثير بسزايي بر ديدگاه دانشجويان نسبت به اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي دارند.كليد واژه­ها: آموزش عالي، اخلاق حرفه­اي، اعضاي هيات علمي

  AbstractSince the late 1980s, Micro financial institutions have been given special prominence as one of the most effective and efficient strategies for financial development or in developing countrie's development and the number of these institutions increased sharply. The history of micro-credit funds for rural women Iran goes to the year 1378 returns. Designing a micro credit Fund in Iran Using Grameen Bank Bangladesh Experiences "Pattern of   group savings and lending" as a successful model in rural community and after localization by experts of Research Center of Ministry of Jihad – e – agriculture, a pilot experiment was carrued out in two provinces in Mazandaran and kermanshah. After the success of the program implemented in Stelen   Mazandaran province, the socoal development approach has been expanded since the beginning of the year. From year 1380   the development of its expansion in the country took a social approach. Also fram about 87 year, Representation of the United Nations Office in Iran with the aim, Sustainable human development (Deprivation and job creation) transmitted and promoted suitable   in ternational development ideas and solutions. The goals of micro credit programs, increase the income of poor by creating self – employment, providing educational services for optimal use of resources and empowering rural women has been through job creation. Target groups include micro-credit, poor and low- income individuals and families, as well as rural women. However, the micro- credit fund for rural women in Iran has generally not been successful. Most of them have failed. The purpost of the present study is to analyze the factors driving the development of micro-credit women funds.The present study is descriptive analytical in terms of the nature of qualitative research and in terms of data collection. In terms of purpose as well in area is included in applied research. The samples were purposefully selected fram the members of rural women micro credit fund by snowball method. Data werw collected through semi- structured interviews, focus groups, direct observation, personal experiences, existing documents. Rliability and validity of information were abtained by triangulation technique in data collection and member control technique. Data analysis was performed using open, axial and selective coding steps. The findings of study indicate that exploring the role of developing rural women micro credit funds 20 lnitital topic in open coding these topics were categorized into 6 categories at the axial coding stage; deterrents36 primary issues identified in the open coding step and in the axial coding phase, the initial topics were grouped into 6 categorie   and finally at the selective coding stage in a model in the form of three time clusters include ed before the formation of clusters, it was categorize during and after the formation of the rural women micro credit fund. According to the results, the most important driving force prior to the establishment of the rural women micro credit fund was the investment of fund members. And the most important driving factor that was identified at both the time during and after the fund was formed, trust was among the members of the fund. Among the inhibitory factors extracted, the most important deterrent bfore the fund is formed, the issue was the absence of members in the meetings. the deterrent factor identified at the time the fund was formed was the amount of concessional facilitie and the deterrent factors that were extracted in the post- fund phase were the failure to repay the facilities by the rural wome's micro credit fund mersmbe.Key world

  Abstract   Objective: In order to take advantage of diversity among different varieties and genotypes of plants, at first the existing diversity among them need to be examined. In this research, in order to benefit from the diversity existed among some of genotypes of Camelina plant, the number of 81 doubled haploid lines of this plant were studied at the levels of biochemical and molecular traits.Research Method: The lines of Doubled Haploid of Camelina were cultured in the greenhouse of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Razi University of Kermanshah. This study was carried out in two parts: 1. Biochemical studies, and 2. Molecular studies. In the first part, to analyze the differentiation of these lines in terms of the amount of fatty acids, the levels of fatty acids of these lines were measured with GC-MASS method by reference laboratories and the results were analyzed in the form of a completely randomized design with 3 repeats. The results indicated that there is a significant differentiation among these lines in terms of the amounts of fatty acids. In the second part of this research, DNA was extracted from the leaf samples, and the PCR process was carried out for amplification of a special band of their DNA by using of 10 ISSR primers. Then, the bands were separated and appeared by electrophoresis. Then, their photograph was taken and the results were analyzed by software. At the end, cluster analysis was done to >Findings: The results of Variance Analysis and Compare Means revealed the differentiations among the genotypes. It should be noted that 10 out of 15 primers being used in this research amplified different bands.Conclusions: There is a differentiation in terms of the amounts of fatty acids as well as molecular characteristics among these 81 lines. The biochemical differentiation of these lines is more than their molecular differentiation.  Key Words: Camelina, doubled haploid, genetic diversity, marker

The aim of this study was to investigate the research ethics in academic research. To this end, we studied the agriculture faculty of Razi University by applying a mixed (quantitative-qualitative) approach. The quantitative portion of the statistical population of the research consists of master’s and PhD students of agriculture faculty and the qualitative portion consists of PhD students of the promotion department and professors of agriculture faculty. The research sample consists of 163 master’s and PhD students sampled by stratified random sampling for the quantitative part, and 15 professors and 10 PhD students of the promotion department sampled by targeted sampling for the qualitative part.Data collection for the quantitative part was done using questionnaires and by personal and distance interviews for the qualitative part. The validity of the research tool for the quantitative part was confirmed by the faculty board of the promotion and training department at Razi University and its reliability was confirmed using the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient.The triangulation method (using different views of professors of different agriculture fields to interpret data related to the research topic, self-review by the researcher during the process of data analysis and presenting all documents and notes after being analysed by the researcher of the research team) was used to test the validity and reliability of the qualitative part.   version 19 and smartPLS version 3 softwares were used as data analysis tools for the quantitative part and content analysis was used for the qualitative part.The results showed that among 10 behavioral components, data forgery, distortion of data, scientific theft and plagiarism were selected as the most common behavioral components of research misconduct in agriculture faculty.The results also showed that from the viewpoint of students, the agricultural students' behavior toward research misconduct were at a low level, intention and attitude were at low to moderate levels and subjective norms of perceived behavioral control were at moderate to high levels and the attitude had no effect on students’ intention for research misconduct.The results of the correlation analysis showed that based on the students’ age there is a statistically significant difference between the mean score of the subjective norms variable of students of agriculture faculty.Also, there was a statiscally significant difference between the mean scores of the variable of students’ attitudes toward research misconduct on the basis of the study field of students in agriculture faculty that was less than 0/47.Keywords: Research Misconduct, Academic Research

  Today, with the increase in population and the expansion of industrial activities, as a result of which the untapped use of water resources, the comprehensive and sustainable management of these resources is very important. The purpose of this research is to predict episodic series using ANFIS model in different climates. For this purpose, 14 series with different parameters in 7 different climates are considered for prediction with Genfis1,2,3 generators in the ANFIS model. In each modeling of the series, it is used to determine the time delays of its correlation graph.In the results of each time series in each climate, the parameter, and the different states of each of the three generators, its correlation curve is alternately cwd with ?Max=0.9. If the time delay is chosen, the correlation coefficient of the instability is Rmax>0.95. This is while reducing its pre-processing and converting its chart down to Rmax=0.75. In this series, if the time delay is chosen for the stability of the correlation graph, the prediction results are very poor and have a value of Rmax=0.2. In the parameter of precipitation this diagram in the series with ?Max=0.6 is the highest Rmax=0.62 in the series with ?Max=0.4. RMax=0.53 and in series with ?Max=0.2 the maximum is RMax=0.75.The maximum level of depth and depth of the groundwater with ?Max=0.79 is also the most maximum instabilities with R max=0.79. In the case of the Parameter Flood Parameters of the river ?Max=0.39, in the mode of the choice of time delays based on the maximum volatility, R max=0.15 occurs. And in this same series of parameters with a different climate with a maximum value of ?Max=0.62 in the case of the choice of time delays based on the maximum volatility with Rmax=0.75 occurs. Based on the results, So that the highest accuracy in a series with an alternating crossover diagram with a maximum amount of instability of close to 1 in a temperature series that is independent of the parameter occurs, and the least accurate accuracy of the series is associated with a stable graph which occurs in some indirect parameters

  The research was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of informal vocational training of wheat farming in the province of Kermanshah. The study population of this study is trained farmers in the field of wheat farming in Kermanshah province, which was trained in the field of wheat cultivation in 1395-1393. They are unaware of wheat farming. This research was carried out using qualitative method. For sampling and collecting data, a semi-structured interview was used. In this regard, 22 of the participants in the dir="RTL">  

  Today, due to the increasing population of the earth, the need for food supplies has increased. On the other hand, due to the reduction of water resources, water management needs, especially in the agricultural sector, are felt. For this purpose, several methods have been used to reduce water consumption, one of the most modern ones being precise irrigation, namely, the field moisture map. In this research, we attempted to extract from a sorghum field to a half-hectare wetland map by multi-capture and image processing. For this purpose, initial experiments were carried out to obtain the best height and best day of the day to be photographed. The farm was then divided into small pieces. Captured from each piece by a multi-capture. From different points of the farm, the samples were taken by recording the coordinates of the spots to obtain the percentage of moisture content of the plant in those points. Finally, the images were aggregated by the Arc GIS software Then the MATLAB software performed various image processing operations on the image. These operations include: plotting, separating the field, finding the neighborhood of points, extracting different data from neighboring points, modeling effective input parameters to estimate the plant's moisture content, applying model output to segmented images, aggregation, and so on. The best model obtained by neural networks consists of four roughness inputs, the mean values of the CM channel channel monochrome channel M, the mean values of the Y single channel channel of the CMY channel, the mean values of the channel B of the RGB channel, and the output of that percentage The weight of the plant was R2 and MSE of the model was 885/0 and 0/004, respectively. In the case of classification of the plant's moisture content into five classes of very watery, loose, moderate, low water and very low water, the perturbation matrix of the model was 90.5%.

One of the advanced and new methods that has been common is the use of mulch. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm, Campus of Agriculture and natural Resources of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in 2016 and 2017. The plants used were corn, sunflower, lentil and chickpea. The treatments consisted of plastic mulch between rows, plastic mulch on plant (in chickpea, lentil, corn) and control treatment. Plastic mulch among rows had the highest growth and yield in all tested plants compared to other treatments. The results of the comparison of mean treatments showed that grain yield, 100 seed weight, number of pods in chickpea and lentil and in both years were higher in row treatment than control. In lentil in two years, treatment of mulch between the rows had higher number of seed per pod than the control. In chickpea, there was no significant difference in the number of seeds per pod in each two years. In corn, between row treatment had higher biological yield, harvest index, number of seeds per row, ear weight and 100 seed weight than control, but there was no significant difference between “treatmet of mulch between rows” with “treatment of mulch on plant”. There was no significant difference in number of rows per ear, pod weight, ear length and chlorophyll content. In sunflower, treatment of mulch between row had higher biological yield, head diameter, head weight and 100 seed weight than control, and there were no significant differences among treatmetns in terms of harvest index, number of seeds per head and chlorophyll content. In general, the results of this experiment showed that the application of mulch between the rows of plant led to an increase in the yield of the plants, probably due to weed growth reduction, moisture retention and improved water use.

  Abstract