Oat is one of the most important cereals in the world, essential for both humans and animals due to its significance as a key food source. With increasing public awareness of healthy dietary habits, oats have attracted more attention from scientific researchers and industries. Since limited efforts have been made by researchers to identify high-yielding varieties, there is an urgent need for breeding and identifying improved oat cultivars with high nutritional value. To achieve suitable genotypes or varieties for autumn and spring cultivation, an experiment was conducted during the 2022–2023 growing season at the research farm of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, located in Kermanshah Province. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 44 treatments, including selected grain genotypes from previous experiments, conducted in three replications. After seed preparation, oat planting was carried out manually in both autumn and spring at a density of 400 plants per square meter. The results showed that the genotypes 291sv955057-35 and Brusher had the highest grain yield in autumn, producing 1505 and 1510 grams of grain per square meter, respectively. In the spring season, the genotypes Wandering (1183 g/m²), Carrolup (1152 g/m²), Quoll (1152 g/m²), Bannister (1149 g/m²), and Wintaroo (1131 g/m²) had the highest grain yields among the tested genotypes. The lowest grain yield in both autumn and spring was observed in the Titus genotype. A significant difference was observed between oat genotypes in terms of thousand-kernel weight across different cultivation seasons. The Wallaroo and Paramo genotypes had the highest thousand-kernel weights in autumn and spring, respectively, while the Dolphin97 genotype recorded the lowest thousand-kernel weight in both seasons. The longest spike length in both autumn and spring was observed in the Dalyup genotype. Regarding plant height, Dolphin97 and Mitika recorded the tallest and shortest plant heights, respectively, in both seasons. Biological yield results were entirely different, as the Oh1022 genotype had the highest biological yield in both autumn and spring cultivation. Conversely, the La Pervision and WA-oat genotypes recorded the lowest biological yields in autumn and spring, respectively. This indicates the strong adaptability of the Oh1022 genotype to different environmental conditions. Therefore, this study suggests the possibility of achieving high-yielding oat genotypes under spring cultivation conditions. If these results are repeated, the identified genotype(s) could be recommended to farmers.

آفتابگردان (Helianthus annuus L) يك محصول مهم دانه روغني در چندين كشور جهان است. علاوه بر آفتابگردان روغني گونه آجيلي آن نيز داراي   اهميت زيادي است. بااين‌حال، توليد آفتابگردان به دليل تأثير منفي عوامل غير زيستي و زيستي كاهش قابل‌توجهي دارد.يكي از مشكلات جدي در توليد آفتابگردان حضور علف‌هاي هرز است كه سبب كاهش عملكرد اين گياه زراعي در ايران و جهان مي‌شود. ازجمله علف‌هاي هرز جدي تهديدكننده عملكرد و رشد آفتابگردان، انگل ريشه گل جاليز است كه بدون وجود گياه ميزبان به دليل عدم وجود كلروفيل قادر به رشد و تكثير نيست. از طرفي اين انگل حدود 75 درصد از دوره زندگي خود را در زيرخاك مي‌گذراند، ازاين‌ رو روشهاي مختلف ازجمله آفتاب دهي، ضدعفوني خاك ، كشت گياهان غيرميزبان و مبارزه شيميايي پرهزينه، غيراقتصادي و در سطح وسيع قابل‌اجرا نيست. يكي از روش‌هاي كنترل علف‌هاي هرز استفاده از گياهان پوششي از خانواده لگوم   به ويژه ماشك و شبدر است. اين پژوهش در يك مزرعه آفتابگردان به­شدت آلوده به گل­جاليز به صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرح بلوك كامل تصادفي با چهار تكراربا استفاده از سه گونه گياه پوششي ماشك معمولي، شبدر ايراني و يولاف زراعي به صورت خاك پوش زنده واقع در روستاي قياس آباد در شهرستان سنقر در استان كرمانشاه انجام گرديد. نتايج تجزيه واريانس   نشان داد كه تأثير نوع گياه پوششي و مقادير مختلف كود نيتروژن بر درصد كنترل گل جاليز در سطح يك درصد معني­دار بود اما اثر متقابل اين دو باهم بر درصد كنترل گل جاليز معني­دار نبود. استفاده از گياهان پوششي سبب كنترل 17درصدي گل جاليز و كاهش 10 درصدي آلودگي گل جاليز شد. در بين گياهان پوششي، كشت ماشك از تأثير بيشتري بر كاهش درصد آلودگي آفتابگردان به گل جاليز برخوردار بود. در تمامي شرايط با افزايش نيتروژن، مقدار عملكرد دانه آفتابگردان نيز افزايش يافت و حداكثر عملكرد دانه آفتابگردان در تيمار كودي 200 كيلوگرم در هكتار مشاهده شد .      

Purslane is a valuable medicinal plant that has useful compounds and properties, which include omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, etc. Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that always has many negative effects on the productivity of agricultural products. In drought conditions, the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer consumption can affect the growth and yield. For this purpose, the effects of drought and nitrogen stress on the growth and some agronomic and physiological traits of purslane were carried out in the research greenhouse of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in the crop year of 2022-2021. The experiment was designed as a factorial in base of a completely randomized design (CRD) in three replications. The treatments included drought stress levels (irrigation at 35, 50, 65 and 80% moisture depletion) and amounts of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 from urea source). The examined traits included biomass, seed weight, harvest index, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of seeds per plant, 1000-weight seeds, plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, stem dry weight, leaf and stem weight ratio, seed nitrogen, leaf nitrogen, stem nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen economic efficiency, nitrogen harvesting index, water use efficiency, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoid , chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal conductance etc. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress were significant on the traits of biomass, seed weight per plant, harvest index, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of seeds per plant, 1000-weight seed, plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, leaf dry weight, leaf weight ratio, stem weight ratio, seed nitrogen, leaf nitrogen, stem nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen economic efficiency, nitrogen removal index, water use efficiency, amount of water used, chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels was significant on plant dry weight, seed weight per plant, harvest index, number of seeds per capsule, number of seeds per plant, thousand seed weight, plant height, leaf dry weight, seed nitrogen, leaf nitrogen, stem nitrogen, nitrogen harvest index, Chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance. The interaction of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer was significant on stem dry weight, chlorophyll a, b and total, and also carotenoid. The treatment of 35% moisture depletion and of 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer had the highest values on plant dry weight (2.82 g), seed weight per plant (1.13 g), harvest index (40.04%), the number of capsules per plant (62/66), the number of seeds per capsule (72/33), the number of seeds per plant (4548/4), the weight of 1000-weight seeds (0.50 g), the dry weight of leaves (0.16 g), the dry weight of stems ( 2.37 g), seed nitrogen (11.02 %), leaf nitrogen (6.2 %), stem nitrogen (7.86 %), nitrogen harvesting index (57.75%). The 80% moisture depletion treatment increased the efficiency of water consumption (11.83 g kg-1). In general, the results showed that, in the treatment of 35% moisture depletion and 100 kgha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer was obtained the highest yield of purslane seeds. Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence, seed protein, water use efficiency, photosynthetic pigment  

Abstract The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the reaction of different wheat cultivars to the Un1 and Gi1 strains of Xanthomonas translucens, the bacterial leaf sterak (BLS) of wheat in Kermanshah province. At first, proving the pathogenicity of the strains was done by the pathogenicity test. In the next step, 17 wheat cultivars were planted in plastic pots containing a mixture of sand and gravel in a factorial method in a completely random design in three replications. Then, at the stage of two or three leaves, they were inoculated with a suspension of Xanthomonas translucens bacteria, with a concentration of 107-106 (CFU/g) by injection under the epidermis. The percentage of leaf surface contamination was noted and evaluated two weeks after contamination. Also, in all the experimental treatments, the weight of one hundred seeds was measured as one of the performance indicators. Data analysis was done by SAS software and comparison of means was done using Duncan's test. According to the results, the reaction of the studied cultivars to Xanthomonas translucens strains was different. So that the reactions were different and varied from sensitive to tolerant. The number of cultivars with high sensitivity such as Pishgam and Marvdasht were less than those with semi-sensitive and moderate sensitivity. In addition, the number of seeds per spike and hundred-seed weight of cultivars infected with Un1 and Gi1 strains were significantly lower than control cultivars (inoculated with distilled water). Overall, none of the studied cultivars had complete resistance to UN1 and GI1 BLS strains. Kewords: Xanthomonas translucens, pathogenicity, wheat, Kermanshah, hundred grain weight, Un1 and Gi1 Abstract The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the reaction of different wheat cultivars to the Un1 and Gi1 strains of Xanthomonas translucens, the bacterial leaf sterak (BLS) of wheat in Kermanshah province. At first, proving the pathogenicity of the strains was done by the pathogenicity test. In the next step, 17 wheat cultivars were planted in plastic pots containing a mixture of sand and gravel in a factorial method in a completely random design in three replications. Then, at the stage of two or three leaves, they were inoculated with a suspension of Xanthomonas translucens bacteria, with a concentration of 107-106 (CFU/g) by injection under the epidermis. The percentage of leaf surface contamination was noted and evaluated two weeks after contamination. Also, in all the experimental treatments, the weight of one hundred seeds was measured as one of the performance indicators. Data analysis was done by SAS software and comparison of means was done using Duncan's test. According to the results, the reaction of the studied cultivars to Xanthomonas translucens strains was different. So that the reactions were different and varied from sensitive to tolerant. The number of cultivars with high sensitivity such as Pishgam and Marvdasht were less than those with semi-sensitive and moderate sensitivity. In addition, the number of seeds per spike and hundred-seed weight of cultivars infected with Un1 and Gi1 strains were significantly lower than control cultivars (inoculated with distilled water). Overall, none of the studied cultivars had complete resistance to UN1 and GI1 BLS strains. Kewords: Xanthomonas translucens, pathogenicity, wheat, Kermanshah, hundred grain weight, Un1 and Gi1   

In the soils of Iran, the deficiency of essential nutrients and the low efficiency of their absorption are considered important factors contributing to the reduction in quantity and quality of agricultural products. Therefore, by implementing proper plant nutrition methods, the efficiency of nutrients can be enhanced. Based on this premise, to investigate the effect of foliar application of nano micronutrient fertilizers on morphophysiological traits and performance of black cumin (Nigella sativa), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the agricultural year of 1401-1400 at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University in Kermanshah Province. Experimental treatments included foliar application of six nano chelated micronutrient fertilizers: iron and boron (2 ppm), zinc and manganese (1.5 ppm), copper and molybdenum (1 ppm), at the early vegetative growth stage; foliar application of the same six nano chelated micronutrient fertilizers at the early seed filling stage; and a control treatment (foliar application with water). In this experiment, traits related to plant growth characteristics, yield and yield components, physiological traits, biochemical traits, percentage of black cumin oil, and oil yield were measured.The results of variance analysis showed that the application of nano micronutrient fertilizers at the branching and seed filling stages separately had a significant effect on most traits (except for the number of seeds per plant and the maximum efficiency of photosystem II). A comparative analysis of the effect of foliar application of nano micronutrient fertilizers between the two stages of branching and seed filling showed significant differences in most traits (except for seed filling rate, stem height, plant dry weight, capsule weight ratio, catalase, and superoxide dismutase). Foliar application of nano iron fertilizer in the branching and seed filling stages (yielding 1679 and 1772 kg/ha, respectively) produced the highest seed yield compared to the control treatment (1414 kg/ha). Additionally, the highest oil yield was observed, firstly with the application of iron and zinc at the seed filling stage (640 and 606 kg/ha, respectively), and then at the branching stage (569 and 561 kg/ha, respectively). The highest response in morphological and physiological traits was initially achieved with iron application, followed by foliar application of zinc. Overall, the results of this experiment suggest that foliar application of nano chelated micronutrient fertilizers, especially iron and zinc, appears to be effective in enhancing both quantitative and qualitative yield of black cumin.   

   Abstract

با توجه به اينكه دود آب حاصل از سوختن بقاياي گياهي ضمن دارا بودن مواد غذايي مورد نياز گياه ، اخيرا در دسته تنظيم كننده هاي رشد قرار گرفته است و نتايج برخي پژوهش ها مويد افزايش كميت و كيفيت برخي محصولات پس از محلول پاشي با دود آب   شده است ،اين تحقيق به منظور بررسي اثر محلول پاشي دود آب بر برخي خصوصيات اگرولوژيك كتان روغني در مزرعه پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي دانشگاه رازي در سال زراعي 1399-1398 به صورت طرح بلوكهاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار اجرا گرديد. تيمارهاي مورد بررسي در اين تحقيق عبارت از محلول پاشي با غلضت هاي يك ، دو و صفر(شاهد)   ليتر در هكتار در سه زمان غنچه دهي ،گلدهي كامل و تشكيل كامل كپسول و همچنين تيمارهاي تركيبي غلضت و زمان محلول پاشي مي باشد . نتايج حاصله از اين تحقيق نشان داد كه محلول پاشي با غلضت هاي يك و دو ليتر در هكتار بر عملكرد زيست توده ،عملكرد دانه ،عملكرد كلش ،تعداد دانه در كپسول، تعداد دانه در بوته، وزن هزار دانه ،ارتفاع بوته ،عملكرد پروتيين ،درصد روغن دانه ،عملكرد روغن،فعاليت آنزيم آنتي اكسيدان پراكسيداز ،فعاليت آنزيم آنتي اكسيدان كاتالاز ،   فعاليت آنزيم آنتي اكسيدان سوپر اكسيد ديسوتاز ، پروتيين هاي محلول ، محتوي كلروفيل برگ ، محتوي كارتنوييدهاي برگ و درصد رطوبت دانه   معني دار بوده ولي بر صفات تعدادكپسول ، درصد پروتيين دانه و شاخص برداشت تاثير معني دار نداشته است . . بيشترين تاثير بر عملكرد دانه مربوط به   تيمار محلول پاشي دودآب با غلضت دو ليتر در هكتار و در زمان غنچه دهي و گلدهي كامل و تيمار محلول پاشي با غلضت يك ليتر در هكتار در سه زمان غنچه دهي ،گلدهي كامل و تشكيل كامل كپسول ها بود   كه به ترتيب سبب افزايش   56.4و52.9 درصد عملكرد شدند و كمترين عملكرد در تيمار شاهد مشاهده گرديد.. به طور كلي بيشترين اثر مثبت بر عملكرد دانه به ترتيب مربوط به كاربرد سه زمانه ،دوزمانه و يك زمانه محلول پاشي بود .  

   Corn, along with wheat and rice, are three important plants of the cereal family. These plants play a very important role in feeding the people of the world. Despite the farmers' attention to supply macro elements needed by these plants, the supply of micro elements is not considered. Agricultural soils in most regions of Iran are lacking in metal micronutrients, especially iron and zinc. This problem causes a significant decrease in yield production of these plants. Hence, this research was performed in order to investigate the effect of conventional and nanoparticle fertilizers of iron and zinc on yield and some physiological characteristics of corn in the research farm of the agricultural campus of Razi University in 2019. This research was performed in the form of a complete randomized block design in three repetitions. The treatments investigated in this research were: 1) different concentrations of two iron and zinc fertilizers (three concentrations of 4 and 8 grams per liter and control and 2) type of fertilizer at two levels (conventional and nanoparticle fertilizer). In order to investigate the effect of the mentioned treatments on the agronomic and physiological characteristics of single cross 600 seed corn, foliar treatments of micronutrient elements were applied twice during development period including: the beginning of vegetative growth and the beginning of flowering. The results of data analysis variance showed that conventional and nanoparticles of iron and zinc caused a significant increase in grain yield compared to the control treatment (3590 kg/ha). The highest increase in grain yield under these conditions was obtained in the group of conventional form of iron fertilizer treatment and the group of combined treatment of iron nanoparticle * zinc nanoparticle with an 81% increase compared to the control treatment. The highest increase in grain yield was obtained in the combined fertilizer treatments of iron nanoparticle 4 * zinc nanoparticle 8 and iron nanoparticle 8 * zinc nanoparticle 4, respectively, with 123 and 132% increase compared to the control treatment (3590 kg/ha). The seed yield had a positive and significant correlation with harvest index traits (R2=0.80**), the number of ears per plant (R2=0.40**), the number of seeds per plant (R2=0.61**), and the number of seeds in a row (R2=0.54**). Among the two traits of the number of seeds per plant and the weight of 1000 seeds, the foliar application of micronutrient elements in conventional and nanoparticle form at the beginning of vegetative growth and at the beginning of flowering had the most significant effect on the number of seeds per plant. In this connection, foliar spraying of micronutrient elements had no significant effect on the weight of one thousand seeds. It seems that the number of seeds per plant is more influenced by environmental factors than the attribute weight of 1000 seeds. Keywords: Antioxidan, Catalase, Grain yield, Photosynthetic pigments, Soluble proteins   

Due to important medicinal properties, Garlic (Allium Sativum) known as a strong medicine, and cultivated in many regions of the world. The high sensitivity of this product after peeling, such as changes in color, shape, texture, and appearance, as well as losses of moisture, is problematic. The shelf life of garlic at ambient, refrigerator temperature (4 °C) and freezer (-18 °C) is 21 and 35 days, respectively. There are various methods to prolong the shelf life of food and agricultural products during the storage time, Which the use of Nano packaging films, modified atmosphere packaging and the use of edible coatings can be mentioned. In this research 2 types of packaging films (common and Nano film), 2 types of atmosphere (ambient and MAP) were used. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was included 5 % CO2, 1 % O2 and 94 % N2. The harvested Garlic was peeled manually with high precision. Then stored at 3 temperatures (25, 4 and -18 °C) for 21 days and 2 temperatures (4 and -18 °C) for 35 days.   hysiological properties were evaluated by Spectroscopy method. The POD, SOD, Catalase and protein content were measured weekly. The statistical analysis was investigated in the form of a completely randomized design with a factorial test. The results showed the general increasing in POD and Protein content at 4 C and decreasing trend at 25 C. increasing trend of SOD at 4 C and decreasing at 25 C, increasing trend of catalase at -18 C and decreasing at 4 C were observed. The effect of storage time (during 21 and 35 days) was significant (at 1 %) on all parameters except POD. The effect of temperature (during 21-day period) was significant on Catalase (at 1% level) and SOD (at 5 % level), and was insignificant on POD. The results showed that temperature was insignificant on all parameters during 35-day period. The effect of packaging film was significant on protein content (at 1 % level) and POD (at 5% level) during 21-day period and was insignificant on SOD and Catalase (during 21-day period), Also was insignificant on all parameter except SOD during 35-day period. Finally, the result showed packaging atmosphere had not significant effect on properties.   

  Abstract:Aim:Seedling establishmentis one of the most important stages of crop cultivation.Using seeds with highvigor is a suitable way.From the past until now, the standard germination testis used as a primary test to determine the seed quality.But its result canrarely determine the seedling establishment in the field.If the farm conditionis far from the optimum, the obtained results in the laboratory and in thefield will show more difference.Today, to prevent this problem, seed vigortests are used.Studying the relationship between laboratory tests and seedlingestablishment in the field is one of the most important researches in the seedtechnology.The purpose of this study was to evaluate different seed vigor testsin the laboratory for oat varieties to predict the seedlings establishment inthe field and determine the most suitable test.Materials and methods:Inthis study, eight oat seed lots (belonging to four varieties new produced in2019 and old produced in 2012) were used.The research was conducted in thelaboratory and research farm of Razi University during 2019-21.In thelaboratory section, various seed vigor tests such as standard germination test,cold test, osmotic stress test, water imbibition test, electrical conductivitytest and accelerating aging test were performed on eight oat seed lots.In thefield section, the percentage and rate of seedling emergence were alsomeasured.Finally, the correlation among the results of the laboratory tests andthe field test were measured.Results:Oat seed lots weredifferent in terms of vigor.Among the seed lots, Qual and then Potoro varietieshad higher seed germination, seedling, vegetative and reproductive growth thanEuro and Tarahomara varieties.As the seeds aged, the amount of seed vigor decreasedsignificantly.Standard germination test, cold test, osmotic stress test,electrical conductivity test and water imbibition test were able to predict thepercentage and emergence of oat seedlings in the field.In the standardgermination test, the germination rate had the highest correlation with thepercentage and rate of seedling emergence in the field, but in the cold test,the highest correlation was obtained in the seedling vigor index of the normalseedlings.In the osmotic stress test, plumul length and seedling weight had thehighest correlation with the seedling emergence percentage; but radicle weightand seedling vigor index of the normal seedlings had the highest correlationwith the seedling emergence rate in the field.According to the correlationcoefficients in the electrical conductivity and the water imbibition tests,these tests were also able to predict the seed vigor in the field.Conclusion:Based on theresults of the experiment, the osmotic stress test and then the cold test are recommendedto determine the oat seed vigor and predict the seedling establishment in thefield.In other words, these tests have a high potential in separating strongand weak seeds.Keywords:Accelerated agingtest, cold test, electrical conductivity test, osmotic stress test, standardgermination test, water imbibition test.  

   According to the adverse effects of limiting the absorption of micronutrient such as iron, zinc and boron in most agricultural soils of Iran on the growth of agricultural plants, this research was conducted in order to compare the effect of foliar application of different concentrations of common fertilizers and nanoparticles of iron, boron and zinc on yield and some physiological characteristics of chickpea in rainfed condition in the research farm of Razi University in the crop year of 2018-2019. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The treatments examined in this research were: nano particles fertilizer of iron, zinc and boron in three concentrations (2, 4 and 8 grams per liter), their combined forms, common iron and zinc fertilizer treatment (2, 4 and 8 grams per liter) and the control treatment. With respect to the results, the effect of different groups of fertilizers as well as different concentrations of common fertilizers and nanoparticles of iron, zinc and boron on biomass yield, seed yield, number of pod per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, plant height, number of lateral branches, activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase), the content of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids were significant at the probability level of 1%. In relation to the weight of one hundred seeds and the number of seeds per plant, there was a difference between different groups as well as different concentrations of fertilizers at the five percent probability level. Among different groups of fertilizers, the triple group of iron, zinc and boron nanoparticles had the most positive effect on other agronomic and physiological traits. In this condition, the highest seed yield was 1196 kg/ha and the lowest seed yield was 814 kg/ha in the treatment of no fertilizer application (control). The effect of foliar spraying of common iron and zinc fertilizers was also significant in increasing most of the studied agricultural traits. The effect of common zinc fertilizer in increasing grain yield was greater than that of common iron fertilizer. Also, by examining the effect of different concentrations of common fertilizers and nanoparticles on the increase of studied traits and yield, it was found that as the concentration of fertilizers increased, the amount of other agricultural traits also increased compared to the control treatment (no fertilizer application). The maximum grain yield was obtained in the conditions of triple application of nano-particle fertilizers at a concentration of 8 grams per liter at the rate of 1392 kg per hectare. In general, the most significant effect on the studied traits was related to triple, double and then separate application of micronutrient fertilizers respectively. According to the obtained results, application of 8 grams per liter of iron, zinc and boron in triple form (at the beginning of vegetative growth stages and flowering stages) in investigated area and similar areas, the yield of chickpeas in rainfed conditions will increase significantly.

به منظور بررسي اثرات نيتروژن و رژيم هاي آبياري بر عملكرد، اجزاي عملكرد و برخي صفات فيزيولوژيكي كينوارقم سانتاماريا، آزمايشي به صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرح پايه كاملاً تصادفي در پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي،دانشگاه رازي، در سال 1399 اجرا گرديد. فاكتورها شامل رژيم هاي آبياري )بدون تنش خشكي )در زمان 50 درصد7تخليه رطوبت قابل استفاده گياه(، تنش ملايم )در زمان 65 درصد تخليه رطوبت قابل استفاده گياه( و تنش شديد خشكي)در زمان 80 درصد تخليه رطوبت قابل استفاده گياه(( و مقادير نيتروژن )شاهد، ?? ، ??? ، ??? ، ??? و ???كيلوگرم در هكتا ر( از منبع اوره در چند نوبت بودند. اندازه گلدانها 50 × 50 × 50 سانتيمتر )طول، عرض و ارتفاع( واز جنس سيمان بودند. تاريخ كاشت 12 ارديبهشت و برداشت 9 مرداد بود. نتايج نشان داد كه عملكردهاي زيست تودهو دانه در شرايط بدون تنش و مصرف 200 كيلوگ رم در هكتار نيتروژن در بيشترين مقدار و در شرايط تنش شديد ومصرف 250 كيلوگرم در هكتار نيتروژن در كمترين مقدار بودند. ميزان كاهش عملكرد دانه در شرايط تنش ملايم درسطوح نيتروژن بين 1 / 80 - 9 / 32 درصد و در تنش شديد در سطوح نيتروژن در دامنه بين 9 / 87 – 0 / 73 درصد نسبتبه تيمار بدون تنش خشكي )شاهد( و 200 كيلوگرم در هكتار نيتروژن بودند. با افزايش تنش خشكي ساير صفات ازجمله وزن هزار دانه، شاخص برداشت، ارتفاع بوته، محتواي نسبي آب برگ و آنتي اكسيدان سوپراكسيداز كاهش وليآنتي اكسيدان پراكسيداز افزايش يافت. با افزايش نيتروژن محتواي نسبي آب برگ )تا 100 كيلوگرم در هكتار(،پراكسيداز و سوپراكسيداز و كاتالاز افزايش داشت. با افزايش نيتروژن، ميزان كلروفيل a ، b، كاروتنوئيدها، پروتئينهاي محلول، عملكرد كوانتومي و هدايت روزنه اي در شرايط بدون تنش خشكي افزايش ولي در شرايط تنش خشكي)ملايم و شديد( كاهش داشتند. در نهايت نتايج اين آزمايش نشان داد كه، اثر تنش خشكي بيشتر از اثر ميزان نيتروژنبر صفات مورد بررسي بود، بگونه اي كه در شرايط تنش خشكي ملايم و بخصوص شديد، مصرف نيتروژن چنداناهميتي نداشت.

چكيده هدف: به منظور بررسي اثر كودهاي سرك نيتروژن و گوگرد بر عملكرد كمي و كيفي كلزا (.Brassica napus L)   آزمايشي به صورت مزرعه‌اي در سال زراعي   1397-1396   در شهرستان كنگاور، استان كرمانشاه   انجام شد. روش‏شناسي پژوهش: آزمايش به صورت فاكتوريل با دو عامل كود نيتروژن و گوگرد در قالب طرح بلوك‌هاي كامل تصادفي در سه تكرار انجام شد. تيمارهاي آزمايشي شامل كود نيتروژن از منبع اوره در سه سطح   (60، 120 و 180 كيلوگرم در هكتار) و كود گوگرد از منبع سولفات آمونيوم در چهار سطح (صفر، 25 ،50 و 75 كيلوگرم) بودند. اعمال تيمارهاي آزمايشي در دو مرحله قبل از شروع ساقه دهي و غنچه‌دهي كلزا صورت گرفت. يافته‌ها: نتايج آزمايش نشان داد كه صفات كمي و كيفي كلزا   شامل ارتفاع بوته، وزن خشك و سطح برگ، عملكرد دانه، عملكرد بيولوژيك، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در غلاف، وزن هزار دانه، شاخص SPAD، كارايي فتوسيستم II، درصد نيتروژن شاخساره، درصد نيتروژن دانه، محتواي فيبر دانه و درصد اسيدهاي چرب اشباع بصورت معني‌داري تحت تاثير تيمارهاي آزمايشي قرار گرفتند. با اين حال تاثير تيمارهاي آزمايشي بر صفات وزن خشك ساقه، محتواي اسيدهاي چرب غيراشباع، ميزان كلروفيل‌هاي a و b، كاروتنوئيد و پروتئين‌هاي محلول معني‌دار نبود. مقايسه ميانگين برهمكنش تيمارها نشان داد بيشترين عملكرد دانه، عملكرد بيولوژيك، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در غلاف، وزن هزار دانه، ارتفاع بوته، وزن خشك   و سطح برگ، محتواي اسيد چرب اشباع، محتواي نيتروژن دانه، محتواي نيتروژن شاخساره، حداكثر كارايي فتوسيستم II   و درصد فيبر دانه در سطح سوم كود نيتروژن و گوگرد (180 كيلوگرم نيتروژن   و 75 كيلوگرم گوگرد) مشاهده شد. برهمكنش تيمارها بر شاخص SPAD و درصد روغن دانه معني‌دار نبود. اما شاخص SPAD تنها تحت تاثير كود نيتروژن قرار گرفت بطوري كه بيشترين ميزان اين شاخص با مصرف 180 كيلوگرم اوره در هكتار مشاهده شد. اثرات ساده تيمارهاي آزمايشي بر درصد روغن دانه معني‌دار بود و در بين سطوح كود نيتروژن بيشترين درصد روغن دانه با مصرف 180 كيلوگرم اوره در هكتار و در بين سطوح كود گوگرد بيشترين درصد روغن   دانه با مصرف   75 كيلوگرم سولفات آمونيوم در هكتار مشاهده شد.

مقدمه:پس از غلات، حبوبات با سطح زيركشت 770 هزار هكتار وتوليد 700 هزار تن، دومين سطح زير كشت را در كشور ايران دارا هستند و نقش مؤثري درتأمين پروتئين مورد نياز كشور ايفا مي­كنند. عدس از مهم­ترين حبوبات در سيستم­هاي كشت ديم بهخصوص در تناوب با جو و گندم در مناطق با بارندگي كم تا متوسط به حساب مي­آيد.ارزيابي سيستم­هاي مختلف تغذيه گياه يكي از نيازهاي مهم در برنامه‌ريزي زراعي است. عناصر كممصرف با وجود نياز كم، جايگاه ويژه‌اي در توليد محصولات كشاورزي دارند. علي­رغم نقش معني­داراين عناصر در رشد گياهان، كمبود اين عناصر در اغلب مناطق كشاورزي ايران به چشم مي­خورد.اهدافباتوجه به نقش مهم عدس در تغذيه انسان­ها و تأثيركود­هاي آهن و روي بر جنبه­هاي مختلف رشد گياهان از جمله عدس، اين آزمايش جهت مقايسه اثر محلول­پاشي غلظت­هايمختلف كود رايج و نانو سولفات آهن و سولفات روي در ابتداي مراحل رويشي و گلدهي بر عملكرد،اجزاء آن   و برخي صفات فيزيولوژيك عدس درشرايط ديم اجرا خواهد شد. روش تحقيقاين تحقيق در سال زراعي 98-1397در مزرعه­ي پژوهشي دانشگاه رازي انجام خواهد شد. آزمايش مورد نظر به‌صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرحبلوك­هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار خواهد بود. فاكتور اول شامل محلول­پاشي سولفات آهن   و روي نانو و سولفات آهن و روي معمولي هركدام درپنج سطح   شامل: 2،0، 4، 6 و 8 گرم در ليترو فاكتور دوم مرحله رشدي اعمال تيمار كودي در دو مرحله شامل: ابتداي رشد رويشي وابتداي گلدهي خواهد بود. رقم عدس مورد مطالعه نيز رقم كيميا مي­باشد. پس از نمونه برداري ازتيمارهاي مختلف آزمايش، صفاتي مانند عملكرد دانه، عملكرد زيست­توده، شاخص برداشت، تعدادبوته در واحد سطح، تعداد دانه در بوته، وزن هزار دانه، ارتفاع بوته، محتوي كلروفيلو كارتنوئيد­ها و پروتئين­هاي محلول برگ، درصد پروتئين دانه و عملكرد آن، سرعت فعاليتآنزيم­هاي آنتي اكسيدان شامل: كاتالاز، پروكسيداز و سوپراكسيدديسموتاز، پراكسيدهيدروژن، پايداري غشاء سلول­هاي برگ‌ و محتوي آهن و روي موجود در دانه اندازه­گيري

حبوبات پس از غلات، دومين منبع غذايي بشر به شمار مي­روند. نخود Cicer arietinum L. در ميان بقولات رتبه­ي سوم را در جهان دارد و مهم­ترين آن­ها در ايران است. در خاك­هاي قليايي به دليل تثبيت شدن اكثر عناصر ريزمغذي، جذب آنها توسط ريشه­هاي گياهان كاهش مي­يابد. در اين شرايط محلول­پاشي عناصر ريزمغذي جذب آنها را توسط گياه بهبود مي­دهد. اين تحقيق در همين راستا در سال زراعي 98-1397 در مزرعه­اي واقع در دهستان سراب‌نيلوفر در فاصله­ي حدود 20 كيلومتري شمال غربي شهر كرمانشاه، به­ صورت دو آزمايش مجزا و به صورت طرح بلوك كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار انجام شد. تيمار مورد بررسي محلول‌پاشي جهار نوع كود شامل: 1) سولفات روي، 2) سولفات مس، 3) اسيد بوريك و 4) فروت‌ست هر كدام در سه سطح   2، 4 و 8 در هزار و شاهد (عدم محلول­پاشي كود) بودند. در آزمايش اول محلول­پاشي شروع گلدهي و در آزمايش دوم در ابتداي غلاف­دهي انجام شد. در اين بررسي صفت­هاي عملكرد دانه، عملكرد پروتئين، عملكرد زيست­توده، شاخص برداشت، تعداد دانه در بوته، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد غلاف پر در بوته، تعداد غلاف خالي در بوته، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه‌هاي جانبي، درصد پروتئين، راندمان مصرف آب عملكرد اقتصادي، راندمان مصرف آب عملكرد زيست­توده، درآمد ناخالص عملكرد اقتصادي، درآمد ناخالص عملكرد كاه، راندمان اقتصادي مصرف آب و سود خالص مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. نتايج تجزيه واريانس در هر دو مرحله (ابتداي گلدهي و ابتداي غلاف­دهي) حاكي از معني­دار بودن اثر مثبت و معني­دار سطوح مختلف محلول­پاشي بر تمام صفات مورد ارزيابي (به­جز سود خالص در ابتداي غلاف­دهي) در سطح احتمال يك درصد بود. بر اساس نتايج مقايسه ميانگين­ها در دوره­ي گلدهي، بيشترين عملكرد دانه در تيمارهاي 2 در هزار فروت­ست با 4544 كيلوگرم در هكتار، 2 در هزار بور با 4505 كيلوگرم در هكتار و 8 در هزار بور با 4319 كيلوگرم در هكتار و به ­ترتيب با 59، 58 و 51 درصد افزايش در مقايسه با تيمار شاهد با 2853 كيلوگرم در هكتار به دست آمد. بيشترين عملكرد دانه در تيمار محلول­پاشي در ابتداي غلاف‌دهي در سطوح 8 در هزار فروت­ست با 5867 كيلوگرم در هكتار)، 2 در هزار بور با 5744 كيلوگرم در هكتار و 2 در هزار فروت­ست با 5302 كيلوگرم در هكتار به ­ترتيب با 106، 101 و 86 درصد افزايش در مقايسه با تيمار شاهد به دست آمد. به­طور كلي بر اساس نتايج مقايسه ميانگين گروهي فروت­ست و بور در تيمار محلول­پاشي در ابتداي گلدهي و فروت­ست و مس در ابتداي غلاف­دهي بهترين گروه­ها از نظر بهبود عملكرد دانه بودند. بنابراين در شرايط محيطي مشابه، به دليل كسب حداكثر مقدار عملكرد و صفات مرتبط با آن، نسبت به ساير سطوح كودي قابل توصيه است.   

  In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of micronutrient fertilizers, iron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, boron and copper at different stages of development including: initial vegetative growth (vn), flowering time (R1) and pod time (R4) on agronomic characteristics , Physiological and morphological characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in field conditions, an experiment was carried out in the 98-97 crop year in Kangavar city as a split plot with a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three developmental stages of initial vegetative growth = A1, flowering stage = A2 and pod stage = A3 and foliar application of micronutrients in seven levels including: iron fertilizers one and a half per thousand = B1, manganese one and a half per thousand = B2, One and a half per thousand = B3, molybdenum per thousand = B4, copper one per thousand = B5, boron two per thousand = B6 and water spraying control = B7 as sub-factors. The results of analysis of variance and comparison of means showed that foliar application of iron and manganese nanofertilizers at the time of branching on significant traits such as grain yield, biological yield, number of grains per pod, leaf area index, grain protein were significant. Also, application of iron (1577 kg / ha), zinc (1549 kg / ha) and molybdenum (1553 kg / ha) fertilizers on grain yield had the highest values. The micronutrient fertilizer factor was significant on traits such as superoxide dismutase, leaf soluble protein, and grain protein, and the foliar application time factor was significant on the trait of peroxidase superoxide dismutase.

   Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA To study the effect of planting date and plant density on the quality and quantity of two varieties of flaxseed oil, two field experiments were carried out in 2016 and 2017 in research farm of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University of Kermanshah

  Effect of bentonite sulfur and nitrogen on yield and yield components and some qualitative characteristics and root growth of  wheat cultivar Sirvan

This research was conduct to study the effects of exogenous application of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid on the quantity and quality of yield of two flax cultivars under post-flowering water deficiency stress. This research was conducted in 2016-2017 at the Organic Research Farm of the Campus of Agricultural and Natural Resources Razi University of Kermanshah. To this end, a split plot-factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The main plot was including of water regimes (1-control, 2-post-flowering water deficit stress) and the sub plots was including Flax cultivars (Hindi and Hungarian), exogenous application of salicylic acid (0, 100, 200 ppm) and ascorbic acid (0, 100, 200 ppm) and time of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid at two levels of vegetative growth stage (stem elongation) and reproductive stage (full flowering). According to the results, cultivar, exogenous application of hormones and moisture regime treatment had significant effect on all examined traits without morphological traits. In control condition (non-water deficit stress, grain yield and biomass yield of the Hungarian cultivar was significantly higher than Indian cultivar. Application of post anthesis water deficiency significantly reduced grain yield (%32), biomass yield (%28), number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per plant, 1000 seed weight, seed oil percentage, oil yield, protein yield, Growing Degree Days (GDD) requirement, and significantly increased grain protein (%22). The results also showed that the physiological and biochemical traits significantly were affected by moisture regime, cultivars, exogenous application of hormones and time of exogenous application of hormones. In this respect, water deficit stress significantly reduced leaf relative water content (RWC(, catalase activity and soluble proteins and significantly increased chlorophyll a and carotenoids concentration and superoxide dismutase activity. Exogenous application of hormones in water deficit stress, not only significantly increased grain yield and other studied traits and reduced the effects of water deficit, but also under control treatment, exogenous application of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid specially at 200 ppm had the best results. According to the results, it seems that use of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid in drought stress condition, reduced its effects on flax production. It can be concluded that, exogenous application of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid in plants significantly increased the plant's resistance to water deficit stress.  

  In Iran, due to arid and semi-arid areas, lentil cultivation is mainly rainfed and in this areas, lentil grain yield is much lower than in the world. The main cause for loss of grain yield in these areas is drought stress at the end of plant growth period. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) exploit several mechanisms such as improving nutrient solubility and uptake as well as modulating plant growth hormones to stimulate plant growth and helping them to absorb more water and nutrient under drought stress condition. Therefore, in this study, the effects of different strains of PGPRs on yield quality and quantity and growth characteristics of three lentil cultivars in dryland conditions were evaluated. This research was conduct in research farm of campus of agriculture and natural resources, Razi University in 2015-2016. Two separate studies was conducted in greenhouse and farm in factorial experiment. In both studies, the first factor was cultivar in three levels (landrace of Kermanshah, Bilesavar, Kimia) and second factor was PGPRs. PGPRs in greenhouse experiment had 10 levels include: B12, B40, E10, E3, P6, D4, D1, B19 and D3. After running of greenhouse experiment top 6 strains of bacteria include: Acromobacter sp.،Bacillus sp. ،Bacillus licheniformis ،Pseudomonas putida، Bacillus cereus، Bacillus megaterium were used in farm. With respect to the results, the effect of PGPR treatment on grain yield, biomass yield, 1000 grain weight, number of grains in pod and stem height was significant. Treated plants with Bacillus licheniformis had the highest grain yield and treated plants with Pseudomonas putida had the highest biomass yield. The cultivars had significant differences in grain yield, biomass yield, harvest index, number of empty pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of branches, number of sub branches. Among the lentil cultivars, the Kimia cultivar had the highest and the Kermanshah landrace had the lowest grain yield. The Kimia cultivar was superior to the Bilesavar cultivar and the Kermanshah landrace cultivar in terms of biomass yield, harvest index, 1000 grain weight and plant height. Interaction between cultivars and PGPRs had significant effect on number of grains per plant, number of pod per plant, number of full pod per plant, percentage of stem protein, percentage of grain protein, protein yield, thermal requirement for flowering and for physiological maturity. Acromobacter sp. and Pseudomonas putida strains had the highest effect on number of grain per plant, number of pod per plant and number of full pod per plant. Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus licheniformis strains had the highest effect on protein percentage of grain and protein yield, respectively. Furthermore, Pseudomonas putida had the highest effect on thermal requirement for flowering and for physiological maturity of lentil cultivars. With respect to the results, application of different plant growth promoting rhizobacteria is promising method to increase the grain yield of lentils cultivars in rainfed areas.

  The grapes is from one important products of garden in the words and Iran. This value crop use, of for certain reason product is fresh, ra  erry, oil and so on. The most important limiting factor the growth   of fruit trees in arid and semi arid regions is deficit   available water. The use of nutritional, such as the of appropriate fertilizes, can improve plant Performannce   in underwater conditions. This research was carried out to investigate of seedless grapes under water stress conditions with 4 treatments and 2 water treatmeant in 4 replications was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. The treatments including of: control treatment (without fertilizer) and potassium sulfate, compost and biochar treatments ( 10 g, 5 and 10 %), water treatment 40 and 80(control), field capacity, till the occurrence of stress indication was done. Collected data was analyzed by SAS software. The results showed that potassium sulfate increased soil and plant potassium. The compost increased phosphorus, sodium, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon and nitrogen, iron, zinc and copper. Biochar also increased potassium. Organic carbon, potassium and phosphorus plants. Biochar and compost under water stress conditions increased leaf RWC, photosynthesis, tra  iration, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll and protein. Peroxidas enzymes and superoxide dismutase had the lowest amount under water stress conditions in biochar fertilizer treatments. Compost and biochar are more effective in improving the condition of grapes under the conditions of water stress chemical fertilizers of potassium sulfate.

  To investigate the effect of in ovo injection of carbohydrate supplementary into the albumen on the one day-old Body weight (BW), chick length, chick weight one day relative to egg weight and hatchability   in surrogate egg shell   this experiment was conducted used of 60 piece of fertile egg ROSS 308 broiler chicks (with the average weight 64±2 gr) that eggs were arranged factorially in completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 10 replication in each treatment .Maltose(M) and sucrose(S) in tow level were used in this experiment .treatment consist 1mlof   :1) control1 (without surrogate eggshell and   not injected) ,2) control2(not injected) ,3) 1.5% maltose (M) +1.5% sucrose (S), 4)1.5% M + 2.5% S,5) 2.5% M + 1.5% S,6) 2.5% M + 2.5% S in 0.75% saline .During the experiment the status of the viability and growth of the embryo chick weight. Chick weight relative to egg weight and hatchability were determined. The results showed that in ovo injection of carbohydrate supplementary increased body weight and chick weight   (p<0.05) on the first day of hatch compared to the control1 . BW and   CL   was maximized by injecting 2.5% M + 2.5% S. There were no significant effect of treatments on hatchability.Key words:   chicken embryo, hatchability, carbohydrate, chick weight one day-old

    Seed deterioration is one of the factors reducing seed vigor and germination.Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the seed priming ability with some plant growth regulators to prevent or improve flax seed deterioration in Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University.This experiment was conducted in two separate sections to study the possibility of prevention and improvement of seed deterioration.In the first section, the seeds were first primed with hormones and then were deteriorated.In the second section, the seeds were first deteriorated and then were primed with hormones.For testing of each hormone, three factors including seed deterioration (on three levels: no deterioration, mild and severe deterioration), priming with hormone (in four concentrations) and two flax varieties (Indian and Hungarian) were considered.Hormones include: salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, cytokinin, gibberellin and auxin.Hydropriming experiment included three levels of seed deterioration, two flax cultivars and two seed priming levels (without and with hydropriming).The evaluated traits included the percentage of germination, germination rate, mean time to germination,mean daily germination, normal seedlings, shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, length and weight seedling vigor indices.The results showed that the Indian cultivar had superiority in both of the section of improvement and prevention to seed deterioration than the Hungarian cultivar.This superiority, however, was not significant in some traits.With increasing seed deterioration, a decrease was observed in germination characteristics.The results showed that seed priming withauxin at concentrations of 50 and 100 mgL-1 and gibberellin at concentrations of 50 and 100 mgL-1 preventedto seed deterioration.Other treatments did not have significant effects on prevention of seed deterioration.Seed priming with gibberellin at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg.L-1 and salicylic acid at concentration of 50 mgL-1 improved the germination characteristics of deteriorated seeds.In general, seed priming with auxinorgibberellinto prevent and with gibberellin or salicylic acid to improvement of flax seed deterioration can be used

  In order to investigate the effect of seed priming and inoculation with plant growth promoting bacterias on the quality and quantity of two flax cultivars in control and drought stress conditions after flowering in 2015-2016, an experiment was conducted in organic field research of Campus of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. In this order, two factorial experiments based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The first experiment was conducted under control condition and second experiment under post anthesis drought stress condition. In both experiments, 1) two cultivars (Indian and Hungarian) and 2) seed pre-treatment factor in eight levels include: five seed bacteria innoculations (Bacillus sp, Bacillus megatrium, Bacillus amyloliquefaiens, Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas geniculata) and two levels of seed priming (Hydropriming, KNO3) and control treatment were evaluated. Based on results, in this experiment, in control treatment, Hungarian cultivar had same grain yield and more biological yield than Indian cultivar. The results also showed that post anthesis drought stress until maturity caused significant reduction in grain yield (44%), biological yield (46%), number of pod per plant, number of grain per plant, thousands grain weight, number of empty pod per plant, plant height, number of main branches, number of subsidiary branches, stem protein percentage, seed oil percentage, protein and oil yield, GDD and CGR and significant increase of seed protein percentage (17%). The use of pretreatments (seed primming and seed inocullation with plant growth promoting bacterias) under post anthesis drought stress not only caused increase in grain yield and all related traits and reducing the effects of post anthesis drought stress, but also in non post anthesis drought stress treatment, also seed primming and seed inocullation with plant growth promoting bacterias resulted in better results than control treatment. Bacillus megatrium and Bacillus amyloliqueufaciens had the best effect on evaluated traits. This finding, while preliminary, suggests that, it seems that use of appropriate strains of plant growth promoting bacterias is one of the suitable strategies for increasing the productivity of crops under drought stress conditions.Key words: Flax, growth promoting bacterias, Priming, Drought stress.  

  Chickpea is one of the most important legumes in the west of the country. In order to study the root development and yield of chickpea varieties in different cultivars, field and field experiments were conducted at Faculty of Science and Agricultural Engineering of Razi University. A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications and a pot experiment in a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three replications in the years 1394-1393. In the field and pot experiment, seven genotypes of chickpea (Arman, Azad, Philip55-98, Adil, Native Kishcheh, Hashem and ILC 482) were planted in three planting dates, 20/8/1394, 20/9/1394 and 12/1394. Reviewed. The traits were studied in field experiment including grain yield, harvest index, biological yield, plant height, remobilization, shoot re-transfer ratio and stem efficiency in remobilization. In the pot experiment, traits such as root dry weight, root to shoot ratio, root length, total root length, root volume and root density were investigated. The results showed that Hashem cultivar and K???e native genotype had the highest amount of grain yield traits, remobilization of stored photosynthetic materials into seeds. In terms of planting date, the best date of cultivation was on the date of 20/8/94 or the same date of the first cultivar, the highest grain yield in the pea plant was realized on this date. The statistical results obtained from field experiment confirm that Hashem and Karehcheh cultivars had the highest amount in terms of the amount and ratio of remobilization of photosynthetic materials stored in the stem in the formation of grain yield.In the pot experiment, Arman and native cultivars of Kearcheh on April 20, 1994 had the highest root length, root volume, root dry weight, root to shoot ratio and root density. It seems that all traits related to root of chickpea are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, to promote and increase drought tolerance in chickpea, finding genotypes with a strong and effective root system is a priority

One of the advanced and new methods that has been common is the use of mulch. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm, Campus of Agriculture and natural Resources of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in 2016 and 2017. The plants used were corn, sunflower, lentil and chickpea. The treatments consisted of plastic mulch between rows, plastic mulch on plant (in chickpea, lentil, corn) and control treatment. Plastic mulch among rows had the highest growth and yield in all tested plants compared to other treatments. The results of the comparison of mean treatments showed that grain yield, 100 seed weight, number of pods in chickpea and lentil and in both years were higher in row treatment than control. In lentil in two years, treatment of mulch between the rows had higher number of seed per pod than the control. In chickpea, there was no significant difference in the number of seeds per pod in each two years. In corn, between row treatment had higher biological yield, harvest index, number of seeds per row, ear weight and 100 seed weight than control, but there was no significant difference between “treatmet of mulch between rows” with “treatment of mulch on plant”. There was no significant difference in number of rows per ear, pod weight, ear length and chlorophyll content. In sunflower, treatment of mulch between row had higher biological yield, head diameter, head weight and 100 seed weight than control, and there were no significant differences among treatmetns in terms of harvest index, number of seeds per head and chlorophyll content. In general, the results of this experiment showed that the application of mulch between the rows of plant led to an increase in the yield of the plants, probably due to weed growth reduction, moisture retention and improved water use.

  There is limited documentary information on the ecology of weeds belonging to the wheat genus in Iran. In this research, two species of wheat (Centaurea solstitialis) and Centaura balsamita (recently cultivated) were selected and examined. In this two-year research, we tried first of all to investigate the main characteristics and the reactions and mechanisms of both species, and then, experiments were designed to better understand and manage both species. This study was conducted in four main sections including germination ecology (acidity effect, potassium nitrate, osmotic potential, salinity, etc.), depth of burial and storage time, phenological research and competition. The results of this study showed that seeds are both non-foibastic species. The best germination temperature for them is 25 ° C and the minimum and maximum germination occurs at 5 and 35 °, respectively. Both species have a very negative reaction to nitrogen and are not considered nitrophilic. The inhibitory limit for salinity was 250 milli-molar, and before this level, there was a decrease in the decreasing response with germination. The maximum depth at which the germination was observed was a depth of 5 cm. There was no specific reaction to acidity and was observed in a range of 4 to 10 germination. Both species are resistant to drought and therefore have germination ability in arid areas. In relation to deep-water debris reactions, germination at a depth of 5 cm after 9 months and in dark conditions and a temperature of 20 * 10 ° C, had the highest germination percentage. All of the above mentioned factors contributed to breaking the seed dormancy and increasing germination. The lowest percentages were observed for the seeds in the warehouse, the time elapsed 3 months after burial and the presence of light. The phenological study showed that annual wheat and winter wheat were germinating early in the month, and in late August it would face seed loss. A bulky herb with a specific morphology that is more than 190 centimeters high. They had a high competitive power and reduced the yield of wheat to a large extent.Keywords: germination, burial depth and storage time, phenology, competition

     In order to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation and exogenous application of different growth hormones (3?indoleacetic acid [IAA], gibberellic acid [GA3], and 6?benzylaminopurine [6?BAP]) va control (distilled water) at different growth and development stages of pea (flowering, poding, flowering + poding), with rainfed conditions (control), an split-plot experiment using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was setup at Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. According to the results, the interaction effect of supplemental irrigation × hormone was significant on green pod yield, biological yield, 100-grains weight, harvest index and primary and secondary photosynthesis pigments. The number of pods per plant and grains per pod were also influenced by the effects of supplemental irrigation and hormones. The use of supplemental irrigation at two stages (flowering+ poding), and the application of hormones (IAA and 6-BAP) led to produce the highest grain yield, biological yield and 100-grain weight. The highest number of pods per plant and grains per pod was obtained under irrigation at two growth stages and exogenous application of hormones. The highest amount of chlorophyll a and b was related to the plants under supplemental irrigation at flowering + pod and application of 6-BAP and for carotenoids was obtained by application of GA3. Exogenous application of 6-BAP was increased fv/fm, performance index, soluble sugar, soluble protein and leaf relative water content. Effects of supplemental irrigation and hormone were significant on antioxidant enzymes and most of them were obtained under rainfed and application of plant hormone. In general, it can be stated that supplemental irrigation and exogenous application of growth hormones IAA and 6-BAP, can be used to prevent exposure of pea to water stress during critical stages of flowering and poding and it may be appropriate to increasing its economic performance.

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Tra  lanting is one of the basic methods resulting in crop earliness and increases yield. Regarding that among crop plants in Kermanshah province, sunflower, maize, sugar beet and squash with multiple uses have higher cultivated area, so, the experiment was aimed to increase yield of the plants by tra  lanting at research greenhouse and field, campus of agriculture and natural resources, Razi University, Kermanshah during two years (2015 and 2016). In 2015, the experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Factors were three planting methods (seeding, 4-week tra  lanting and 6-week tra  lanting) and two planting dates (early planting and common planting date). In 2016, the experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments included tra  lanting (6-week tra  lanting at early planting for maize and sugar beet, 4-week tra  lanting at early planting for sunflower, early seeding for squash) and seeding (control). In the first year, results showed that 6-week tra  lanting at early planting, 6-week tra  lanting at early planting, 4-week tra  lanting at early planting and early seeding produced the highest biological yield in maize, sugar beet, sunflower and squash, respectively. The treatments were selected to repeat for year two.   In the second year, results showed that tra  lanting compared to direct seeding increased biological yield, chlorophyll, leaf area and seed yield in sunflower and maize and sugar yield in sugar beet. In squash, early seeding had higher biological yield, chlorophyll and stomatal conductance compared to seeding at common date. There was no significant difference between seeding and tra  lanting in terms of sugar content in sugar beet. So, to increase yield, 6-week tra  lanting at early date for maize and sugar beet and 4-week tra  lanting at early date for sunflower is recommended for earliness in Kermanshah. Planting dates and tra  lant ages except studied ages and dates in the experiment were suggested for the next experiments.

The study effect of forbidden irrigation at different growth stages on yield and yield components of corn (SC704)

  Effect of salicylic acid and zinc on some physiological parameters of pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars

Myagrum perfoliatum is a winter weed in crops such as wheat and barley in Kermanshah province recently been problematic. This weed, emerging in Iran and in the world, many studies have been done on it. Seeds zero at different depths (surface), 5, 10, 20 and 40 cm. The time period after 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 and 14 months out of the soil and tra  orted to the laboratory and under the treatments were temperature and light. Temperature treatment at three levels (25 ° C, fixed, variable 5/10 and 10/20 °C) and light treatments on two levels (light and dark) were applied.The results showed that weed seeds are not photoblastic. Myagrum perfoliatum germinated in light and dark alike. Optimum temperature for seed germination temperature regime Myagrum perfoliatum varied 10/20. Burial depth on seed germination significant effect (p?0.01). The highest germination was found at a depth of five centimeters of soil. Over time also had a significant effect on breaking dormancy so that the seeds after 14 months had the highest percentage of germination. Due to the increased depth, germination percentage decreased Myagrum perfoliatum can be concluded that deep plowing to control weeds because it can lead to the germination of seeds and this prevents them into the depths of the plowing should be done a few years in the West because in Iran is usually done by plow tillage the soil tillage and seed lefted to gether and seeds that in the middle up and make them germinate.Key words: deep plowing, new weed, optimum temperature, wheat and barley

AbstractApproximately, one third of the worlds lands face a shortage of precipitation and half of which has annual precipitation less than 250 mm, nearly a quarter of potential evapotra  iration in these areas. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of different amounts of super absorbent polymer and drought on establishment and seedling growth of some warm and cool season plants under drought condition. The experiment was carried out as factorial design with three replications at the research farm of cumpus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University Razi, Kermanshah. At the field experiment, treatments included plant species and super absorbent polymer levels and at the pot experiment, the treatments were plant species, super-absorbent polymer levels and drought stress (favorable and long-term irrigation). Cool season plants included safflower, canola and alfalfa and warm season plants included foxtail millet, dill and fenugreek. The results showed that by increasing the super absorbent polymer rate, stem, leaf and total fresh weight, stem, leaf and total dry weight, plant height, leaf relative water content, emergence percentage and rate were significantly increased, however chlorophyll index was decreased. Increasing irrigation period (drought stress) decreased these parameters, however chlorophyll index was increased. By increasing the amount of super-absorbent in cool season plants, the percentage increase of emergence in safflower was higher than that of alfalfa and canola. By increasing the amount of super-absorbent in the warm season plants, the percentage increase of emergence in fenugreek was higher than that of millet and dill. Regarding the result, in order to increase seedling establishment, super adsorbent polymer rate of six grams per square meter is recommended except foxtail millet. For foxtail millet, super absorbent rate of 6 grams per square meter is enough.      Key words: Absorbent Polymer, irrigation period, SPAD index, leaf relative water content

In order to evaluate the effect of different seed priming methods and exogenous application (spraying) of some plant hormones on flower initiation and yield of pumpkin (cucurbita pepo L.). an experiment in educational and research farm of campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University of Kermanshah/Iran as completely randomized design and complete block design respectively with four replications in 2013-2014 season were conduct. Priming treatments were include: sytokinin 100ppm, auxin 100ppm,   ilica at level 1mM, salicylic acid at level 1mM, hydro priming and control (non-priming). plant spraying were include: sytokinin 100ppm, auxin 100ppm, salicylic acid 1mM, and control (non-spring). The results showed interaction effects of priming and spraying had significant effect (p?%1) for all studied traits except 1000 seed weight. Also mean compare results showed that, when spraying by cytokinin accrue, priming by salicylic can increase yield and its components. Mean while during spraying by salicylic acid, priming by auxin can raise yield characters. In case of priming without spraying, using silica was more useful and increased yield and its components. For male and female flowers, priming by silica and spraying by auxin and salicylic acid produced more female flowers.  

  Abstract Regarding to the importance of source and sink limitations, remobilization and current photosynthesis of different organs and their correlations with grain yield in barley, an experiment was conducted on 10 irrigated barley genotypes using randomized complete block design with three replicates under normal wet conditions at the field of Agriculture Training Complexes Mahidasht (Kermanshah) during 2012-2013 cropping season. The results indicated that the effect genotype was significant on kernel yield, yield components, remobilization and current photosynthesis. According to the means comparison, “Nosrat” and “MB-88-5” genotypes by 8.84 and 6.35 t/ha had the highest and lowest grain yield, respectively. According to correlation analysis, the highest correlation among kernel yield with yield components was observed between kernel yield and biological yield (r = 0.919). “Yusuf” cultivar had the highest rate of remobilization (0.360 gram per stem). Moreover, “Yusuf” and “Nosrat” showed the maximum rate of total current photosynthesis. Investigation of source and sink limitations revealed that leaves defoliation caused remarkable reduction in kernel weight. On the other hand, kernel weight was increased due to spikelet’s deletion. So, these points indicated the existence of source limitation in studied barley genotypes under Kermanshah climate. The highest of source limitation was obtained from “D10” genotypes by 11.75% which indicated that there was a high potential in these genotypes for increasing kernel yield as well as removing source limitation.   Keywords: irrigated barley, source and sink limitations, remobilization, current photosynthesis, kernel yield

  This study was carried out to investigate stress tolerance of 20 genotypes of wheat in two rainfed and irrigated conditions, in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications at Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah. Agronomic, morphological, physiological and biochemical traits were evaluated. Results of analysis of variance indicated that the genotypes in both conditions were different significantly for the of characters. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed significant differences between traits in rainfed and irrigated conditions. Correlation analysis between indices and yields showed that MP, GMP and STI due to having high correlation with grain yield could be used in selection of genotypes. Based on most indicies 10, 3 and 2 were introduced as the most resistance genotypes and 9 and 8 genotypes most sensitive. The results of study of biochemical traits showed that the enzyme activity of peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase in dryland environment more than irrigated environment. According to the results of the principal component analysis, selected two principal components is explained   by the 94.16% of the total variation, the first and the second components explain 56.56 and 37.60 of total variance percentages, respectively. Biplot diagram showed that the 10, 2, 3, 5, 15, 16, 17, 4 and 7 genotypes were in the vicinity of major vector of indices for drought resistance, in face were in areas with high production potential and low sensivity to drought stress. The genotypes of 5, 15, 16, 17, and 4 more willing to vector of the grain yield in stress condition. This showed that these genotypes in addition to drought tolerance,have high yield in stress condition. Based on cluster analysis, the genotypes in both rainfed and irrigated conditions in the five groups. The results of germination tests showed that genotype 2 in most of the traits, is the best when to other genotypes, thus we can introduce this genotype as drought tolerance genotype in the stage. Genotypes 18, 19 and 20 are the most sensitive genotypes at this stage.

Soybean, Water stress, Antioxidant enzymes, Physiological traits

 sunflower,water stress,proline,relative water content,cholophyl