The cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a key storage pest of legumes in tropical regions such as Iran, with losses reaching up to 90% during storage. Damage includes seed weight reduction, perforation, and secondary contamination. Using chemical insecticides such as malathion and thiamethoxam in storage faces challenges, including pest resistance and environmental pollution. Therefore, integrated pest management (IPM) with entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae is proposed to reduce the use of these insecticides. These fungi control pests by penetrating the cuticle and producing degradative enzymes, but their slow action requires a combination with insecticides. This study aimed to evaluate the individual efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (selected isolate) and two commonly used insecticides, thiamethoxam (a neonicotinoid) and malathion (an organophosphate), as well as their interactions on adult C. maculatus under laboratory conditions. After determining lethal and sublethal doses and other toxicological parameters using probit models for single agents, the impact of simultaneous application of the fungus with sublethal insecticide doses was assessed. Analytical methods such as the co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) and combination analysis models were used to evaluate the type of interaction (synergistic, additive, or antagonistic). The laboratory methodology included Iranian-native fungal isolates, pest rearing on chickpea (28°C, 75% RH), bioassays at various concentrations, and statistical analysis of synergy. Results showed that the selected fungal isolates were highly virulent; B. bassiana and M. anisopliae caused 70-85% mortality at 10^6-10^7 conidia/mL concentrations. In seed treatment, insecticides were more effective with thiamethoxam, having a lower LD50. Regarding compatibility, sublethal insecticide doses (LD25) had only minor adverse effects on mycelial growth (10-15% reduction), sporulation (20% reduction), and conidial viability (80-90% retained), with malathion being more compatible than thiamethoxam. Regarding mixtures, results showed that combining the fungus with LC25 of insecticides induced synergy, raising mortality to 90-95% and reducing lethal time from 7-10 days to 4-6 days. The interaction between thiamethoxam at a sublethal dose and M. anisopliae produced the most potent synergistic effect. This indicates that a very low dose of thiamethoxam (about one-quarter of LD50) amplified the fungus's pest-killing ability by more than threefold. This synergy is likely due to neonicotinoids weakening the insect's immune system, facilitating fungal penetration. Native isolates are effective, and co-application reduces pesticide use by 50-70%, manages resistance, and preserves the environment. Synergism is due to the weakening by insecticides and easier fungal entry. Compared to similar studies, Iranian native isolates perform better. Challenges include fungal persistence at low storage humidity and the need for commercial formulations. Recommendations include field trials and integration with other IPM factors for broader application in Iranian storage systems. This study lays the groundwork for combined biological-chemical formulations to enhance food security and sustainable agriculture.    Keywords: Malathion, thiamethoxam, toxicity, mixture, synergism, antagonism, fungal fitness, integrated pest management.   

The parasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hym., Braconidae), plays a crucial role in the biological control of lepidopteran larvae. However, producers face significant challenges in storing and maintaining the quality of this wasp during cold storage, as the production process for both the wasp and its host takes approximately two months. Optimal cold storage is essential not only for preventing a decline in the wasp's quality but also for ensuring a constant supply of sufficient and timely quantities. This study investigated the impact of feeding during a four-week cold storage period on the mortality rate and biological characteristics of H. hebetor. This study was conducted experimentally under laboratory conditions. The host, Mediterranean flour moth larvae (Ephestia kuhniella Zeller), was reared at a temperature of 27±2°C, with a relative humidity of 65±5%, in darkness. The parasitoid wasp, H. hebetor, was reared at a temperature of 25±2°C, with a relative humidity of 65±5%, and a photoperiod of 16L:8D hours. Adult wa   of the same age were kept in a refrigerator at 5±1°C under two conditions: without feeding and with feeding using a diluted water and honey solution (1:5 every 48 hours). In each condition, at least 20 pairs of adult male and female wa   of the same age were observed. After verifying the normality of the data, statistical comparisons were made using one-way ANOVA, and treatments were grouped using the Tukey HSD test. The results of this study demonstrate that feeding the parasitoid wasp H. hebetor during cold storage positively impacts the quality and efficiency of the wa  . Specifically, providing a diluted water and honey solution reduced mortality, increased oviposition, and improved parasitism, without affecting the sex ratio. Feeding during cold storage can prevent high mortality rates and reduce quality loss and inefficiency in H. hebetor. These findings can assist producers in optimizing storage methods and maintaining wasp quality, ensuring a consistent supply of high-quality wa   when needed for biological control. Keywords: Feeding, storage, parasitoid wa  , mediterranean flour moth, and biological control   

   The Mesquites shrub is the dominant forest cover in the south of Sistan and Baluchestan province. This shrub has many uses for the indigenous people of these regions by producing animal fodder, wood production, green space and medical uses. The fauna of mites associated with Mesquites shrub has not been studied in Iran so far and there is no knowledge of the existence of beneficial or harmful species of mites in this region. During a study from 1401 to 1403, samples were taken from the branches and leaves of trees and also the soil under the shade of Mesquites shrubs in the Konarak region of Sistan and Baluchestan province to collect the fauna of mites associated withMesquites, then the samples were transferred to the laboratory for slide preparation and microscopic identification, in the laboratory the samples were separated and cured with lactic acid and microscopic slides were prepared from them by Hoyer. The obtained samples were separated according to the family and identified using a valid internal and external key. Also, some samples were sent to the relevant specialist for confirmation. In this study, a total of 15 species belonging to 12 families and seven superfamilies were collected and identified, with species new to the world marked with (*), species new to Iran marked with (**), and species new to Sistan and Baluchestan marked with (***) as follows: Superfamily Trtranychoidea Donnadieu, 1857: Family Tetranychidae Donnadieu, 1875: Magdalena   .**, Superfamily Raphignathoidea Kramer, 1877: Family Eupalopselidae Willmann, 1952: Exothoris sp.***, Family Caligonelidae Grangjean, 1944: Neognayhus eupalopus Meyer & Ueckerman, 1989,*** Molothrognathus mehrnejadi Liang & Zhang, 1977, Family Camerobiidae Southcott, 1957: Neophyllobius sp., Family Raphignathidae Kramer, 1877: Raphignathus zhaoi Hu, Jian & Liang, 1995, Raphignathus sp., Superfamily Tydeoidea Kramer, 1877: Family Tydeidae Kramer, 1877: Neolorryia pandana Baker, 1968,** Lorryia sp.*, Family Iolinidae Pritchard, 1956, Pronematus ubiquitous McGregor, 1932,*** Superfamily Bdelloidea: Family Bdellidae Duge?s, 1834, Spinibdella cronini Baker & Blocker, 1944, Family Cunaxidae Thor, 1902: Cunaxa capreolus Berlese, 1889, Superfamily Erythraeoidea: Family Erythraeidae Oudemans, 1902: Andrevella sp.Superfamily Caeculoidea: Family Caeculidae: Allocaeculus sp. Superfamily Phytoseioidea: Family Phytoseiidae Berlese, 1916: Neoseiulus marginatus.

  اينتحقيق به بررسي ميزان آلودگي درختان نارون در شهر كرمانشاه به سوسك برگ‌خوار نارون، Xanthogaleruca luteol

   One of the most important pests that attack agricultural and greenhouse plants and in case of severe damage causes changes in the shape of the fruit and leaves of the plant, is onion trips Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). In the current research, population fluctuations and spatial distribution of this pest were investigated in the field conditions of the Canyon variety beans in Sanandaj city (Kurdistan province) in the years 1401 and 1402. Bean leaf was selected as sampling unit. Sampling was done on a weekly basis, and for this purpose, 52 bean plants were selected in each turn, and three lower, middle and upper leaves were selected from each bean plant, and the leaves were shaken on a white tray, and then the thrips inside the tray was transferred into Eppendorf containing 75% ethyl alcohol by a soft brush. The results of this study showed that the population of onion thrips was active in the field from July and gradually increased their activity and density so that the highest population of onion thrips in 1401, in the first week of August with Average (11.65±0.14) and in 1402 at the end of August with an average (11.29±0.23) thrips was observed in the sampling unit. Also, the highest mean number of onion thrips was observed with a significant difference in the lower leaves compared to the middle and upper leaves of beans. The results of the spatial distribution of the pest showed that according to both Taylor and Iowa methods, the spatial distribution of onion thrips was uniform. In general, the results of this study showed that onion thrips population reaches its peak in August in both years studied. Also, the Iowa method was evaluated as more suitable than the Taylor method for estimating the spatial distribution of the pest.

   Oak forests located in the western part of country represent a significant ecological advantage due to their rich biodiversity. These forests include diverse species of oak, Quercus   . Mismanagement and adverse climatic factors make this valuable ecosystem prone to attack by pest insects and the pest insects also accelerate the process of forest deterioration. These pest insects not only cause damage to the forests but also expedite the process of forest deterioration. One of the major pests that target oak trees in the Zagros region is the acorn weevil, Curculio glandium Marsh (Col.: Curculionidae). The larvae of this insect feed on the internal contents of the oak fruits, leading to their damage. Consequently, this disturbs the natural process of the regeneration and hampers the forest's ability to regenerate naturally. This study was conducted in 2022-2023, simultaneously in Dalahu and Islamabad oak forests. From the beginning to the end of the growing season, oak trees were regularly visited and sampled. Oak fruits were randomly collected, than the data were collected and recorded. In the laboratory, infested samples were dissected under a microscope. The biological stages of the pest, such as the place and time of egg laying, the hatching time, the larval stages, the occurrence of the adult insect, morphological characters and natural enemies were investigated. Based on the collected data and climatological data of the region, the peak population in Dalahu was determined on the 20th of Mehr (2022) and in Islamabad West on the 12th of Mehr (2022).The acorn weevil, Curculio glandium, shows an annual life cycle, completing one generation per year. The spatial distribution pattern in Dalahu was determined to be of the cumulative type, while in Eslamabad-e  Gharb it was found to be of the random type. The results of this study are effective in improving management measures to control this acorn weevil pest. Keywords: Biological agents, Forest, Acorn feeders, Oak, Western country, Kermanshah

   The greater wax moth is one of the most important pests of stored products and honeybee colonies especially honeybee wax combs in the hives or stored wax combs which this pest inflicts heavy damage on beekeepers every year by feeding on wax combs inside the hives as well as stored wax combs. The present study aimed to investigate different methods of integrated management of large wax moths in beehives and storage warehouses during the spring to summer of 1402 in 35 Iranian honey bee colonies in the climatic conditions of Marivan city of Kurdistan province, Iran. This study was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design with six treatments (including strong apiary, weak apiary, dark warehouse, light warehouse, organic acid treatment, and control treatments) and five replications. Field surveys were conducted for 20 days on experimental treatments. Variance analysis of data was done using    V.22 software, and a comparison of averages was done based on the LSD method. The results of the variance analysis of the number of wax moths in the strong apiary showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest number of wax moths was observed in the control treatment, and the lowest its was related to treatments 1 and 4. The results of the variance analysis of the number of wax moths in the poor apiary showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest number of wax moths was observed in the second treatment, and the lowest its was in the control treatment. The results of variance analysis of the mortality rate of wax moths in the treatment of organic acids showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest and lowest number of dead wax moths were related to formic acid and control treatments, respectively. The results of the variance analysis of the number of adult wax moths seen in the dark warehouse showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest number of wax moths was observed in treatment 5, and the lowest was related to the control treatment. The results of variance analysis of the number of adult insects observed in the bright warehouse showed that there is a significant difference between the groups (P < 0.05). Based on the results of the average comparison, the highest and lowest number of observed wax moths were related to the control treatment and second treatment, respectively.

   Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of the most important pests of apple that reduces yield and crop quality. Control methods have been based predominantly on the use of broad spectrum insecticides. Concerns over the safety, environmental impact, development of insecticide resistance in codling moth and sustainability of synthetic pesticides have engendered development and use of softer control methods within the integrated pest management strategy. One of the softer methods that is increasingly being employed for codling moth control is mating disruption employing the female codling moth sex attractant.   The potential of pheromones for use in commercial pest control needs to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis due to the diverse nature of these signaling compounds, but they been shown to be highly effective in the case of pests like Codling moth. According to different environmental conditions to take best results for control of pest, determination of best heights and color of pheromone traps is important in Kurdistan province. In this research, the influence colors and heights pheromone trap captures were investigated. The experiment was conducted in factorial based on a complete randomized design with three replications during 2023. In this study the effects of two factors, trap colors (blue, green, yellow and white) and the trap heights (0.5, 1 and 1.5 m), were evaluated on the catch of adults. The results showed that color and height have significant effect on the number of males captured by traps. The results indicated that in the first generation the highest number of codling moth with the mean of 7.8 were observed in white trap and the lowest number of codling moth with the mean of 3.2 were observed in blue trap. In the first and second generation the highest number of codling moth were observed in 1.5 m height trap. In the second generation the highest number of codling moth with the mean of 9.2 were observed in green trap and the lowest number of codling moth with the mean of 1.8 were observed in blue trap. There were no significant interactions between trap colour and trap height at 5% error probability level. In this research green and white traps were significantly more effective than others colors. Result showed that there were not significant differences among the cultivars in pest density in the first and second generation. The results clearly indicated that green traps in the height of 1.5 m is the most effective trap for control of codling moths    Keywords: Codling moth, pheromone trap, delta trap, mass trapping, saghez city

Stonefruit trees are very important in Iran and play an important role in the country's economy. Various pests and diseases reduce the performance of these products. Mediterranean fruit fly with the scientific name Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Dip: Tephritidae) is one of the most damaging pests of kernel trees in the world. o control this pest, the use of chemical methods is not appropriate due to the side effects, and it is necessary to use methods such as mass trapping using traps and different attractants. This study was conducted in 2022 as a complete random block design in a mixed fruit garden (peach, nectarine, plum, apricot, and almond) in the agricultural research center and natural resources of Kermanshah with an area of two hectares. In this study, the performance of several types of attractant compounds (Seratrope, Trimedlor, Biolor, Protein hydrolyzate, Sugar beet molasses, and Ammonium acetate) in attracting Mediterranean fruit fly was investigated using McPhail trap.    software was used to analyze the variance of the data obtained from the study of different Mediterranean fruit fly attractants and the average treatments were compared with the Tukey test at the five percent level. The trend of weekly changes in the mediterranean fruit fly population in different treatments and sampling dates was drawn using Excel software. The results of this research showed that the first female Mediterranean fruit fly was caught on 10 July 2022 and the first male Mediterranean fruit fly was caught on 16 July 2022. The peak population date of this pest was 11 September 2022 with 234 flies. Based on the results of the analysis of variance, there was a significant difference between different attractants in terms of the number of trapped pests (df=4; f=249/97; pvalue<0.01). Baylor treatment attracted the highest average of Mediterranean flies, and Baylor treatment attracted the highest average of Mediterranean flies, and Baylor treatment, Trimedlor®, and Ammonium acetate treatments were placed. In addition, the amount of damage caused to the desired garden was 35%. Baylor and Trimedlor attractants, which had the highest hunting of Mediterranean fruit flies, are recommended to control this pest.      

   The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an oligophagous pest with a worldwide distribution that feeds on Solanaceae. In addition to the damage caused in the field, this insect is considered the most destructive pest of potatoes in storage, whose larvae can destroy the whole crop by digging deep channels in potato tubers and causing rots due to the entrance of secondary pathogens in severe contamination. The use of insecticides against storage pests is limited due to jeopardizing food security and the development of resistance. Therefore, low-risk or safe management methods should replace chemical control. Irradiation with ultraviolet rays is a safe method that can play an effective role in integrated management programs of this insect in the warehouse. Therefore, this study was designed with the aim of evaluating the role of UV-C radiation in the control of potato tuber moth for the post-harvest stages. Irradiating different ages of eggs for four minutes with this ray showed that as the age increases, the sensitivity to ultraviolet rays increases, so after this irradiation, only 61.67% of the four-day-old eggs hatched. Next, to achieve the most effective duration of radiation, four-day egg cohort groups were irradiated with UV-C rays for different periods of one, two, four, six, and 10 minutes, and their biological parameters were compared with the control treatment (without radiation) via studying the age-stage two-sex life table. The results showed that the pre-adult duration and the percentage of survival rate in this period and adult longevity increased, decreased and decreased respectively with the increase in the duration of irradiation. Also, life table parameters including the age-stage specific survival rate, the age-specific fecundity, the age-stage specific survival rate, the life expectancy and the age-stage reproductive value, were negatively affected by UV-C radiation and dependent on the duration of irradiation. In addition, all population parameters were also affected by this radiation and directly related to the duration of radiation. The values of intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate of increase (?), the net reproductive rate (R0) and the mean generation time (T) for the control treatment were estimated 0.1345 day-1, 1.1440 day-1, 68.39 eggs and 31.42 days, that reached to 0.0099 day-1, 0.0990 day-1, 0.64 eggs and 45.01 days, respectively after eight minutes of irradiation to the eggs. Finally, the high efficiency of UV-C rays to control potato tuber moth in laboratory conditions was determined. Still, more studies are needed before implementing this control method in potato storages.

   Oak thrips, Liothrips pragensis Uzel is found on oak trees in Zagros forests. In this study, population fluctuation and spatial distribution of this species were investigated in oak forests of Javanrud county (Kermanshah province), in 2021. Oak leaves were selected as the sampling unit. Sampling was performed every week from five different areas, so leaves were shaken on a white plastic tray and thrips specimens with a soft brush were transferred into Eppendorf tubes containing 75% alcohol. The results showed that the activity of oak thrips in all five studied areas was occurred on May and their activity and density gradually decreased until it reached its lowest level in September. The highest population density of oak thrips was observed on May with an average of 2.93 ± 0.56, 2.23 ± 0.47, 2.23 ± 0.34, and 0.90 ± 0.28 thrips per sample unit, in Sefid Barg, Bile'ei, Cheshme Miran and Helanie areas, respectively. However, the highest density was obtained in Hori Abad region in June with an average of 2.06 ± 0.43 thrips per sampling unit. The results of spatial distribution showed that the spatial distribution of oak thrips based on Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s methods was random and aggregated, respectively. Furthermore, based on goodness of fit, the Iwao’s patchiness method was more suitable than the Taylor’s power law method for estimating the spatial distribution of the pest.

  Currently, the corona virus has spread all over the world and its dimensions have affected all sectors and economic activities. The agricultural sector has not been spared from this impact. They provide food for the country, so harm to these communities can seriously endanger food security. , Is phenomenological in terms of research method and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the present study consists of rural households in Miandarband district. Targeted sampling method and data collection method was focus group interview, observation and under special circumstances, telephone interview, a total of 17 households were interviewed. "Food security and the least impact on the" food preferences "dimension of food security. The results of the study can have benefits for rural health centers, jihad centers, aid organizations, and rural managers such as councils and villages.

Most scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) are agricultural pests and natural resources in different parts of the world and cause great damage to important crops and other plants each year. Mites (Arachnida: Acari) associated to scale insect, plays several roles such as predator, parasite, decay eater, carcass eater, fortic, honeydew eater, symbiotic and use of waxy cover as shelter on plants. mites can feed on some Diaspididae scale insect or use some Pseudococcidae and Coccidae as shelters, therefore, some mites can reduce the pest population without the use of pesticides. In this study, which was conducted between 2019 to 2021, relationships between mites associated to scale insects in Kermanshah region were studied and identified. For this study , parts of the host including the trunk, twigs and leaves infected with scale insect were cut with garden shears and transferred to the laboratory. under binocular mites associated with scale insect were isolated and stored in 70% ethanol. Also, the lice were separated from the twigs and transferred into 70% alcohol glass with the same number as the related mites glass. Labels with sampling information installed on glass. Microscopic slides were prepared to identify scale insects and mites. during this study, 17 mites species from 16 genera belonging to 11 families related to 10 scalre insects species of nine genera and five families were identified as follows and relationships between them were determined. one of these mites is a new species for the world and one species for fauna mites in Iran is a new report. The new species in the world is displayed with ** and a new report in Iran with *:Order: Trombidiformes   #Family: Anystidae Oudemans, 1936 +- Anystis baccarum Von Heyden, 1826 Family: Erythraeidae Oudemans, 1902 +- Abrolophus Berlese, 1891- Callidosoma Womersley, 1936 - Leptus sp. nov.**. + Family: Eutrombididae Thor, 1935- Eutrombidium Verdun, 1909+ Family: Iolinidae Pritchard, 1956- Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor, 1932)- Pronematus rykei Meyer & Rodrigues, 1966    + Family: Smarididae Kramer,1878- Fessonia Heyden, 1826+ Family: Tenuipalpidae Berlese, 1913- Aegyptobia eriogonum Baker & Tuttle, 1972* - Cenopalpus pulcher (Canestrini and anzago, 1876) + Family: Tetranychidae Donnadieu, 1875- Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836- Eotetranychus Oudemans, 1931Order: Mesostigmata #+ Family: Phytoseiidae Berlese, 1916- Typhlodromus bagdasarjani Wainstein & Arutunjan, 1967 + Family: Parasitidae Oudemans, 1901- Rhabdocarpais consanquineus (Oudemans & Voigts, 1904) - Parasitus kampersi Oudemans, 1902 + Family: Uropodidae Kramer, 1881- Urobovella Berlese, 1903+ Family: Pachylaelapidae Berlese, 1913- Pachylaelaps Berlese, 1888Collected scale insect:+ Eriococcidae-   Eriococcus isacanthus (Danzing, 1975)+ Coccidae

   Abstract Objective: Plants of the Asteraceae family have a variety of species, sometimes as weeds and sometimes as crops and even medicinal plants. These plants are associated with many insects. For example, it has been observed that weevils of the genus Larinus, especially in the pastures of Kermanshah with the plants of the genus Echinops   . , Are related, due to the importance of sugarcane and our productive insect that has made this plant as a medicinal plant, so the present study aims to biology of Larinus weevils on sugarcane and also to identify its natural enemies in the province. Kermanshah is important. Research Methodology: During 1397 and 1398, some habitats of sugarcane that host Larinus weevils, including Mahidasht and stage intermediates, were sampled to collect Larinus weevils and its parasitoids. Thus, during the growing season, the mentioned habitats were referred to and Larinus weevils as well as its parasitized larvae were collected in the sugarcane plant. Regular sampling at 10-day intervals from early spring to late March was selected from three suitable locations and each site or block was divided into four replicates, the main stem sampling unit of a floor plant It was according to it. Each sampling unit was recorded under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the number of infections and to observe different ages of larvae and weevil eggs of our producer. Each sampling unit was recorded under a stereomicroscope to evaluate the number of infections and to observe different ages of larvae and weevil eggs of our producer. Results: In the present study, two weevil species Larinus hedenborgi and Larinus onopordi (Fabricius, 1787) were reported with Echinops. In this study, two types of parasitoid bees Torymoides kiesenwetteri and Bracon sp. is identified. After transferring the pupae and larvae of the bee Torymoides kiesenwetteri (formed inside the sugar beet), were reared in the laboratory. Statistics obtained from the regression relationship between the logarithm of variance and the mean population (Taylor's law) and the Iowa method showed that the coefficient of explanation of the regression equations in the Taylor method was higher than the Iowa method. Therefore, it can be said that Taylor coefficient was a good indicator for estimating both weevil distribution and parasitoid bee distribution. On the other hand, based on the present study, it was found that in both regions and in two consecutive years, the average temperature and humidity had effects on population changes at different stages of weevils and parasitoid bees. So that in 1397 and 1398, with changes in temperature and humidity at each sampling date on the majority of biological stages caused the population trend in all biological stages of insects to change. Conclusion: Finally, this study showed that Larinus hedenborgi was an abundant genus and species of weevil in Mahidasht and Mianrahan regions. There was a positive and significant correlation between the mean temperature fluctuations with humidity and the population of weevils and parasitoid bees studied in this study.    Keywords: Rangelands, Hard-winged, Host-specific, Monophage insects, Compositae, Kermanshah

   Tomato is one of the most important agricultural products with a production of about 159 million tons in the world in 2015. ‌ One of the major problems of tomato cultivation is weed damage that in the early stages of growth due to low growth rate and limited leaf development, strength Has less competition against weeds. Weed control in tomato is one of the most costly agricultural operations in this crop, which if not paid attention to weed control can cause a lot of damage to the crop. Various methods are used to control weeds, and the use of herbicides is very common. But today, due to environmental problems, high cost, resistance to weeds and threats to human health and the environment, frequent and excessive use of herbicides has been questioned. The use of cover crops is a good alternative to uncultivated tillage and the use of herbicides. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cover cluster vetch and Iranian clover as pure and combined cultivation on yield and control of tomato weeds as well as control of winter weeds in the field. This experiment was carried out in the cropping year of 2020-2021 in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Sciencess And Engineering of Razi University of Kermanshah. The experiment of cover plants by treating different percentages of cultivation of two cover plants of musk clover and clover musk, in the form of a randomized complete block design with four replications with the percentage of residues left from the treatment of cover plants has been done. The tomato experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Experimental treatments in cover crops include pure and combined cultivation (different percentages) of both clover and vetch plants (100% clover, 100% vetch, 50% vetch + 50% clover, 10% vetch + 90% clover, 90% vetch + 10. Clover, 80% vetch + 20% Clover, 20.% vetch + 80% Clover, ? 70 vetch + 30% Clover, 30% vetch + 70% Clover, ? 60 vetch + 40% Clover, ? 40 vetch + 60% Clover and 0. vetch + 0. clover (control)). Cover crops have been able to improve the physical properties and nutrients of the soil in this short period of time. Significant differences were observed between different percentages of cover crops in terms of weed control. The treatment of 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover on average have been able to create suitable and good conditions for cover plants and weed control in different measured traits. In contrast, the treatments of 20% vetch + clover and 90% vetch + 10% clover did not create suitable conditions for weed control. In all measured traits, the control treatment did not create suitable conditions in the field compared to the cover plant treatments. Regarding the effect of cover crop residues on yield and weed control in tomatoes, 50% vetch + 50% clover residues and 100% clover residues were able to control both weeds and tomato yield compared to control and other treatments used. Perform better. In the control treatment, the lowest tomato yield and the lowest weed control were recorded. Yield was observed in treatments of 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues, 67.25 and 66.51 ton / ha, respectively, while the yield in control treatment was 14.43 ton / ha. Weed density in 50% vetch + 50% clover and 100% clover residues was reported to be 9 and 8 plants /square meter, respectively, and in the control treatment was 30 plants /square meter. In general, the use of cover crops and their residues In the field can be a suitable environmental and economic method to control weeds and reduce the use of chemicals in the field.    Keywords: clover, vetch, weed management, sustainable agriculture, pure cover crops, combined cover crops, tomatoes.

   Quercus   . is the most important and most abundant tree species in west of Iran, especially the Zagros region and Bisotun natural preserved area. Bisotun natural preserved area with an area of ??82100 hectares is located in a mountainous part in the Zagros Mountains in Kermanshah province. This area is located in height of 1320 meters above sea level. Mites are active arthropods in oak forests that have different roles, like pest, predator and decomposer. Due to the importance and role of oak in the western ecosystem of the country the fauna of Prostigmata associated with Quercus   . investigated in Bisotun natural preserved area. Samples were taken from the soil and aerial parts of the oak forest in 2018 -2019. Specimens were transferred to the laboratory, segregated using Berlese funnel or stereomicroscope, clarified in lactic­­ acid and mounted in Hoyer’smounting media. In this study totally,12 species and 16 genera belonging to 12 families were collected and identified. Among these species, Anystis baccarum L. belonging to the family of Anystidae and Tetranychus urticae Koch belonging to the family of Tetranychidae, had the highest relative baundance then to other collected species. Identified species in this study listed as below: Anystidae: Anystis baccarum Linnaeus, 1758; Bdellidae: Cyta coerolipes (Duges, 1834); Cunaxidae: Pulaeus glebulentus Den Heyer, 1980; Tydeidae: Lorryia woolleyi (Baker, 1968), Tydeus caudatus (Duges, 1834); Ereynetidae: Ereynetoides amplectorus Hunter, 1964; Iolinidae: Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor, 1932), Pronematus rykei Meyer & Rodrigues, 1966; Erythraeidae: Parerythraeus sp., Abrolophus sp.; Smarididae: Smaris sp., Fessonia sp.; Raphignathidae: Raphignathus sp.; Tetranychidae: Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836; Tetranychus turkestani (Ugarov & Nikolski), 1937, Eotetranychus frosti (McGregor, 1952); Trombidiidae: Allothrombium sp.; Cheyletidae: Acaropsellina sollers Kuzin, 1940.

   Abstract Food security and self-sufficiency is very important to any country in the world. Iran is highly dependent (up to 90%) on importing oilseeds. Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (Brassicaceae) is introduced Iran at 2016 for the first time. C.sativa is a cold-tolerant oilseed crop with minimal input requirements. According to the world studies, some pests are reported on C.sativa which are the same with Brassica napus and brassicacea crop pests. C.sativa is not a well-studied crop in Iran because it is only few years that it has cultivated in the country. We tended to collect and identify relative insects to C.sativa in order to investigate the relationship between pest density and different (136) camelina lines yield. To reach this goal, 136 lines of camelina cultivated in 3-rows plots, 1.0 m in length, using randomised complete block design. 3 seedlings in each plot selected, randomly and we counted the number of thripses, aphids and bugs observed. After collecting enough data, assessments about the resistance mechanisms of different lines of camelina started.   Line 54 is identified as the most resistant line against thrips population because it showed both antixenose and antibiose resistance. Investigation of yield/damaged capsul and seed percentage correlation, considered significant at P< 0/01.   It is also revealed that the presence of thrips population effected negatively yield crop. Using multiple linear regression of population density of three kinds of observed   pests and yield, we find out that the density of thrips population did not play a part in the yield of camelina lines (t=0.07). According to this regression, the relation between damaged capsules and thrips population is significant   at 0.01 level (t=3.17) and it is not for the rest. It is noticeable that the impact of aphid and bug populations on damaged seed percentage was significant (respectively, t=4.64 and t=2.48) but it is not the same for thrips. Finally regarding to rare studies about the pests of this crop in Iran it is needed to use more assessments to understand the exact defence mechanisms of camelina.   

   The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of suspected rodent and pesticide rodents in controlling the most harmful rodents in farms of Kermanshah compared to common pesticides in randomized complete block design and kennel method using Henderson Tilton formula and conventional statistical methods. For this purpose, by visiting the infected farms of Kermanshah city, appropriate test fields were selected and after identifying the damaging rodent, measures were taken to evaluate the efficacy and comparison of shookboom suspected rodents with natural resin and calcium sulfate active ingredient and the new PASAK pesticide in common pesticide form in pesticides. Four replications were performed and the blocks were plotted in each block and then each block was formed according to the number of treatments in 5 plots that were formed which were equal in size so that at least 70 holes were observed in each of them. After randomization and mapping, the rats were plated at a distance of approximately 5 m between the plots and were sprayed with phosphorus poisoned prey. Then the nesting operation was performed to identify the active nests in each treatment and the next day the active nests were counted and recorded. The UTM coordinates of the nests were recorded in order to describe the spatial information using ArcGIS software that immediately a sufficient dose of each rodent was used inside the nests. The control treatment without the use of rodenticide and the rest of the treatments according to the effect, regarding phosphorusazate immediately and other treatments were beaten 5 days after the rodent application. Census was performed on the first, third, fifth, seventh, tenth, fifteenth and twentieth days after the nests were closed. Experiments were conducted in two stages of the struggle to estimate the best time and effect of seasonal conditions on rodent yield. According to the results of Brodifacum and Pescac, the highest yield and then vegetable and phosphorous extract were obtained in the second degree and the lowest yield was related to shookboom. Rodent herbicide production is considered acceptable with all aspects and can be prescribed in place of common pesticides, however, the use of shookboom for field control is not recommended.

   The grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.: Vitaceae) is a commercially important fruit crop of Iran.  This temperate crop which believed to have originated in Iran, has worldwide distribution. Various pests damage the grapes. One of the important pests in the vineyards of Iran is grape leafhopper, Arboridia kermanshah Dlabola (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Adult and nymphs of this pest cause white spots on the top surface of the leaves and bring about fall off by settling on the back of grape leaves and feeding on the cellular contents. Severe contamination of the leaves leads to fall earlier than expected. In this research, for the purpose of field biological study, sampling was done in a grape garden located in Dehpahn village, during two crop seasons 2017-2018. In 2017 Sampling was done weekly from mid-July and in 2018 simultaneously after emergence of adults. In order to identify the natural enemies of grape leafhopper, parasitized eggs were collected at each sampling date and were investigated in laboratory conditions. Two predators and three egg parasitoids from two different families were collected as natural enemies. This pest had three generations per year in Kermanshah climatic conditions. Adult were active in the garden until mid-November and entered the hibernation phase with exposure to the cold weather. The growth period of different biological stages was studied in laboratory. In this study, population dynamics of A. kermanshah immature stages were studied in relation to mid temperature and relative humidity. Relationship between population dynamics of grape leafhopper and temperature for all biological stages of pest except 2nd and 3rd stages nymphs were significant in 2017. Otherwise, this relation with relative humidity was significant only for 5th stage nymphs. There were significant relationship between temperature and population dynamics of eggs, 5th stage nymphs and total immature stages in 2018. Relative humidity changes has also this significant relation with all stages except 4th and 5th stages nymphs. The spatial distribution pattern of immature stages of grape leafhopper was determined by two methods. Spatial distribution pattern was random according to Iowa patchiness regression method for 1st, 2nd and 3rd nymph stages in 2018 and for 1st and 2nd nymphal stages in 2017. According to Taylor power law regression method distribution pattern was random for all stages of nymphs except for immature stages in 2018 and for all stages of nymphs except 2nd stages in 2017.

  بالاخانواده Coccoidea حشراتي كوچك با انواع دگرديسي، دوشكلي جنسي و پارتنوژنز هستند. ماده­ها بي­بال بوده، فاقد تحرك، داراي ترشحات پودري و يا پوشش سپرمانند با بدني بيضوي يا گرد هستند. خصوصيات كوتيكولي ماده­هاي بالغ در رده­بندي آن­ها نقش دارد. در ماده­هاي بالغ خصوصيات لاروي باقي مي­ماند اما در نرها در مراحل بلوغ يك جفت بال دارد. نرها قطعات­دهاني ندارند و تغذيه نمي­كنند. انتهاي شكم نرها داراي زايده بلند است. بال­هاي عقب نرها به زايده هالتر­مانندي تبديل مي­شوند. ماده­ها 2-3 سن پورگي و نرها 4 سن پورگي دارند. گونه­هايHypogaeic scale insects از خانواده­هاي مختلف شپشك­ها با تغذيه از ريشه و قسمت­هاي زير­زميني ميزبان موجب كاهش رشد گياهان آلوده مي­شوند. با توجه به اينكه اندازه كوچك دارند توسط كشاورزان ناديده گرفته مي­شوند، با تهيه اسلايدهاي ميكروسكوپي از شپشك­ها مي­توان آن­ها را شناسايي كرد. اهداف پايان­نامه معرفي، جمع­آوري و شناسايي شپشك­هاي روي ريشه گياهان در شهرستان سنقر، توصيف شپشك­هاي جديد روي ريشه گياهان در اين شهرستان و نيز جمع­آوري و شناسايي پارازيتوئيد و شكارگرها هستند. پس از جمع­آوري نمونه­ها و نوشتن مشخصات در جدول، در آزمايشگاه شپشك­ها جداسازي شده و نمونه­هاي زنده را در تركيبي از Ethyl Alcohol و Glacial Acetic Acid ثابت كرده و با سوزن نازك نمونه را سوراخ مي­كنيم و بعد به محلول پتاس10% انتقال داده و بعد نمونه­ها را به آب­مقطرمي­شوييم، در ظرف ديگر آب­مقطر،GAA را تا 70% افزوده و بعد نمونه­ها را به GAA100% انتقال داده و محلول Acid Fuchsin را به­GAA اضافه كرده و بعد با GAAمي­شوييم و بعد يك قطره Xylen افزوده و با يك قطره كانادابالزام اسلايد درست مي­كنيم. با قرار دادن در آون، اسلايدها خشك شده و برچسب مي­زنيم.كليد واژگان: شپشك­هاي ريشه،Hypogaeic scale insects ، Coccoidea، ريخت شناسي، سنقر.

  AbstractThe nut scale, Eulecanium tiliae (Linnaeus, 1758), is widely distributed in the most parts of Iran, including western parts, to occur in orchards, and to be a potential threat to a variety of fruit trees, including sweet cherry,such as Prunus   , and Malus    (Rosaceae). During 2016-2017, the biology of the pest was studied in natural conditions (Ahmad-abad sweet cheery orchard). Sampling intervals were each ten days throughout the year (excluding winter monthes). The reprodutive adult females were collected and reared in laboratory condition microscopic slides were made for species identification. It was found to infest many fruite trees, Winter was passed by second nymphal instars on the ligneous parts (one or two year old twigs). Sampling and observations showed that no male detected. The reprodutive female occurred in April, and began to oviposit in early May and continued to do so until early June. The number of eggs per female on estimated, 200-1000 eggs. The first instars appeared at the end of May, spread out and settled on both surfaces of the leaves. They moulted at the end of August and migrated to the young twigs, where they overwintered. There was only one generation a year, but this species appeared in considerable density on the twigs of individual sweet cheery tree. This species reproduce parthenogenetically.The observations shows that heavy infestation caused premature yellowing of the leaves and drying up of twigs. There is no male detected during life history study;. The following associated natural enemies detected:Encyrtidae: Blasthotrix brittanica (Girault, 1917)Pteromalidae: Pachyneuron muscarum (Linnaeus, 1758)Phytoseiidae: Paraseiulus talbii (Athias-Henriot, 1960); Typhlodromusbagdasarjani (Wainstein & Arutunjan, 1967)Iolinidae: Pronematus ubiquitous (McGregor, 1932)Caligonellidae: Molothrognathus sp.(Summers & Schlinger, 1955) Cheyletidae: Cheletogenes ornatus (Canestrini & Fanzago, 1876) Phlaeothripidae: Cephalothrips coxalis (Bagnall, 1926).

  Abstract  Grape berry moth (GBM) Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of the most important pests of vineyards in Iran that much damage each year in the different regions of Iran. In order to assess the population dynamics of the pest and the effect of altitude in population density of adults, pheromone trapping was performed in the three villages of Paveh city with different altitude. The results showed that this pest has four generations in the Dorisan village with 1605 meters altitude and it has three generations in Shamshir and Tazeabad villages respectively with 1700 and 1820 meters altitude. In Dorisan village appearance of the first moths began from 10th April. The first flight peak of this generation was occurred in 6th April with the mean of 24/5 moths and the second flight peak of that in 19th May with the mean of 27/5 moths, peak of adult population of second generation in 24th June with the mean of 42 moths, peak of adult population of third generation in 20th August with the mean of 51 moths and most population of fourth generation in 19th September with the mean of 34/5 moths. In Shamahir village appearance of the first moths started from 22th April and peak of flight of three consecutive generations respectively was occurred in 16th May, 10th June and 17th August and with the mean of 24, 15 and 31/5 moths. In Tazeabad village appearance of the first moths began from 19th April and peak of flight of three generations respectively was reported in 19th May, 3th July and 17th August and with the mean of 86, 139 and 276 moths in traps. T test results showed that between the average population density of pest in different villages there are significant differences.  Key words: grapvine, Lobesia botrana, population dynamism, Delta trap, Paveh region  

       Chestnut (Quercus sp) is a forest tree with medicinal properties that is grown in heavy, low depth, calcareous, clay soils with alkaline PH. During performed surveys in Qalaje region, one of tributaries of west Islam Abad Town, in 2015 to 2016, the only species of crab louse (Hem: Asterolecanidae), Asterodiaspis quercicoala, was identified on chestnut trees (Quercus sp). of important morphological characteristics of this species, we can refer to having pores with 8 shapes at the margin of body and existence of two long hairs at the end of body. In order to biological study of this pest, weekly and regular inventory on shoots of chestnut in different stages all the year has been done and recorded.Adult female insects, first age instar and second age instar were appeared on 2016/4/9, 2016/5/21 and 2016/7/25, respectively and peak of their population were on 2016/5/14, 2016/8/8 and 2016/8/12. Adult female insects on shoots contained 16-66 semen. Biology of pest showed crab louse has one season in year in weather condition of west Islam Abad Town and it spends winter as unfertilized female substance on shoots. The most important natural enemy of this species in the region was parasitoid bee Habrolepis dalmanii that (Hym: Encyrtidae), has significant role in reducing adult population.      Chestnut (Quercus sp) is a forest tree with medicinal properties that is grown in heavy, low depth, calcareous, clay soils with alkaline PH. During performed surveys in Qalaje region, one of tributaries of west Islam Abad Town, in 2015 to 2016, the only species of crab louse (Hem: Asterolecanidae), Asterodiaspis quercicoala, was identified on chestnut trees (Quercus sp). of important morphological characteristics of this species, we can refer to having pores with 8 shapes at the margin of body and existence of two long hairs at the end of body. In order to biological study of this pest, weekly and regular inventory on shoots of chestnut in different stages all the year has been done and recorded.Adult female insects, first age instar and second age instar were appeared on 2016/4/9, 2016/5/21 and 2016/7/25, respectively and peak of their population were on 2016/5/14, 2016/8/8 and 2016/8/12. Adult female insects on shoots contained 16-66 semen. Biology of pest showed crab louse has one season in year in weather condition of west Islam Abad Town and it spends winter as unfertilized female substance on shoots. The most important natural enemy of this species in the region was parasitoid bee Habrolepis dalmanii that (Hym: Encyrtidae), has significant role in reducing adult population.      Chestnut (Quercus sp) is a forest tree with medicinal properties that is grown in heavy, low depth, calcareous, clay soils with alkaline PH. During performed surveys in Qalaje region, one of tributaries of west Islam Abad Town, in 2015 to 2016, the only species of crab louse (Hem: Asterolecanidae), Asterodiaspis quercicoala, was identified on chestnut trees (Quercus sp). of important morphological characteristics of this species, we can refer to having pores with 8 shapes at the margin of body and existence of two long hairs at the end of body. In order to biological study of this pest, weekly and regular inventory on shoots of chestnut in different stages all the year has been done and recorded.Adult female insects, first age instar and second age instar were appeared on 2016/4/9, 2016/5/21 and 2016/7/25, respectively and peak of their population were on 2016/5/14, 2016/8/8 and 2016/8/12. Adult female insects

  AbstractTomato second important vegetable crop in the world and The first product is a vegetable with 3512 hectares in the city of Kermanshah and Tomato leafminer moth is a serious pest of tomatoes in the world and Iran. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma brasicae (Hym; Tricogrammatidae) in the biological control of tomato leafminer moth Tuta absoluta (Lep; Gelechiidae) in field conditions is discussed. For this purpose, a piece of agricultural land in the village district Ahmadvand Allahyarkhani that was assigned to tomato cultivation was, This land was bordered with no tomato farm and So it did not affect the neighboring farm pesticides. In this study, a randomized complete block design (Randomized complete Blok Design) was used. This project is one of the most important projects that widely used in agricultural research. The design of field experiments in which treatments are used. RCB design with a block size that each of them with all the treatments. For projects or repeat 4 blocks, 10 plots and 10 treatments was determined as follows, 133 m size of each block was determined at 9 m, The primary purpose of the block, reduce experimental error by helping to remove the known factors Among the experimental units. Blocks one and four 39 m from the beginning and end are the farm, Each block of adjacent blocks 30 meters was considered the least affected by the surrounding blocks accept. 10 cards with dimensions of 7 meters by 9 meters was placed inside the block, Are often adjacent plots of 7 m., And at the end of 10 treatments with 9 variables and one control each block were distributed randomly among the plots. Pests and parasites is fragmented habitat type, Due to the biology of the pest and parasitoid sampling units and Adequate information from sample, Plant were considered. At the time of the study, 480 samples were collected from 40 plots in 6 innings.As a result of the project revealed Release of Trichogramma in the number of times in this project and was conducted The pest density of at least 8.3 up to 36% lower. Therefore, if the tomato leafminer moth pest is not in revolt, The use of biological control, contrary to some beliefs, It is quite economical and cost-effective. Balancing can be lower densities of the pest below the economic injury level.