Introduction:The poppy plant (Papaver somniferum) has always had a dual nature throughout history; on the one hand, it is known as one of the most vital medicinal resources for relieving human pain, and on the other hand, it is the basis for the production of products that are considered a serious threat to the physical, psychological and social security of modern societies. Iran's geographical location in the neighborhood of the world's largest drug production hubs (Golden Crescent) has faced the country with complex challenges in the field of agricultural land management and control of illegal crops. Harsin city in Kermanshah province, due to its favorable climate, fertile soil and suitable water resources, has high potential for the production of diverse agricultural products. However, the penetration of poppy cultivation in parts of the region's lands is not just a biological or agricultural phenomenon; it is a reaction to complex economic and social structures. When the balance between production costs and pr Objective: The objective of this thesis is to identify and analyze the drivers affecting the development of poppy cultivation and analyze the environmental, economic, and social consequences of it in rural areas of Harsin County (case study: Cheher District). In this regard, the research will be conducted by identifying the underlying factors (economic, social, cultural, and institutional) that affect farmers' tendency to engage in illegal cultivation, prioritizing the drivers, and determining the share and weight of each factor using statistic Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and mixed in terms of nature and method with a sequential exploratory design in which the priority is given to the quantitative part (QUAN) and the qualitative part (qual) is used to identify the components and develop the measurement tool. In the first phase: the qualitative stage (grounded theory strategy), a qualitative approach and grounded theory strategy were used to deeply analyze the factors and effects of poppy cultivation. The participants included experts in the field of agricultural jihad and local informants who were selected through purposive sampling of the snowball type, and this process continued until theoretical saturation; finally, 25 people were studied. The data collection tool was semi-structured interviews, and the data were analyzed using MAXQDA software through open, axial, and selective coding. In the. Results: The research findings show that economic drivers (chronic poverty and survival strategy) are at the top of the priorities, and climatic factors (low water needs) and institutional-supervisory weaknesses act as facilitators. The conseque

   This qualitative study aimed to analyze the challenges of marketing apple products in home businesses in Sahneh County in the villages of Sang-e-Safid and Sartakht. The participants in this study were the owners of the aforementioned businesses. Data were collected using in-depth individual interviews, focus group interviews, and participatory observation in the study villages. After conducting 25 in-depth individual interviews with home business owners and two focus group interviews with 12 of them in the two study villages, data saturation was achieved. After implementation, the interview notes were analyzed using conventional content analysis techniques. The status of home businesses processing apple trees in the study area showed that apple production in these villages dates back six decades and has been the main source of income for the residents of these villages until now. Also, most of these businesses are managed by rural women, and most women in these villages are engaged in the production and processing of apple cider, including dried apples, apple juice, and apple vinegar, as well as the collection of local aromatic and medicinal plants. An examination of the marketing routes of apple cider products in the studied villages (13 routes) showed that these routes start from relatives and reach ordering consumers. In the meantime, the role of village teachers, festivals, local tourists, local shopkeepers, social networks, and travelers cannot be ignored. The results of this study also showed that the studied businesses faced challenges such as lack of marketing skills as the main challenge to the owners of home apple processing businesses’ access to post-production equipment. Meanwhile, lack of liquidity, opposition from spouses, the presence of brokers, remoteness of the village, cultural problems, lack of appropriate brands, retailing, and finally climate change had prevented home apple processing business owners from delivering their products to consumers. By utilizing the solutions proposed in this study, extension and horticulture experts from the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Sahneh County can help resolve challenges and smooth marketing paths for home apple processing business owners, while being aware of the marketing paths of apple products in the region and the challenges facing marketing these products.

     Abstract Objective:  Iran has a vast range of rural settlements, and their social sustainability largely depends on residents’ psychological and emotional attachment to their living environment. Factors such as perceived personal control and subjective well-being play an important role in strengthening or weakening the sense of belonging to rural life. Research Methodology:  This descriptive-correlational study investigated the effect of perceived personal control on sense of belonging to rural life, with the mediating role of subjective well-being, among residents aged 18+ in rural areas of Kermanshah County. The sample consisted of 384 individuals selected through multistage cluster random sampling. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires and analyzed using   win 27 (descriptive statistics) and Smart-PLSwin 4 (structural equation modeling and mediation analysis). Findings:  erceived personal control had a direct and significant relationship with subjective well-being and place attachment. The structural model confirmed that subjective well-being mediates the relationship between personal control and place attachment. The path coefficient for the direct effect of personal control on place attachment was 0.42, and the indirect effect via subjective well-being was 0.10. Conclusion:  Enhancing place attachment in rural communities requires a multi-level, participatory approach. The main recommendation is to design a “Rural Community Health Scorecard” combining health and psychological indicators (personal control, subjective well-being, place attachment) for scientific resource allocation. Given the high mean score of place attachment, top-down planning should be replaced with a bottom-up model delegating real control to local councils. Since subjective well-being had the lowest mean, a periodic monitoring system (every two years) at the rural district administration (Dehyari) level, along with targeted interventions—culturally based stress management workshops, local storytelling campaigns, and participatory micro?funds for women and youth—is essential. At the micro level, training volunteer psychosocial health facilitators and designing a six?session educational package based on Bandura’s self-efficacy theory (short?term goal setting, managing mental barriers) are proposed. A mobile learning system via local messengers and small grants for physical improvement projects (emphasizing vernacular architecture) can simultaneously strengthen personal control, subjective well-being, and place attachment. Combining macro-structural interventions with local, low?cost solutions institutionalizes existing psychosocial capital and brings rural development from the margins to the mainstream. Keywords:  erceived personal control, subjective well-being, belonging to rural life, social sustainability, psychological empowerment.

  Methodology: This research is applied in terms of purpose and is of a descriptive correlational type. The statistical population of this research includes 117 rural youth in Haft Ashian Rural District. These youth are active in various fields such as agriculture, handicrafts, rural tourism and local services. In this research, due to the limited statistical population (117 people), the whole count method was used to collect data. Information was collected in this research using two methods: library and field, and the research tools were lifestyle questionnaire; entrepreneurial capabilities; and entrepreneurship questionnaire, whose validity was determined in terms of content and reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed in two parts: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, and in the inferential statistics section, correlation test, analysis were used using    software. Results: The findings of this research showed that the lifestyle of rural youth in Haft Ashian Rural District has a significant effect on the growth of their entrepreneurial capabilities. The lifestyle components of rural youth (such as materialistic, goal-oriented, and modern) have a significant effect on their entrepreneurial capabilities, but the traditional lifestyle does not have a significant effect on their entrepreneurial capabilities. There is a significant relationship between the entrepreneurial capabilities of rural youth (such as mastery of opportunities, tolerance of ambiguity, motivation for progress, leadership, risk-taking, and creativity) and their success in entrepreneurial activities. The obstacles and challenges faced by rural youth have a negative and significant effect on the growth of their entrepreneurial capabilities. It was also concluded that practical solutions can help improve the lifestyle and strengthen the entrepreneurial capabilities of rural youth.

  Abstract Introduction: Shallot is one of the medicinal and industrial plants that is harvested from natural habitats in our country. In Iran, this plant is considered an unauthorized plant in terms of exploitation of natural resources due to the special conditions of its habitat and reproduction. Given that most of this species is collected from nature, the increased demand for this type of species has caused their destruction and excessive exploitation in nature. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying obstacles and solutions to the development of shallot cultivation in agricultural lands and pastures of Al-Ashtar County. Methodology: To achieve the research objectives, a qualitative approach was used. The participants in the study were experts from the Natural Resources Department and the Agricultural Jihad Department of Al-Ashtar County, residents of Dartang and Hindi villages of Al-Ashtar County, and farmers under the contract of the Zarrin Cooperative Company, and 22 people were selected as samples based on the Barez purposive sampling method. The data collection tool was semi-structured in-depth individual interviews and field notes, and interviews continued until data saturation was reached. For data analysis, the method of communicative content analysis and open and axial coding was used. Results: The results of the study showed that in relation to the obstacles and challenges of preserving and revitalizing shallots in the natural areas and habitats of Al-Shatar County, 13 categories were identified, including marketing and sales obstacles, advertising and information obstacles, financial and capital risks, human and social risks, infrastructure obstacles, skill and technical obstacles, standards and quality, information obstacles, knowledge and educational obstacles, management and support obstacles, organizational obstacles, production inputs, environmental and geographical conditions, and licensing of medicinal plants. Also, in relation to the strategies for cultivating shallots among the shallot farmers of Al-Ashtar County, 9 dimensions were identified: research and training strategies, advertising and information strategies, technical and agricultural strategies, structural and support strategies, policy strategies, strategies related to issuing licenses for the exploitation of shallots, economic and social strategies, trade and organizational strategies, and strategies related to marketing and sales. Discussion and Conclusion: As it was identified, the improvement and development of the medicinal plant market, especially shallots, requires cooperation and coordination between different organizations. Abstract, discrete and uncoordinated action in implementing policies and strategies in the research, promotion, production, trade, processing, health and treatment sectors makes it difficult to achieve goals. In order to make a coordinated, targeted and effective effort in organizing the medicinal plant market, efforts should be made to formulate a comprehensive program in which the goals are completely clear and the duties and responsibilities of the various sectors are determined. The development and implementation of this program will enable the evaluation of the performance of various organizations and prevent waste of time and capital. Keywords: Mustard, medicinal plants, Al-Shatar city.

  Oat is one of the most important cereals in the world, essential for both humans and animals due to its significance as a key food source. With increasing public awareness of healthy dietary habits, oats have attracted more attention from scientific researchers and industries. Since limited efforts have been made by researchers to identify high-yielding varieties, there is an urgent need for breeding and identifying improved oat cultivars with high nutritional value. To achieve suitable genotypes or varieties for autumn and spring cultivation, an experiment was conducted during the 2022–2023 growing season at the research farm of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, located in Kermanshah Province. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 44 treatments, including selected grain genotypes from previous experiments, conducted in three replications. After seed preparation, oat planting was carried out manually in both autumn and spring at a density of 400 plants per square meter. The results showed that the genotypes 291sv955057-35 and Brusher had the highest grain yield in autumn, producing 1505 and 1510 grams of grain per square meter, respectively. In the spring season, the genotypes Wandering (1183 g/m²), Carrolup (1152 g/m²), Quoll (1152 g/m²), Bannister (1149 g/m²), and Wintaroo (1131 g/m²) had the highest grain yields among the tested genotypes. The lowest grain yield in both autumn and spring was observed in the Titus genotype. A significant difference was observed between oat genotypes in terms of thousand-kernel weight across different cultivation seasons. The Wallaroo and Paramo genotypes had the highest thousand-kernel weights in autumn and spring, respectively, while the Dolphin97 genotype recorded the lowest thousand-kernel weight in both seasons. The longest spike length in both autumn and spring was observed in the Dalyup genotype. Regarding plant height, Dolphin97 and Mitika recorded the tallest and shortest plant heights, respectively, in both seasons. Biological yield results were entirely different, as the Oh1022 genotype had the highest biological yield in both autumn and spring cultivation. Conversely, the La Pervision and WA-oat genotypes recorded the lowest biological yields in autumn and spring, respectively. This indicates the strong adaptability of the Oh1022 genotype to different environmental conditions. Therefore, this study suggests the possibility of achieving high-yielding oat genotypes under spring cultivation conditions. If these results are repeated, the identified genotype(s) could be recommended to farmers.

 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most important vegetables which are cultivated worldwide. Broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca) is one of the main agents that cause decrease in tomato yield. This parasite plant causes great damages to tomato production by uptaking nutrients from the host plant. Various methods have been proposed to control this weed, but none of them have been completely successful so far. In this study, effects of different strains of Trichoderma spp. on P. aegyptiaca and some tomato growth parameters were investigated. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The results showed that T72 increased tomato growth and yield by improving parameters such as fresh and dry weight of the plant and the number and weight of fruits in non-infested condition. Regarding P. aegyptiaca, none of Trichoderma strains had a significant effect on reducing the growth and weight of this parasitic weed. No fruit was produced under P. aegyptiaca infestation condition. Although T72 had positive effects on some phenological parameters such as fresh and dry weight of tomato, these effects were not sufficient to prevent yield reduction caused by P. aegyptiaca or to reduce weed growth. These findings indicate that although some Trichoderma strains, especially T72, can help to improve tomato growth and yield under non-stressed condition, they could not do the same under P. aegyptiaca infestation condition and even had no significant effect on reducing the weed growth. Further studies are recommended to investigate the mechanisms of the effects of these strains under different conditions.

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   The significant increase of working women is an undeniable fact of Iranian society. Despite this evidence shows that few working women are entrepreneurs. Therefore, it is very important to provide suitable social and cultural conditions and contexts for starting entrepreneurial activities. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the factors affecting the desire to be an entrepreneur in rural women of Miandarband village of Kermanshah province. The sample size is 250 people according to Karjesi and Morgan's table and cluster sampling method was used to select the sample. For this purpose, 22 villages were randomly selected from all the villages of this district and sampling was done according to the population of the village and the target age range. The current research is practical in terms of its purpose and is a quantitative research in terms of its approach. In order to collect information in the theoretical part, the documentary method was used, and in the field part, the survey method based on interviews and distribution of questionnaires was used, and their analysis was done using    and Amos software. In order to determine the validity of the form and content of the questionnaire, after its preparation, the initial control of the questionnaire questions was carried out by university professors and experts and experts from the women's affairs department of the agricultural jihad. Confirmatory factor analysis was also used to confirm the construct validity. The reliability of the research tool has also been measured through Cronbach's alpha. The results of the research showed that among all the investigated components in the studied community and the analysis of hypotheses through    and Amos software and the information obtained from descriptive statistics in general, knowledge and entrepreneurial characteristics accounted for 0.37 of the variance of the attitude variable. and explain 0.48 of the variance of the perceived behavior control variable. Also, knowledge has been able to explain 0.21 of the variance of the subjective norm variable, finally, all the variables of the structural model (entrepreneurial characteristics, attitude, economic factors, educational factors) explained 0.56 of the variance of the desire for entrepreneurship variable. The results showed that mental norm, perceived behavior control, family factors, organizational institutional factors, socio-cultural factors, and knowledge have no effect on the desire to be an entrepreneur in the studied society, but the effect of knowledge on mental norm (0.46), attitude (0.29) and perceived behavior control (0.41) were significant and the effect of entrepreneurial characteristics on perceived behavior control (0.44) and attitude (0.44) was also accepted. From the present research, it can be concluded that to increase the attitude and desire for entrepreneurship among rural women, there is a need to create favorable environmental conditions and improve the level of literacy regarding entrepreneurship and understanding of existing cultural and social conditions. These measures can help increase entrepreneurial and economic opportunities for women in rural areas. In general, if rural women are faced with a dynamic and receptive environment towards entrepreneurship and if the level of entrepreneurship literacy in that area increases, their inclination towards entrepreneurship will probably increase. One of the achievements of this research was the identification of some factors affecting the desire to be an entrepreneur, which had not been paid attention to before.

   Introduction: Special attention to increasing livestock production and improving productivity to achieve self-sufficiency and basic and food needs seems to increase the country more than in the past. Animal husbandry, as the most important sub-sector of agriculture, is one of the most important sectors in the production of production materials and dairy products, which plays a major role in feeding the people of the society, and is a group of dynamic and effective industries, which is subject to many risks during production. Objectives The objective of this research was to analyze the factors on increasing the productivity of the traditional animal husbandry unit in Serfirouzabad village of Kermanshah city in 2022-2023 from the point of view of livestock farmers. Research methodology: The current research is quantitative in terms of paradigm, applied in terms of purpose, Descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection, and field and library in terms of the amount and degree of control of variables. The statistical population of the research includes the owners of traditional livestock units in Sarfirouzabad village of Kermanshah (N = 1100), based on Karjesi and Morgan's table, 285 people were selected using stratified random sampling, including 130 livestock owners with sheep units. 100 ranchers had lamb breeding units and 55 ranchers had dairy cattle units. The data collection tool was 3 researcher-made questionnaires along with interviews, the validity of which was evaluated based on the opinion of experts and university professors, and its reliability was calculated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient in    software as 0.81. Data analysis was done in two parts, descriptive and inferential statistics, in   23 software. Also, in order to calculate the economic productivity of traditional livestock units, the formula of economic productivity of all production factors was used. Findings: The study of the productivity of the sheep units showed that the average productivity of the total production factors in the sheep units is 2, in the lamb breeding units is 0.2 and in the dairy cow units is 0.8. The results of the study regarding the factors affecting the productivity of traditional animal husbandry units showed that two political factors with an average of 4.073 and economic factors with an average of 4.051 have the greatest effect on the productivity of animal husbandry units. In addition, the social factor with an average of 3.962 was in the third place, and the managerial factor with an average of 3.867 and the human factor with an average of 3.785 were placed in the fourth and fifth place among the factors affecting productivity. Conclusion and suggestion: By ensuring the psychological and physical security of investing in proper pricing of products and inputs instead of mandatory pricing, the government should have a strong supporting and controlling role and provide livestock inputs in the right amount and at the right time at the right price. to put livestock farmers; Also, by granting appropriate subsidies, facilities and credits to traditional animal husbandry units, which have been converted into industrial or semi-industrial units, and by using modern technologies and improved breeds of livestock, their productivity should be increased.   

   Abstract: The aim of this research was to investigate and compare some characteristics of two oak species in Gehwarah area of Dalahu city. For this purpose, some seeds were collected from Iranian oak and mazodar trees in the mentioned area and after being transferred to the central laboratory of Razi University's Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, a number of them were randomly selected according to the type of investigation. In the next step, the characteristics of length, thickness, weight and volume of seeds, as well as the length and weight of seeds with a bowl, as well as the percentage of characteristics of seed moisture, infested seeds, tannin, oil and sugar of the seeds of both species were measured and recorded. In addition to the above, the tannin and oil percentages of Qalqaf gall parts (peel and core) were measured and recorded at the same time. Then statistical analysis was done using Excel and    programs. The obtained results showed that some characteristics of Iranian oak, such as length, thickness, weight, fruit volume, as well as fruit weight with bowl and bowl weight, are more than Mazodar species, but its fruit length is less than Mazodar. In addition, the length and bowl of both species were statistically equal, because the Iranian oak bowl is thicker and larger than the Mazodar bowl. In relation to the rest of the characteristics of the two mentioned species, it can be seen that, statistically, their percentages of moisture, tannin and sugar are equal, but the percentage of infected seeds and oil of Iranian oak species is higher than Mazodar species. Comparing the amount of tannin and oil of the seeds of the mentioned species with the gall of Qalqaf, the results show that the tannin percentage of Qalqaf husk is higher than the seeds of two oak species, but the amount of tannin of Qalqaf core is statistically the same as the seeds of the studied species. Finally, the oil percentage of Iranian and Mazodar oak species from different parts of Qalqaf is higher.    Key words: Aleppo oak, Gahvareh, oil, Persian oak, sugar, tannin.

  The phenomenon of climate change can have many negative effects on various systems including water resources, environment, industry, health, agriculture and all systems that interact with the climate system, among which the resource system Water is one of the main ones. The phenomenon of climate change in recent years has led to a significant change in meteorological elements and as a result the condition of surface and underground resources in different places. On the other hand, the three sources of water, energy, and food are the three basic sources for human health, poverty reduction, and sustainable development, and they are among the most important sources in agriculture that both affect climate change and are affected by it, and are strongly dependent on each other. All three resources are very scarce and billions of people in the world do not have access to them, and the demand for all three resources is growing. Therefore, any action towards sustainability should consider the interaction and integration of these three sources in order to achieve sustainable development. According to these conditions, achieving sustainable management of available resources in agriculture in an effective and coordinated manner is a challenging issue. Therefore, if it is possible to increase the efficiency of water and energy to supply food, the emission of greenhouse gases and environmental pollution will also decrease, and after that, we can take steps towards sustainable development. In other words, if an approach towards the integrated management of three sources of water, energy and food is considered, both environmental pollution will be reduced and sustainable agriculture and sustainable development will happen. will follow; Because despite the interactions between these three sources and sustainability, focusing on one source without considering the relationship with other sources may cause unexpected acute and even unsustainable consequences. The aim of this research is to simulate and optimize the combined use of surface and underground water in the Kermanshah plain under the conditions of climate change based on the sixth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-6). For this purpose, a coupled integrated model of surface and underground water will be prepared, in which the WEAP evaluation model is used to prepare the surface water model and the MODFLOW model is used to prepare the underground water model. Then the effect of climate change on surface and underground water modeling will be investigated in the integrated model. Finally, by connecting the gray wolf multi-objective algorithm (MOGWO) to the body of the coupled model based on objective functions based on the correlation of water, food and energy and social parameters and environmental factors, optimal solutions for the integrated management of water resources in the region under climate change scenarios will be investigated. And its effects on surface and underground water will be evaluated.

Abstract The use of conservation tillage methods to preserve soil health has received attention in recent years. On the other hand, evaluating the effects of these methods on crop yield and weed control can lead to selecting the appropriate method and obtaining the maximum benefit of it. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of a five-year history of conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage during the 2022 in the Ravansar district, Kermanshah. For this purpose, 65 dryland wheat fields were selected, where tillage was performed using one of three methods of no-tillage, reduced tillage (using a disk), and conventional tillage (using a moldboard plow). The farms were divided into four groups based on their five-year tillage history: 1) no-till with direct seeding, 2) reduced tillage using a disk, 3) conventional tillage using a moldboard plow, and 4) a combination of no- tillage, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage over the past five years. Sampling was done using two methods: 1) direct sampling from the farms, and 2) obtaining information from the farms and farmers using a questionnaire. In the direct sampling method, weed density was recorded by species in two stages, before and after herbicide application, using a random sampling method. Furthermore the Simpson's Dominance Index and the Smith and Wilson Evenness Index of weed communities were calculated. Information related to land management, including soil preparation method over the past five years, type of chemical fertilizer used, seed variety, seed rate, planting date and method, as well as farmers' experience, education level, farm area, occupation, ownership, and residence situation were collected through a questionnaire. The results showed that the five-year tillage history had a significant effect on wheat yield, weed density, species richness, and population evenness. Wheat yield in the no-till system was 38.3%, 44.6%, and 52.7% higher than minimum tillage, combined tillage, and conventional tillage, respectively. In the conventional tillage system, weed density and species richness were significantly higher, while population evenness of weeds was lower compared to conservation tillage systems. Weed density had a negative relationship, and population evenness had a positive relationship with wheat yield. The composition of important weed communities in the fields under conventional tillage was completely different from fields with combined tillage, reduced tillage, and no-tillage. However, the most important weed species in fields with reduced tillage and combined tillage showed similarities. The investigation of applied agricultural management practices showed that crop density and planting method had a significant effect on wheat yield, and the selection of these practices was directly related to the choice of conservation tillage methods. The study of farmers' characteristics and its relationship with the selection of tillage method also indicated the necessity of educating and raising awareness among farmers about the impacts of conservation tillage. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of adopting conservation tillage practices for maintaining weed control, improving wheat yield, and preserving soil health. It also emphasizes the need for farmer education and awareness regarding the benefits and implementation of conservation tillage methods.   

   Introduction: Knowledge-based companies play an important role in the development of technology, economicprosperity and creation of productive employment.In other words, knowledge-based companies area means of economic development.But in the field of agriculture, due to some structural problems,knowledge-based companies in Kermanshah province exist at a limited level despite the existenceof many capacities in the agricultural sector. Objective: The current research was conducted with the aim of identifying the obstacles and facilitators of thedevelopment of knowledge-based agricultural companies in Kermanshah province. Research Methodology: In terms of its nature, it is considered to be of the type of mixed (qualitative- quantitative) research, in terms of the degree ofcontrol of variables, it is of the non-experimental type, and in terms of the purpose, it is consideredto be of the type of applied research;The main design used in the research was sequentialexploratory. Based on this, the qualitative part of the research was done first, and based on theresults, the quantitative part was done.The quality department community was the CEO and experts, that 16 of them were selected by purposeful snowball sampling.The data analysis of thissection was done using two stages of open and axial coding using Maxqdawin18 software. Thestatistical population of the quantitative part of the research was 61 people who had companies in different fields of agriculture in the growth centers and Science and Technology Park of theprovince, and all information was collected from them.Data analysis was done using force fieldanalysis through   win20 and Pathmakerver5.5 software. Results: The data analysis of the qualitative part of the research led to the identification of 32 facilitatorsand 31obstacles in the form of five categories of individual, institutional, specialized, and interactive -communicationand managerial factors.The comparison between the facilitating forces and theobstacles in the quantitative part showed that only in the institutional dimension, the obstacles aremore deterrent.In other words, in the institutional sector, the development of agriculturalknowledge-based companies faces many obstacles، Identification of executive measures throughinterviews with CEOs and hypothetical implementation of these measures led to the reduction ofthe deterrent effect of obstacles. Conclusion: Considering the strong four factors of individual, specialized, interaction-communication andmanagement in the current situation, we can witness the development of agricultural knowledgebasedcompanies in the future.In the institutional dimension, it is necessary to remove theobstacles in this factor through proper planning and management Therefore, through theinstitutionalization of executive actions and facilitating factors, it is possible to lead to the fasterdevelopment of knowledge-based agricultural companies and to weaken obstacles.

  Abstract Objective: Natural hazards (especially earthquakes) are a fundamental challenge in achieving the sustainable development of human societies. Such risks have the capacity to turn into a terrifying and devastating accident for human communities in the absence of risk reduction systems. Generally, this influence is widely diminished due to the very complex communication between different systems of human societies and causes many damage to various sectors, including body, community, culture and identity. Despite the lack of predictions for many of these hazards, it can be minimized by the vulnerability and comprehensive understanding of such events in a society affected. Increased resistance to natural disasters, especially earthquakes, is greatly effective in reducing these damages as well as the time of recovery of societies. For this reason, this study was conducted to analyze the impact of five capital (human, social, financial, physical and natural) capital on the resurrection of rural households after the earthquake in the city of Sar -e -Zahab. Research Methodology: This study is a descriptive and correlational research in terms of quantitative paradigm, and according to the research range, the design used in this study was cross -type. Statistical Research Journal, Russian households were difficult to do with Zahab, Benefit and Patriot (3196); Of these, and based on the table of Bartlett et al., 280 residents of the study area were selected as classified and appropriately assigned. A researcher -made questionnaire was used for data collection, with the validity and reliability of the questionnaire by the specialists panel and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.94) and reconstruction. Also in software (  ) and (Excel), analyzes (descriptive and inferential) were performed. Results: Based on the results, it can be stated that the social, economic, institutional and physical stabilization of earthquake -prone villagers is above average and at an acceptable level. It was also found that among the variables of five capital capital (human, social, financial, physical), education level, average annual family income from agriculture, annual background, membership in social institutions, horticultural lands, agricultural activity, information resources In the field of earthquake and residential skeleton after earthquakes with livelihoods, positive and meaningful relationships between gender variables, irrigation system, earthquake insurance and unexpected accidents, earthquake intensity, type of residential home materials before earthquake Prior to the earthquake, there is a negative and significant relationship. But there was no relationship between natural capital and resilience. Conclusion: Overall, an area will be fully impaired when all the indicators, components and dimensions of the resignation in that area are in a better position and in the state of growth and upgrades. Keywords: Earthquake, Sadness, Sadness, Five Capital, Sar -e -Zabab County.

  AbstractIntroduction:Today, tourism festivals and events are one of the most growing sectors ofrural tourism in Kermanshah province. Local managers ofdifferent villages in Bayingan district organize various tourism events basedon their cultural and economic characteristics. Amongthese diverse forms of tourism is event tourism. In recent years, with the increase of natural and humancrises and the speed of their spread to the ends of the world, and due to theincreasing intertwining of economy, culture and human societies, tourismdestinations have faced problems in planning, management and control. Investigating the effects of covid-19 in terms ofhelping to control and manage it in the field of event tourism is an inevitableand fundamental thing, which requires knowing the region's experiences oftourism target events, the problems caused by the covid-19 crisis, and thenecessity of adopting crisis management and providing strategies management ofthe target areas.Research method: Inthe present study, using a qualitative approach and content analysis with adirectional approach, due to predetermined categorization based on Taylor'sperceptometric model, semi-structured interviews were conducted with localresidents, local officials, tourists and local entrepreneurs in the fields ofDifferent types of tourism in Bayingan region were targeted Andthen, in order to analyze them, Claizi's seven-stage model was used. Then, thechallenges and problems that the Covid-19epidemic has placed on tourism in the region were identified. Finally,in order to formulate strategies for the management of the covid-19epidemic on tourism events in the target areas, using a qualitative paradigm toanalyze the crisis management of event-oriented tourism in the conditions ofthe covid-19 epidemic based on thecrisis management framework of Murphy et al. (2008)using content analysis in software MAX-QDA was used.Findings:Based on the results of content analysis, 70 key codes and concepts in sevencategories under the title of Pomegranate Festival, Agar Festival, NowruzFestival, Chele Festival, Religious Holidays, Baby Festival, ThanksgivingFestival in four categories of experiences, definitions, memories. andexpectations, it was identified that after the Covid-19 crisis, they were facedwith major challenges such as reduced sales of products, lack of acceptance oftourism events, lack of motivation and lack of interest in communicating, whichrequired the adoption of a crisis management approach in the three areas ofgoals, strategy and action. They were in three stages before the crisis, duringthe crisis and after the crisis. Based on thefindings, in the post-crisis phase, the goal of prevention and its strategiesis preparation and empowerment; During the crisis stage, the goal of managingthe impact of the crisis and its strategies, reactive measures and reducing theharmful effects of the crisis, and in the post-crisis stage, the goal ofrevitalizing and promoting tourism-related businesses and appropriatestrategies for recovery and revision, increasing the resilience of businessesand businesses It was related to tourism.Discussion and conclusion: Bayingan district with its cultural, social, naturalfeatures and unique traditional and historical events is one of the targetareas of Iranian tourism, which has not been exempted from the effects of theCovid-19 epidemic. Therefore, investigating the effects of Covid-19 in terms ofhelping to control and manage it in the field of event tourism and applyingmanagement strategies is inevitable and essential. Therefore, taking intoaccount that with the occurrence of any crisis, changes and transformationsoccur, so for survival, it is necessary for businesses to advance theiractivities in accordance with new conditions and adopt management strategies.Keywords:event tourism, perception, control management, covid-19, strategy, Bayingan

   Findings: In this research, more than 83% of the experts expressed their satisfaction with the involvement of beneficiaries in the extension centers during the Covid-19 era. According to the findings of the research, teachers' familiarity with the Internet as a teaching and learning tool and users' familiarity with virtual space have increased. Based on the findings of the research, the factors of financial-equipment status, experience and expertise of virtual education, communication, planning-management and contextual factors have explained 61.6% of the challenges of the centers during the Covid-19 era to provide services to farmers. Based on the findings of the qualitative section, the factors affecting the educational performance of agricultural Jihad centers are divided into two categories, promoting and hindering. The development of virtual space and online education became one of the important factors for winning the title. Also, according to the results, remote work and shift work have had a positive effect on the performance of the centers. According to the findings of this research, the economic efficiency of online education is one of the leading factors affecting the performance of agricultural jihad centers. Another issue that has maintained the performance of the centers and is effective in its feedback is that the level of health and health knowledge of experts and farmers has increased, and this has facilitated the continuation of work in the centers. Based on the results, increasing coordination and work order has been another effective factor on the performance of the centers during the Covid-19 era. Another group of factors affecting the performance are the inhibitors and include the lack of facilities and equipment of the centers to adapt to the conditions of the Covid-19 disease, the low access of users to the services and requirements of online education, the compulsion to adjust the level of the centers' services and several other factors that include These are the cases. The lack of planning in compiling the content and updating the necessary equipment in the implementation of effective training courses is one of the obstacles that, due to the reduction of the training content, the reduction of two-way communication in virtual training, the weak or incomplete transfer of information to the main farmers, The reduction in the use of educational aids, and the interference of educational programs with the peak activity of the centers has occurred. According to the results, the increase in dissatisfaction and lack of motivation of employees, which is another inhibiting factor, is caused by dissatisfaction of employees in terms of salaries and wages and not using employees in the right position. Regarding the management of the activities of agricultural jihad centers, there is a solution that can be used to improve the activities of these centers.

   Abstract This research was conducted to investigate genetic diversity and identify markers associated with agronomic traits in oat genotypes. For this purpose, 361 oat genotypes (Avena sativa L.) received from the Australian Grain Gene bank (AGG) were evaluated within a square lattice design in two replications in the cropping year (2017-2018) under irrigation conditions in the experimental farm of Razi University, Kermanshah in terms of agronomic and molecular traits. Eleven agronomic traits, including biological yield, grain yield, straw yield, harvest index, plant height, panicle length, number of panicles per m2, number of seed per panicle, thousand seed weight, days to 50% flowering and days to physiological maturity were measured. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between the genotypes for all the investigated traits, which indicated the existence of high genetic diversity among the studied genotypes. Correlation coefficients showed that traits of biological yield, straw yield, harvest index, plant height, number of panicles per m2, number of seeds per panicle, and thousand seed weight had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield. Based on the results of path analysis, the number of seeds per panicle and then the number of panicles per m2 showed the most direct and positive effect. The biggest negative indirect effect on the grain yield was due to the number of panicles per m2 through the number of seeds per panicle. Cluster analysis based on the agronomic data using Ward's method grouped the genotypes into four clusters. The greatest genetic distance was observed between clusters 1 and 4. Based on the principal component analysis, 63% of the total variation was justified by the first two main components. Bi-plot obtained from principal component analysis confirmed the grouping results of cluster analysis. A molecular study was performed on 148 oat genotypes with independent pedigrees using 12 SCoT primers. A total of 135 bands were produced, of which 84 bands (61.75 %) were polymorphic. The highest values of the number of polymorphic bands, polymorphism percentage, marker index, effective polymorphism ratio, and resolution power were obtained for the SCoT1 primer, which can indicate the appropriate efficiency of this primer in differentiating oat genotypes. The genetic similarity of the studied genotypes varied from 0.32 to 0.87 using the Jaccard similarity coefficient. The highest genetic similarity was observed between genotypes 360 (DUNNART) and 361 (HOUDAN), and the lowest genetic similarity was calculated between genotypes 239 (WESTON) and 277 (STORMONT IRIS). Cluster analysis based on SCoT marker data, based on the UPGMA method and Jaccard similarity coefficient, divided oat genotypes into six groups. The results of the principal coordinate analysis confirmed the cluster analysis results. The study of the population structure showed the existence of three possible subpopulations (K = 3) for oat genotypes. The results of the association analysis based on the general linear model (GLM) and the mixed linear model (MLM) identified 111 and 38 significant relationships between genomic locations and studied traits, respectively. In total, the results obtained from the present study showed that there is a wide range of genetic diversity among oat genotypes, and it provides the possibility of using them in breeding programs. Also, It has been found that SCoT markers are useful and powerful tools for evaluating genetic diversity and identifying genomic regions related to the studied traits in oat genotypes. Therefore, they could be used in the selection of genotypes as parents for crossing and marker-assisted selection (MAS) to be used in plant breeding programs.

Absteract Tourism has been identified as a vital environmental impact. Greenhouse gas emissions are related to travel, accommodation and leisure activities. It also not only causes global warming, but also destroys the host or ecological environment of the host destination. In addition, intentional and unintentional behaviors of tourists have caused environmental damage in many tourist destinations, such as disrupting the ecosystem of tourist destinations. In the meantime, to reduce the negative effects of tourists, special attention should be paid to environmentally responsible behaviors, so that several structures affect the environmentally responsible behavior of tourists. One of these very important structures is values. The aim of this study was to investigate the place of values ??in environmentally responsible behavior among tourists in Taq-e-Bostan Forest Park. The present study was a descriptive exploratory study. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire. Which was designed and compiled by examining the research background and using the Schwartz (2001) standard questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is the tourists of Taq Bostan Forest Park. The sampling method of this research is simple random. Cochran's formula was used to determine the number of research samples. The statistical sample of this study was 300 people. Statistical analyzes were performed using    and AMOS software. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used in inferential data analysis. Findings indicate that values ??of self-excellence, values ??of self-transcendence, values ??of conservatism and values ??of readiness to change the environmentally responsible behavior through individual norms, social norms, attitudes toward the environment And awareness of the consequences of environmental degradation is influential, as are values ??of attention to excellence inversely. The results of the present study showed that values ??have an important place in shaping the responsible behavior of tourists. But values ??alone do not affect environmentally responsible behavior, but also variables such as individual norms, social norms (as a moderating variable), attitudes toward the environment and awareness of the consequences of environmental degradation. They are of special importance.       Keywords: Environmentally, responsible behavior, Forest Park,values   

      Abstract:    Due to the occurrence of drought in the country and the indiscriminate use of groundwater resources in agriculture, especially in Mahidasht plain of Kermanshah province, which has recently been recognized as a forbidden plain due to high water consumption and inappropriate utilization of water wells, it is important to manage groundwater resources in this region. For this purpose, installation of smart water gauge for optimal use of water wells in Mahidasht plain seems necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the acceptance of smart meters among farmers in Mahidasht plain. In this study, survey method was used to collect the information of the questionnaire. To determine the sample size, random cluster sampling method was used and 185 farmers were selected. The questionnaire was given to experts of Kermanshah Regional Water Company and professors of agricultural extension and education department in order to confirm the validity. To determine the reliability, Kronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated by 30 questionnaires, according to which all the scales designed in the questionnaire had high reliability. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed using    and AMOS statistical softwares. In the descriptive statistics section, the percentage of frequency and relative frequency percentage were used to describe the variables, and in the inferential statistics section, path analysis method was used to investigate the causal relationship between the variables of the conceptual framework of the research, and also the method of averaging and using z test, Man-whitney and Wilcoxon were analyzed and interpreted. The results showed that perceived usefulness, readiness of perceived use and attitude toward using smart meter had a positive and significant effect on tendency to use meters. The results also showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the underlying factors of perceived usefulness and the ease of perceived use. Based on the overall results, farmers' attitudes had the greatest impact on the tendency to use smart meters and thus accept it. According to the results of this study, which should be considered by relevant planners, it is suggested that programs be considered to increase farmers' attitudes toward accepting smart water gauge to manage optimal water consumption in Mahidasht plain.

  Currently, the corona virus has spread all over the world and its dimensions have affected all sectors and economic activities. The agricultural sector has not been spared from this impact. They provide food for the country, so harm to these communities can seriously endanger food security. , Is phenomenological in terms of research method and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the present study consists of rural households in Miandarband district. Targeted sampling method and data collection method was focus group interview, observation and under special circumstances, telephone interview, a total of 17 households were interviewed. "Food security and the least impact on the" food preferences "dimension of food security. The results of the study can have benefits for rural health centers, jihad centers, aid organizations, and rural managers such as councils and villages.

كارآفريني معلولان يكي از راهكارهايي است   كه در طي دو دهه گذشته جهت مقابله با بيكاري و كم­كاري افراد داراي معلوليت مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. از اين­رو پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسايي عوامل مؤثر بر كارآفريني معلولان روستايي بخش كوزران در استان كرمانشاه به   روش آميخته (كيفي- كمي) انجام شد. مشاركت­كنندگان در بخش كيفي 21 نفر از معلولان روستايي و 15 نفر از مديران و كارشناسان سازمان بهزيستي بودند. ابزار گردآوري داده­ها در اين بخش مصاحبه­نيمه ساختارمند بود كه تا مرحله اشباع نظري ادامه يافت. تجزيه و تحليل داده­هاي گردآوري شده به روش تحليل محتوي و با استفاده از نرم­افزار Maxqda12 منجر به شناسايي 58 مفهوم مرتبط با عوامل مؤثر بر كارآفريني معلولان روستايي شد كه اين مفاهيم در قالب 15 سازه و 4 مقوله اصلي شامل شايستگي­هاي كارآفرينانه معلولان روستايي؛ عوامل فردي مؤثر بر كارآفريني معلولان روستايي؛ عوامل زمينه­اي مؤثر بر كارآفريني معلولان روستايي و عوامل ساختاري مرتبط با كارآفريني معلولان روستايي دسته­بندي شدند. همچنين تحليل داده­ها منجر به شناسايي 27 مفهوم مرتبط با راهكارهاي توسعه كارآفريني معلولان روستايي شد كه در قالب 5 راهكار آموزشي- توانمندسازي؛ فرهنگ­سازي و تغيير نگرش عمومي به كارآفريني معلولان؛ حمايت و پشتيباني مادي- معنوي؛ تنوع­بخشي زمينه اشتغال و برندسازي محصولات معلولان و بهبود كمي و كيفي نيروي انساني دسته­بندي شدند. در مرحله كمي برپايه يافته­هاي بخش كيفي ابزار پژوهش تدوين شد. جامعه آماري اين بخش معلولان روستايي داراي قابليت اشتغال در بخش كوزران بودند (130N =) كه با توجه به محدوديت جامعه آماري همه آنها به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند و در نهايت تحليل داده­ها با 118 پرسشنامه و به كمك نرم­افزارهاي   V25 و Smart PLS انجام شد. در بخش كمي عوامل مؤثر بر كارآفريني معلولان روستايي و همچنين راهكارهاي توسعه كارآفريني معلولان روستايي كه در بخش كيفي شناسايي شده بود توسط داده­هاي تجربي تأييد شد. از اين رو پيشنهاد مي­گردد در راستاي توسعه كارآفريني معلولان روستايي نتايج اين پژوهش مورد توجه سازمان­ها و نهادهاي مرتبط با كارآفريني معلولان روستايي قرار گيرد.

-1.مقدمهتقاضاي بالا براي گوشت گوسفند، توليدكنندگان را مجبور مي‌كند تا مديريت پرورش خود را با هدف كاهش هزينه‌هاي توليد، افزايش پارامترهاي توليد و توليدمثل به منظور افزايش بهره‌وري در واحد سطح، بهبود رفاه حيوانات، و ارائه يك رويكرد پايدار براي اطمينان از ماندگاري سيستم در طول زمان بكار بگيرند (Altieri و همكاران، 2000). برخي از نژادهاي بز و گوسفند در عرض­هاي جغرافيايي معتدل تنوع فصلي در فعاليت توليد مثل در طول سال دارند (شلتون، 1978؛ اورتاوانت و همكاران، 1985؛ شيمينو و همكاران، 1992). به خوبي اثبات شده است كه فعاليت جنسي فصلي تحت كنترل دوره نوري است به اين صورت كه روزهاي طولاني مهاركننده و روزهاي كوتاه تحريك كننده هستند(Bissonnette, 1941؛ Chemineau et al., 1988; مائده و همكاران، 1988; والنسيا و همكاران، 1990; سانتا ماريا و همكاران، 1990).   در غرب كشور، تغييرات فصلي فتوپريود و ميزان بارندگي باعث تاثير بر علوفه توليدي مراتع شده، لذا سبب شده است كه دستگاه توليدمثل گوسفندان در فصول خاصي از سال فعالتر باشد. به عبارت ديگر دو عامل فتوپريود و تغذيه، به عنوان عوامل اصلي موثر بر فعاليت دستگاه توليدمثل، بطور همزمان در ايجاد توليدمثل فصلي شناسايي شده­اند (Delgadillo et al., 1999). با اين حال، نقش ديگر محرك‌هاي محيطي مانند در دسترس بودن غذا و تعاملات اجتماعي بعنوان تنظيم كننده­هاي بالقوه توليد مثل فصلي را نبايد ناديده گرفت(Restall, 1992; Restall et al., 1995; Walkden-Brown et al., 1993; Mani et al., 1996). چراكه فصلي بودن توليد مثل مي­تواند بهره­وري حيوانات مزرعه­اي را محدود كند (Yeates, 1949). در حيوانات اهلي تعيين باروري است بسيار مهم است، به ويژه در حيوانات نر كه براي اهداف پرورشي و لقاح مصنوعي (AI) استفاده مي شوند. مسائل ناباروري مرتبط با اسپرم مي­تواند بر عملكرد پرورش گله­هاي بزرگ حيوانات تأثير منفي بگذارد (Hoflack و همكاران، 2007).گوسفند نژاد مهربان به طور معمول در غرب ايران پرورش داده ­مي­شود. مراتع و توده علوفه موجود در اين منطقه از كشور، به طور گسترده­اي با فصل و كيفيت بارندگي متفاوت است، كه ممكن است به يك الگوي فصلي توليد مثل را ايجاد كند (قربانخاني و همكاران، 2015). بر اساس نتايج بدست آمده و همچنين مشاهدات درمورد گوسفند سنجابي انتظار مي­رود كه الگوي فعاليت توليدمثلي در بره نر مهربان بصورت فصلي در موقعيت جغرافيايي پرورش ­آن­ها باشد، اما محققان در شيراز نشان دادند كه ميش مهربان نشانه­هايي از توليد مثل غيرفصلي را دارد (سفيدبخت و همكاران، 1978؛ 1977). در اين راستا و بر پايه مشاهدات و گزارش­هاي پرورش دهندگان بومي، اين حيوان داراي توليد مثل فصلي است، بطوريكه در اواخر فصل تابستان و اوايل پاييز همزمان با كاهش طول روز فصل جفت­گيري اين دام اتفاق مي­افتد. علاوه­براين، در فصل بهار مجددا دستگاه توليد مثل اين حيوان فعال مي­گردد كه به نظر مي­رسد ناشي از تاثير تغذيه علوفه­هاي تازه در مراتع باشد. از اينرو، با درك بيشتر از اثرات مكمل­هاي تغذيه­اي بر فعاليت دستگاه توليدمثلي   و بكار بردن مديريت صحيح تغذيه­اي مي­توان اثرات منفي فصل غيرتوليدمثل بر بازده توليدمثلي را كاهش داده و همچنين امكان استفاده از تكنيك­هاي مختلف توليدمثلي در خارج از فصل را تا حد زيادي مرتفع نماييم

   in recent years , sustainable development of the agricultural sector has attracted the attention of many researchers and planners. However , poor management and resource constraints , sometimes due to conflicting goals of agricultural stakeholders , have made it difficult to achieve this . This has increased the need for optimal use of resources In recent years , in the field of crop production optimization , various methods have been used for production planning. one of the most preferred methods is fuzzy Goal planning. in this method, despite the lack of access to resources and certain information, it is possible to achieve optimal solution with the highest accuracy. The main purpose of this study is to optimize crop production by simultaneously considering the ideals of increasing profits , minimizing water consumption , fertilizers and chemical toxins and increasing yield in the sahneh plain . the above research has been studied in the field of 7 scenarios with centrality of the above objectives for 7 decision variables. The statistical population includes all deep and semi-deep well beneficiaries registered in Kermanshah Regional Water Company (421 Exploiter). The sample volume was determined using the cochran formula (201 Exploiter). after gathering data through questionnaire, by using fuzzy Goal planning program , the ideal equation for each cause is determined. In order to solve the optimization equation, Gams software has been used. The results show that the above ideal can be achieved if   Wheat cultivation area to 66.55ha, Sugar beet to 126.65 ha, Alfalfa to 369.9 ha, Coriander to 43.69. Corn to 4.9, Sunflower to 10.22 and rice 8.54 ha. Also, according to the results obtained, among the above products, Sunflower has the highest and corn has the lowest rate of achieving the Goal

   Abstract: Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the acceptance of solar energy in rural communities in the central part of Kermanshah township. Energy is the main force of human life and their social life and has led to the economic development of societies. Solar energy is one of the most important and widely used energies that, in addition to being renewable, has caused less damage to the environment and humans. Unfortunately, there are villages in our country that are not connected to the national electricity distribution network, and if these people are connected to the national network, additional pressure will be applied to the electricity distribution company, which will lead to more air pollution. On the other hand, most of these villages have a population of less than 20 people, which will not be economically viable to wir these areas. Therefore, the use of solar panels can be untying.    methodology: The present study is a quantitative-qualitative paradigm and consists of Four steps. This research is both applied and fundamental. For this purpose, first the zoning of rural areas of Kermanshah township was done with the help of information obtained from the province electricity distribution company and GIS software. In the second step, after obtaining information through individual interviews and analyzing the content of the main sentences, the main concepts are identified. In the third step, the main concepts are formulated and a researcher-made questionnaire is filled out with the help of 200 villagers in the central part of Kermanshah township, whose number is calculated by Morgan formula, of which 118 were men and 82 were women. The obtained data were analyzed using    software and the final model was obtained using AMOS software.    Results: Based on the findings, the central part is considered as the population of the present study. Based on the findings of the external variables model, which includes government support, information and education, professional characteristics, participation, individual-social characteristics and acceptance of leading and reputable people, has affected on the two variables is perceived usefulness and perceived ease, and these two are effective on the variable of attitude, and the variable of attitude on intention, and intention have also been effective on the variable of actual use. Perceived ease variable also affected perceived usefulness. But the usefulness variable has no effect on intention and their relationship is also negative. The goodness of the fit of the model with the number 0.880, shows the fit of the model well.    Conclusion: Based on the results, there is a positive and significant relationship between external variables and perceived usefulness. There is also a positive and significant relationship between external variables and perceived ease of use. In addition, there is a significant and positive relationship between the perceived ease variable and the perceived usefulness variable. Furthermore, there is a significant and positive relationship between perceived usefulness and attitudes toward use. There is a positive and significant relationship between the variable of attitude to use and intention to use. There is also a positive and significant relationship between the variable of intention to use and actual use. However, the relationship between perceived usefulness and intention was negative and there was no significant relationship because solar panels have not been used or have a negative experience in rural communities. Based on the results, 6 variables have been added to the Davis technology acceptance model, and people in rural areas of the central part of Kermanshah township are interested in installing panels if the restrictions are lifted.   

   Gavoshan Dam is one of the major government development projects in rural areas. According to the official reports, this project has been created with the aim of supplying water to the agricultural lands of Bilevar and Mian Darb plains, as well as the economic development of the covered areas. However, research has shown that more than three decades after the construction of the dam, the Gavoshan water resources management plan has faced several challenges, including stakeholder conflict. Past research, however, has often tried to assess the economic and environmental impacts of the dam with a positivist paradigm, ignoring the social context in which the dam is built. Therefore, in this research, this time, using the qualitative method and naturalistic paradigm, the social effects of the dam are examined as perceived by the stakeholders. The main emphasis in this qualitative assessment has been on the analysis of social contradictions (as an emerging challenge). Participants in the study positively assessed the effects of the dam on quality of life and improving their sense of place, and believe that the implementation of this project has led to a reduction in social capital and damage to natural resources. Then, the cases of conflict between stakeholders were examined, which led to the identification of various patterns of conflict between stakeholders. The analysis of these cases, emphasizing the conflict management style, showed that the regional water company and Jihad Keshavarzi, as government officials in the implementation of this plan, using a competitive style, try to force other stakeholders to withdraw from their interests. In a way that despite increasing the income of residents and improving various aspects of their quality of life, adverse social effects such as conflict and reduced social capital still plague the residents of the region. Therefore, water shortages or economic problems alone are not a good justification for implementing such projects. It is suggested that in the implementation of development interventions at the strategic level, all aspects of development, especially the social dimensions of the residents of the affected areas should be evaluated. It is better to do this evaluation in the pre-project stages because prevention is always better than treatment.

  the aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of educational training courses and olive treatment at the beneficiaries of the olive orchards of dalaho countythe research method: this research was done by the type of research and descriptive - survey method. the questionnaire was made and its reliability validity was investigated. in order to evaluate the courses from two statistical population باغداران to 320 persons and experts and مروجان facilitator, 10 people were used in questionnaire. the questionnaire consisted of 14 questions to determine individual and professional characteristics of باغداران and the second part includes 19 گويه for determining the response from the viewpoint of people participating in the period; and the fourth part includes 34 گويه in the learning area. It is to be mentioned that the items on the questionnaire were designed in the questionnaire on a 3 - level Likert scale within the framework of the كرك كرك model

   Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the financial literacy of farmers in Mahidasht district in the academic year 1399. The approach of this research has been quantitative and descriptive-analytical in terms of applied purpose and in terms of achieving facts and data processing. The statistical population of this study consists of 202 farmers in Mahidasht district. The Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size. Sampling was performed using two-stage cluster random sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 6 sections was used to collect data. In the first part, the individual and professional characteristics of farmers were examined. In the second part of the dimensions of farmers' literacy, In the third part, farmers' attitudes toward financial literacy, In the fourth section, farmers' behavior regarding financial literacy, In the fifth section, farmers' knowledge about financial literacy, In the sixth and final section, farmers' challenges to achieving financial literacy were examined. The content validity and reliability of the questionnaire were also confirmed by the professors of the Department of Agricultural Extension and Education of Razi University, and Cronbach's alpha test.    and Smart software were used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis showed that There is a significant relationship between personal characteristics and professions of farmers with their knowledge, attitude, behavior and financial literacy. In general, farmers' financial literacy is a function of their personal and professional characteristics, as well as their knowledge, attitude and financial behavior. Keywords: investment, Literacy,   financial literacy, Financial self-efficacy, Mahidasht,   agricultural development

   In this study, the effects of planting date (November 1, mid-November and late October) and different nitrogen fertilizer treatments in rainfed (0,50,100,150 kg/h N) and irrigated (0,100,200,300 kg/h N) condition on yeild and morphological traits of Camellina were invesigated. In order to evaluate water use efficiency indicators, the amount of irrigation for water conditions for each planting date was calculated by volume method. For comparison of both conditions separately in the form of split-plot design in a randomized complete block.. The results showed that planting date had a significant effect on the yield parameters of camelina and only on traits (total yield and straw, nitrogen utilization efficiency-(UTE), straw protein% and straw protein yield) in rainfed conditions had a non significant effect. Also, traits (1000-grain weight, oil yield, oil-to-grain yield ratio, grain protein yield, UTE , nitrogen uptake efficiency (UPE), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), nitrogen harvest index, water use efficiency (grain yield and grain protein yield)) in conditions Irrigation was not affected by planting date. The results showed that fertilizer had a significant effect on all traits and only traits (total yield, straw yield and nitrogen harvest index) were not affected by fertilizer in rainfed conditions. Also in irrigated conditions, only traits (oil yield and oil water use efficiency) were not affected by fertilizer. Examination of morphological traits showed that in dryland conditions, all traits were affected by planting date and fertilizer and only the number of sub-branches was not affected by fertilizer. Also, all traits in irrigated conditions were subjected to fertilizer on the planting date and only the height trait was not significant and the GDD in both conditions was only affected by the planting date. Based on the results, it was found that the traits in both conditions and planting date and application of nitrogen fertilizer are different from each other so that all functional traits of rainfed conditions except (grain yield, oil to grain weight ratio and straw protein) on the second planting date have They were the highest and in response to nitrogen fertilizer, all traits increased by applying 150 kg of nitrogen fertilizer per hectare and only traits (oil to grain ratio, nitrogen harvest index, NUE, UPE and UTE) decreased with increasing nitrogen. Irrigation conditions were different so that most of the functional traits had the highest value in the first planting date and traits such as (straw protein%, protein to oil ratio, nitrogen harvest index and UTE) had the highest amount in the third planting date. Yields were also different among the amount of applied nitrogen fertilizer, so that the traits (oil and seed water use efficiency, grain yield, oil, harvest index and 1000-grain weight had the highest amount with the application of 100 kg N/h and other traits They increase the amount of N increased and only traits (UTE, NUE, UPE and nitrogen harvest index) had the highest values in the control. Examination of morphological characteristics showed that all traits reached their maximum on the first planting data with the highest amount of nitrogen fertilizer, and only the number of seeds per pod on the last planting data was different in irrigation conditions due to the simultaneous start of irrigation with the pod formation stage and GDD in the irrigation condition was higher than the rainfed and in both levels it had the highest value in the first planting date. Keywords: NUE, oil yield, phenological development, yield components

Abstract In the present study, the future of digital marketing of agricultural products in the post-corona era has been studied and the general approach of the research was mixed (qualitative-quantitative). The statistical population in this study was selected from among the experts, stakeholders and producers, 29 people from different sectors of agriculture and after a semi-structured interview method and a questionnaire whose validity and reliability through a panel of experts and reading notes for participants It was confirmed, , Which was identified by content analysis technique, parameters and key factors affecting the future of digital marketing of agricultural products, all factors in the form of "themes" and the most important key factors were separated and identified and then in the form of fuzzy Delphi technique. The key factors are identified and in the next step by forming a matrix of interactions in the form of Mick Mac technique, the type of effect of each of the influential and influential factors is identified and finally by forming the second matrix of thematic experts' surveys and polls. Impacts of each situation on each factor on other factors and data entry in ScenarioWizard software, possible scenarios in the future of digital marketing of agricultural products in order to provide useful solutions for better development of digital marketing management of agricultural products and hope to get results In order to achieve a comprehensive plan for the development and promotion of digital marketing of agricultural products, Amdeh achieved both among the bodies in charge of the agricultural sector and among agricultural producers. .  

   Abstract The overall purpose of this study was to explain the strategies of establishing green management in Razi University that all dimensions and factors affecting green management in the university were examined. The statistical population of the research in the first phase includes 247 experts (staff) and faculty members There were secrets that were selected by random sampling method (based on job discipline). Of these, 69 were experts and the rest were faculty (178). In the next phases, in order to validate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the university's progress in implementing green management and forming research matrices, 32 university experts were selected. The sampling method in this section was sampling of special or special cases. The quantitative phase data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire In the qualitative section, in order to obtain the available information about identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, the necessary information was received from the interviewees in three stages through interviews and by asking open-ended questions. According to the results, in a small phase, among the 6 dimensions of green management in the university, the education dimension was given higher priority and the tra  ortation dimension was given lower priority than other dimensions. Also, in order to prioritize the factors affecting green management, the attitude and awareness of some faculty members and staff of Razi University were given a higher priority and the factor of cooperation and empowerment of university actors were given a lower priority than other factors. In terms of quality, the results showed that Razi University is faced with more promotional factors than deterrents and in terms of internal factors, has a good position to implement activities related to green management in its structure. Razi University is also in a good position in terms of external factors to implement activities related to green management in its structure, and to implement green management in its structure should use external opportunities to eliminate internal weaknesses. In general, the main purpose of this study was to develop and select superior strategies for integrating green management in the structure of Razi University, and the results of the present study can help to develop green management processes in universities.   Key words: Green management, sustainable development, environmental problems, strategy formulation, green universit

   Abstract Purpose: today, the importance of strategic products such as oilseeds and especially rapeseed, has increased the necessity of paying attention to the role of effective factors on the improvement of the production value chain of this product. Accordingly, the purpose of this study has been the analysis of the value chain of rapeseed production and providing solutions to improve it.    Research Methodology: This research is an applied type and it has been done   with a combined approach(qualitative-quantitative). The study community consists 15 key informants in qualitative part. Data collection method was in the form of semi-structured interviews. In the quantitative part, data were collected using a questionnaire tool using two methods of survey(farmers N=130) and census(experts N=25).    Findings: The findings of this study showed that currently the rapeseed production value chain in Biston district includes 9 loops including rapeseed farmers, shopping centers, service centers, research centers, banks, supply and distribution of inputs. Tra  ortation, and insurance companies and most of them have been in unsuitable condition.   The first and most important challenge of this chain in Biston distric has been the shortage of machinery, especially harvesters, and   traditional operating system dominance, weakness in technical knowledge has increased production costs and negative profit margins for the producer loop. And reduced productivity of the chain.   Conclusion: all the loops in the value chain of rapeseed production have not achieved the expected performance in the studied dimensions and the effectiveness of the governing department by creating protections and constraints in policies and planning and monitoring how the activities are done is quite obvious. Therefore, it is necessary for the government and government institutions at the top and all actors in the chain to take a systematic look to optimize their actions in the chain and solve problems in the region. One of the achievements of this study was the identification of dysfunctional, missing and extra loops in the rapeseed production value chain in Biston district, which has not been addressed before. Keywords: Agricultural Development, Value Chain, Supply Chain, Rapeseed, Biston district.            

Abstract This research is paradigmatic in the form of a mixed method consisting of qualitative and quantitative method and in terms of purpose in the field of applied research in the form of a survey strategy. The purpose of this study was to Analysis of the distinguishing factors of local Stakeholder responsibility in the management of Jobsorkh watershed located in Chardavol city. The statistical population of this study in a small part included all villagers (heads of households) in the sub-basin of Jobsorkh of Chardavol (N = 1968). To determine the sample size, Morgan table was used and the sample size was 320 people and was selected using stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment. Also, the study population in the qualitative section included experts from the General Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Ilam Province and Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Chardavol city and local elites of the target villages. In this study, using in-depth interviews with analysis units, the initial indicators of responsibility were determined and used in quantitative terms. In a quantitative part, a questionnaire was used, the validity of which was confirmed using content validity and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha method (0.769 to 0.813). In this study, the field information obtained was analyzed using    software. The results of this study showed that 54.1% of the subjects had a high level of responsibility towards the implementation of watershed management projects in the study area. Also, 28.8% had moderate level of responsibility and 17.2% of the subjects had low level of responsibility. Also, the results of diagnostic analysis showed that the variables of attitude, participation and cooperation had the highest standard coefficient and this indicates the importance of these variables in predicting the responsible behavior of the subjects in the three >   Key words: accountability, participation, local community, watershed, Jobsorkh watershed      

  ReviewIn this descriptive survey, we tried to analyze urban agricultural mechanisms in primary schools of Kermanshah city. Three steps were designed to achieve the research objectives. In the first step, using quasi-experimental method and post-test pretest design with control group, the role of practical vegetable training in knowledge, attitude and skills of sixth grade elementary students in the academic year 2018-2019 was investigated. For this purpose, two groups of 55 students were studied using a researcher-made questionnaire. The results showed that after implementing practical vegetable training, there was a significant difference between the post-test and pre-test scores of the experimental group in terms of knowledge and attitude compared to the< control group (p In the next step, using descriptive phenomenology method, students' skills and practical experiences during the cultivation process were investigated. In this regard, purposive sampling method (N=30) data analysis using Colaysi method showed that students gained experiences such as conflict over product protection and providing facilities, learning with pleasure and competition during the cultivation process. In the last step, targeted field interviews were conducted with experts from the Education Organization, managers and parents. The results of data analysis using content analysis method showed that implementing farm school programs has advantages such as learning through practice, promoting agricultural jobs, learning with sheet pleasure, improving learning space, fostering students' creativity, increasing social capital, changing students' behavior, increasing valuation and promoting healthy eating culture, accelerating learning process, promoting urban agriculture, increasing parental interactions and students' income for school. In addition, the implementation of the farm school plan can be faced with challenges such as being costly and lack of credit, lack of necessary facilities in schools, need for specialized and skilled staff, time limits on cultivation and in schools, legal and administrative problems, opposing some parents with cultivation and work, resistance of the late educational staff against the complete implementation of the plan and negative attitude of the society towards agriculture.Keywords: Agricultural Development, Farm School, Urban Agriculture, Agriculture in Institutions, Elementary Students.

   Abstract: Job empowerment( employability) has been proposed as one of the key strategies for the development of entrepreneurial activities in rural areas. However, the empowerment and development of job skills of rural youth depends on various factors, among which teamwork skills have a special place. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the role of teamwork skills on the job empowerment of rural youth in rural communities, sanjabi rural Districtin in Kermanshah. The present research method was descriptive-analytical in terms of quantitative intellectual orientation. The statistical population of the study consisted of rural youth (15-35 years) (N = 4288). The sample size was determined using 351 multi-stage cluster sampling method. The data required for the research were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed through face and content validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed using   23 software. Based on the results, there was a significant relationship between teamwork­ skills, job empowerment   and psychological empowerment with demographic characteristics such as education level, job status and type of employment of rural youth. Findings from correlation analysis showed that teamwork­ skills and its components (except communication) have a direct and significant effect on the job employment of rural youth in Sanjabi rural district. The findings also showed a direct and significant effect of psychological empowerment and its components (except autonomy) on the teamwork skills of rural youth studied. The direct and significant effect of psychological empowerment and its components (except competency) on the job empowerment of rural youth in Sanjabi rural district was also confirmed. Finally, the findings of Teamwork skills (except for its components of communication, coordination and interpersonal communication) and psychological empowerment (except for its components of competence and Feeling effective) have affected the job empowerment of rural youth in sanjabi rural Districtin. The results of the present study indicate that the collective and Team skills and psychological readiness of young people are the motor and dynamics in the fields of team and group entrepreneurship to create employment, self-employment and income generation.    Keywords: Skill, Teamwork, Employability(Employment,Job), Rural Youth, Sanjabi Rural District.

  AbsteractIn today's world, the quality and health of food is one of the issues and challenges facing human society. Due to their economic benefits, vegetable farmers are always looking to maximize production per unit area by using a variety of chemical inputs and in cases of water shortages and crises, the use of unconventional water. This behavior of vegetable farmers is explained by several structures. The aim of this study was to investigate the position and role of values of vegetable farmers in Kermanshah in the production of healthy vegetables in 10 rural areas of the city. The present study was descriptive and exploratory. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire which was designed and compiled by examining the research background and using the standard questionnaire of Allport et al. (1970). Based on the results, there is a significant difference in socio-economic and theoretical values between the two groups of men and women. The results also showed that the level of literacy and adherence to values have an inverse and significant relationship (p = 0.015, rs = -0.151). Also, the results of comparison between different groups of vegetable growers in terms of age showed that there is a negative relationship between the age of the farmer and his values, and as he gets older, some values decrease (p = -0.3, rs = -. 0065). The results showed that attitude alone can not be effective in controlling the behavior of farmers in the production of healthy vegetables. But values can be effective in explaining the behavior of healthy vegetable production by influencing attitudes that act as an intermediate variable. There is also a positive and significant relationship between the farmer's attitude and his behavior and the farmer's attitude can affect his behavior. According to the research results, we found that there is always a direct relationship between the values of vegetable growers, their attitudes and behaviors, and values as the most important influential structure in the attitude of farmers can both directly and indirectly through the attitudes of individual thoughts in behavior. Guide healthy vegetable production and explain the results, the role and position of value in healthy vegetable production.  Keywords: ethics, value, agriculture, vegetable growing, development, sustainability, Kermanshah city.

  AbstractThe issues related to ownership and to bit lands, disputes created by land revoloutions are major challenges in agriculture section. Cadaster is a strategy that its use in Iran agriculture condition can be caused safe condition. On the other words, list ordered is associated to land parts that contain area, dimensions, application type, registration properties. Iran has not been paid much attentions cadaster up to 2014 years. Seemingly, cadaster plane has conducted from 2015 years in the country for imroving problems created on agriculture parts. For these reasons, cadaster has not still been evaluated. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the cadaster in Mahidasht townshi   in Kermanshah province. This study was conducted in qualitive form. The participants were ownerships and farmers in Mahidasht township, expertises in special section (companies conductor cadaster), in governmental section (Agriculture Jihad) and elites in agriculture section). To collect the data, semi-structured, group, observational and documental interviews were used. The results showed that the most important purpose for cadaster is to fix ownerships, and preparation of agriculture document. The most important disputes in Mahidasht was associated to heritance and application change. To obtain the purposes, not only private and governmental sections must be involved in conducting cadaster, but other people that benefite must be involved. It can be stated that cadaster is successive plane and can decreases disputes among farmers. The obatined results can have acheivements for Agriculture Jihad organization and the use of cadaster can be used for improving the purposes.   Cadaster can promte sustainable agriculture without the effect on disputes.Keywords: Cadaster, land cadaster,   roperty rights, land conflict, right to own land, land disputes, qualitive capability     

چكيدهرشد روزافزون جمعيت جهان، دستيابي همه افراد به تغذيه كافي و مطلوب را دچار مشكل ساخته است. موضوع كمبود مواد پروتئيني در اغلب كشورها، اهميت توليد و مصرف حبوبات را، مورد تأكيد قرارمي­دهد. افزون بر آن، حبوبات در تقويت حاصلخيزي خاك، تأمين علوفه دام و ايجاد پوشش گياهي مناسب و جلوگيري از فرسايش خاك نيز در ايران، موثراست (حسيني،   2008). نخود از نظر سطح زيركشت در بين حبوبات مقام اول را دارد كه بطور عمده بصورت ديم در غرب وشمال­غرب كشور كشت مي‌شود. نخود در عمده مناطق ايران بطور معمول در فصل بهار كشت مي­گردد. محققان معتقدند، انجام كشت پاييزه نخود بهتر از كشت مرسوم بهاره است و عملكرد محصول را افزايش مي­دهد. زيرا در كشت پاييزه مزاياي متعددي از بهره­مندي از نزولات آسماني پاييز و زمستان، ماشيني­كردن توليد، مقابله با خشكسالي، كاهش هزينه و افزايش توليد و درآمد وجود دارد. بنابراين اقداماتي از جمله، شناسايي و معرفي ارقام نخود پاييزه، طراحي و عرضه ماشين آلات وتجهيزات مورد نياز، انجام فعاليت­هاي تبليغي و ترويجي، واگذاري يارانه وتسهيلات كم­بهره، و ترويج فرهنگ مصرف نخود، توسط دستگاه­هاي زيربط از جمله سازمان جهاد كشاورزي استان كرمانشاه و مديريت جهاد كشاورزي روانسر، انجام شد. شواهد نشان مي­دهد پس از گذشت بيش از يك دهه از معرفي زراعت نخود پاييزه در بين كشاورزان روانسر و با وصف تلاش­هاي صورت گرفته در نشر، پذيرش و توسعه زراعت نخود پاييزه توفيق چنداني حاصل نشده­  hy; است بطوري­كه سالانه كمتر از 20 درصد از سطوح زراعت نخود ديم شهرستان روانسر، بصورت پاييزه اجرا مي­گردد. به نظر ميرسد پذيرش و توسعه زراعت نخود پاييزه از سوي كشاورزان روانسر از جنبه­هاي متعدد اقتصادي، اجتماعي، زراعي و زيست محيطي، حائز اهميت باشد. بنابراين بررسي و شناسايي عوامل موثر بر پذيرش اين محصول در ميان كشاورزان روانسراحساس ميگردد. بنابراين تحقيق حاضر، از نظر ماهيت از نوع پژوهش‌هاي كمي- كيفي، با غالبيت كمي و از لحاظ اهداف از نوع كاربردي مد نظر قرار گرفت. جامعه آماري تحقيق در بخش كمّي شامل 170 نفر از نخودكاران شهرستان روانسر مي­باشند، كه در سال زراعي 1396-1395 در دهستان‌هاي بدر و حسن‌آباد حداقل براي دومين بار، اقدام به زراعت نخود پاييزه نموده­اند. در اين مرحله محقق با ارائه آمار توصيفي و با استفاده از مدل پذيرش راجرز (1995) به تحليل پذيرش زراعت نخود پاييزه در شهرستان روانسر مي­پردازد. به عبارت ديگر، ويژگي­هاي پنج­گانه نوآوري راجرز (مزيت نسبي، پيچيدگي، سازگاري، مشاهده­پذيري و آزمون­پذيري) در فرايند پذيرش و انتخاب زراعت نخود پاييزه توسط نخودكاران روانسر، مورد تحليل و تبيين قرار گرفت. در ادامه به منظور اطمينان و اعتبار بخشي به يافته­هاي كمي از روش كيفي، با بهره­گيري از تكنيك مطالعه موردي استفاده شد. نتايج فاز كمي تحقيق نشان داد، از نظر نخودكاران پاييزه روانسر زراعت نخود پاييزه داراي ويژگي­هاي نوآورانه تئوري راجرز مي­باشد و اين ويژگي­ها نقش موثري در پذيرش اين زراعت داشته است. در اين ميان بيشترين نقش به ترتيب مربوط به ويژگي مشاهده­پذيري، آزمون­پذيري، سازگاري، مزيت نسبي و پيچيدگي است. يافته­هاي فاز كيفي تحقيق، بطور عميق نقش و تاثير خصوصيات پنجگانه نوآوري راجرز را در پذيرش زراعت نخود پاييزه   را نشان داد و به نتايج فاز كمي اعتبار بخشيد. بطور كلي نتايج تحقيق مؤيد نقش تاثير گذار ويژگي­هاي نوآورانه زراعت نخود پاييزه در پذيرش اين زراعت مي­باشد بطوري­كه نخودكاران پاييزه ابتدا متكي به مشاهدات عيني خود از منافع زراعت نخود پاييزه هستند. سپس ترجيح مي­دهند در صورت امكان، آنرا آزمون و امتحان نمايند و چنانچه با شرايط آنان سازگاري داشته و از مزيت نسبي برخوردار بود، اين زراعت را پذيرفته و در جهت كاهش پيچيدگي آن تلاش مي­نمايند. به عبارت ديگر ويژگي­هاي مشاهده­پذيري و آزمون­پذيري در پذيرش اوليه و ابتدايي زراعت نخود پاييزه نقش بسزايي دارد و ويژگي­هاي سازگاري، مزيت نسبي و پيچيدگي در تداوم و پذيرش نهايي مؤثرتر هستند.

  Over the past few decades, the concept of cross-border agricultural production has emerged as a new form of exploitation systems. Trans-Asian agriculture means the production of basic agricultural inputs and products by one country in other countries and the transfer of inputs and products to the domestic market in order to respond to domestic demand (Khalidi et al., 2014). According to research carried out over the last few years, many measures have been taken in this regard in Iran, in which, according to Article A, a regulation passed by the government on 25/5/95 deals with cross-border agricultural issues Is. Since then, states have entered into agrarian agreements with other countries, including Brazil, Kyrgyzstan, Vietnam, Uruguay, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Russia and Ghana. Most of these contracts are between 25 and 49 years old and now more than 2.5 million hectares of land are proposed for over-the-border cultivation, which is being negotiated with the respective countries.Aims: The general objective of this study is to analyze the strategic cross-country agricultural policy in Iran.Research method: The present study is qualitative research in terms of paradigm and is applicable in terms of purpose. Technique and data collection tool: Deep interviews will be semi-structured until we continue the interviews to achieve theoretical saturation. Validity and reliability of research will be achieved through the triangulation method (trinity). The overall basis for analyzing and reporting the findings will be the SWOT matrix. The community studied will be specialists, experts, investors, investor and host parties, and a targeted targeted sampling method for typical cases and snowball.Keywords: Cross-Country Agriculture, Strategic Model SWOT, Basic Theory, ODM Model, Iran

  The use of academic research results over the last few centuries has provided the underlying foundation for advancement and development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the barriers to the application of academic research by students and to provide guidelines for applying academic research on the campus of agriculture and natural resources of Razi University with a quantitative and qualitative combination approach. The study population was in the qualitative section including faculty members of Agricultural Campus, Agricultural Jihad Experts and Agricultural Research Center of Kermanshah. The data collection tool was semi-structured interview in qualitative method. The statistical population of the study in the quantitative section included graduate students (N = 360). 202 students were selected using Cochran formula and stratified sampling was used for sampling. The results of the qualitative section data showed that the barriers to the non-application of academic research to the two general categories are factors outside the university based on the economic, social, cultural and macroeconomic structures of the country and the Ministry of Science, and the second group is the factors of the university. Which includes manpower, equipment and facilities, university environment and education. The findings of the quantitative section showed that students were not at the desired level in terms of individual characteristics, literacy and faculty and, on the other hand, students acknowledged that the economic, social, educational, and structural factors were as high as 75% in the non-application of research Have a role. Given the identification of barriers to the application of research, suggestions and strategies have been presented by the studied community and the researcher.

  The research was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of informal vocational training of wheat farming in the province of Kermanshah. The study population of this study is trained farmers in the field of wheat farming in Kermanshah province, which was trained in the field of wheat cultivation in 1395-1393. They are unaware of wheat farming. This research was carried out using qualitative method. For sampling and collecting data, a semi-structured interview was used. In this regard, 22 of the participants in the dir="RTL">  

   In the present study Investigating   measure the rural social welfare Mansour aghaei District of   Ravansar Township was Shahu section. the general approach of present study mixed (qualitative-Quantitative). The   statistic society of the study acolyte and management expert organizations in the field of social welfare and the District rurals formed Mansour aghaei. The qualitative, the purposive sampling method, 10 samples, and the Quantitative, simple random sampling, 189 rurals were selected as sample. In the qualitative information collected through Delphi technique and Quantitative was done through a questionnaire. In the qualitative method to evaluate the reliability and validity of the "triangle of Research Team" and "review experts" were used. Validity of the Quantitative by the faculty members promoting the education of Agriculture Razi University accredited and its reliability using Cronbachs alpha coefficient was confirmed. In the qualitative content analysis and quantitative analysis tools software was   16. The results showed that job satisfaction indices, cohesion and social participation and life satisfaction in first ranks set rural social welfare indices and indices of income and job security were the last ranks. The results of correlation analysis showed a significant positive relation between age, education and income with social welfare, which distributes each of these variables by increasing the amount of rural social welfare increases.  

  The study of students views about the hidden curriculum in agricultural fields of Razi University     Amirhosein Alibeigi1, Parvaneh Ahookhosh2       Hidden curriculum is the same experiences that students learn at the University and during the inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; TEXT-INDENT: -0.5pt; MARGIN: 0cm -0.3pt 0pt 0.35pt; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: ltr" >This qualitative research is done with case study method on agricultural students of Razi University. Data through individual semi - structured and deep interviews on the 25 students (sampling with maximum difference method) up to the time of data saturation was done and the content analysis method was used (using the software Maxquda 12). Among the total of 75 codes extracted from the results, 5 themes were extracted which each one contain numerous themes. Among these themes, factors such as taking routine in terms of teaching methods and content, cold and non-effective interactions between master and student, unfair evaluation, the lack of attention to the needs and expectations of students and then the negative views of students towards their ability and field of study can be named.   Reduced motivation and escape of educational environment, the lack of a useful and fruitful communication with the master, come down the academic performance of students, the lack of desire to participate in practical and entrepreneur activities, increased anxiety and stress, a sense of skepticism toward the continuing education, reduce self-esteem, hopele  ess and extreme negative in students, are the common perspectives towards the hidden curriculum.   One of the experiences acquired by the students can be notice to these cases: learning to fawn for raising confirmation sense of the masters, becoming the score as a criterion and increase the cheat to earn more score at any cost, to memorize the curriculum materials pasittacinely, disregard to the practical and left; LINE-HEIGHT: 107%; TEXT-INDENT: 0cm; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: ltr" align=left>      Keywords: Hidden Curriculum, Agriculture Higher Education, Social Interactions, Teaching Methods, Evaluation Methods.   

    AbstractDifferent species of Pythium and Phytophthora are the main causal agents of seed rots, damping-off of seedlings, root and crown rot and sudden death of cucurbits. The pathogens inflict major yield losses in cucurbits. Regarding to significant acreage of cucurbits cultivation in Kermanshah province, this study was conducted to identify the dominant Oomycetes species in cucurbits fields of the region and to investigate their phylogenetic relationships specially those isolates that have intermediate morphological states.During field visits, from May to September 2014, More than three hundreddiseased samples were collected from 86 cucurbits (cucumber, watermelon, melon and squash) fields in various parts of Kermanshah province and 347 oomyceteisolates were recovered.Species were identified based on morphological characteristics of sexual and asexual organs and colony morphology on various media. Partial cytochrome oxidase II (COX II) DNA coding sequences and internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of selected isolates were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis using genetic distance method with Neighbor Joining (NJ) approach was performed using the MEGA5 software.Based on morphological, physiological and phylogenetic studies, Nine Pythiumspecies (including: P. aphanidermatum,P. dissotocum,P. catenulatum, P. kashmirense,P. middletonii, P. nodosum, P. oligandrum, P. torulosum and P. ultimum), two phytopythiumspecies (Pp. mercurial and Pp. Litorale)andthree Phytophthora species (Ph. melonis, Ph. nicotianae andPh. parasitica)were identified. P. aphanidermatum was the dominant species in cucurbit field of Kermanshah province and nearly 48 percent of oomycetes isolates were belonged to the species.This is the first report of Pp. mercurial from Iran. The association of Pp. mercurial, P. kashmirense and P. torulosum with disease symptoms in cucurbits is also reported for the first time in the world.Pathogenicity tests showed that all oomycetes species identified in this study werepathogenicat leaston some tested cucurbit plants including cucumber, watermelon, melon, cantaloupe and squash. P. aphanidermatum,P. ultimum, Pp. Litorale, Ph. nicotianae andPh. parasitica were pathogenicon all

پيش بيني پذيرش نظام كشاورزي حفاظتي در اقليم كردستان عراق با استفاده از قضييه بيز:مطالعه موردي منطقه گرميان

ارزيابي عملكرد شركت هاي خدمات بيمه اي كشاورزي در استان كرمانشاه  

Abstract Social development of rural communities as a matter of social health in developing sustainable rural development, among other dimensions is very important, so this applied research to analyze the training needs of rural women related to Social Health Ghalaeshahin District, Sarpole-Zahab Township with descriptive- correlation method. The statistical population included rural women of Ghalaeshahin District, Sarpole-Zahab Township (N=187) that of 209 samples of rural women to two-stage cluster sampling technique appropriate assignment. Instruments measure social health and   training needs related to Social Health and Keyes social health questionnaire to assess promotion challenges of social health, educational resources in the field of social health training, social health awareness of and individual factors affecting social health the researcher-made questionnaire was used.   16 software using data collected was analyzed. By Expert Panel confirmed the validity and reliability, with Cronbachs alpha coefficient was calculated. The results showed that moderate social health rural women And awareness in the field of social health was moderate. Prioritization training needs in the field of social health for rural women indicated that the need to train more social participation and social cohesion in the less need for training. The results of the study also showed the personal factors affecting the social health, social health awareness, the watching television, the active recreation and the communication skills to have the highest impact on social health. In order to improving social health challenges through exploratory factor analysis was identified six factors that socio-individual challenges, cultural, individual, management-planning, management, and family socio-individual factors with 43/13 percent of the total variance, as the most important challenge was to improve social health.Keywords: training needs, social health, social participation, social adaptation, rural women.

   Agriculture teachers participate in various work and life roles, which can create challenges when trying to balance the pressures and responsibilities associated with each role. When one is unable to balance and prioritize between roles, both satisfaction and professional commitment may be reduced. The purpose of this study was to describe Tehran agriculture teachers’ job satisfaction, professional commitment, and perceived ability to balance work and life roles. Additionally, this study sought to describe the influence of ability to balance work and life roles, on job satisfaction, and professional commitment.   The study population consisted of agricultural teachers at Teahran Province (N=170) and samples were selected through stratified sampling technique (n=108). Job Satisfaction Questionnaire and commitment Minnesota Blau professional career commitment questionnaires were used for data collection. Based on the findings, ability to balance work, and job satisfaction of teachers was low and the professional commitment was high. Regression analysis revealed that work-life balance with individual variables, family and professional showed that the flexibility in the final hours and start work, take time off for family emergencies and events, bachelors wife, a role ambiguity, having a second job and have fewer children than the two on the balance between work and life impact. Correlation analysis of work-life balance and job satisfaction and professional commitment concluded that the work-life balance is a significant relationship with job satisfaction and professional commitment. In order to investigate the effect of the components work-life balance, job satisfaction and professional commitment of multiple regression were used. According to the results, it was found that the total components work-life balance, job satisfaction and be able to explain 38 percent of variation of 42 percent of changes in Tehrans commitment agricultural instructors were professional. Keywords  Work-life balance, job satisfaction, professional commitment, agricultural teachers  

    AbstractSignificant changes are taking place in the agricultural sector around the world. Farmers have to adapt to these changes will achieve profitability and revenue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of knowledge and attitude were conducted on the behavior of business management. The study of the purpose and the method is descriptive survey. The study population consisted of all farmers in the southern province of Kerman is working Saifi (75000 N =). The statistical sample according to the sample table Morgan (1970), 382 students who were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. Finally 363 questionnaires were Tkml (rate of return = 95/0). The research instrument was a questionnaire validity promoting the education of Agriculture, Razi University faculty member was obtained. The results showed that 2/83 percent of respondents had an average knowledge of their farm business management. Attitudes of Respondents also indicated that 1.85% of the population have a positive attitude towards managing their business. The behavior of workers in the field of business management as well as summer crops showed that there is a majority of respondents in a range from average (86%) are located. The results of the challenge are grouped in six categories: 1. Management - organizational, economic 2-, 3- Training - information, 4- individual factors, -5 and -6 natural factors were dir=rtl align=right>Key words: business management field, knowledge, attitude, behavior, conservatives summer, the southern province of Kerman    AbstractSignificant changes are taking place in the agricultural sector around the world. Farmers have to adapt to these changes will achieve profitability and revenue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of knowledge and attitude were conducted on the behavior of business management. The study of the purpose and the method is descriptive survey. The study population consisted of all farmers in the southern province of Kerman is working Saifi (75000 N =). The statistical sample according to the sample table Morgan (1970), 382 students who were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. Finally 363 questionnaires were Tkml (rate of return = 95/0). The research instrument was a questionnaire validity promoting the education of Agriculture, Razi University faculty member was obtained. The results showed that 2/83 percent of respondents had an average knowledge of their farm business management. Attitudes of Respondents also indicated that 1.85% of the population have a positive attitude towards managing their business. The behavior of workers in the field of business management as well as summer crops showed that there is a majority of respondents in a range from average (86%) are located. The results of the challenge are grouped in six categories: 1. Management - organizational, economic 2-, 3- Training - information, 4- individual factors, -5 and -6 natural factors were dir=rtl align=right>Key words: business management field, knowledge, attitude, behavior, conservatives summer, the southern province of Kerman