The Zagros forests represent the most extensive habitat for various oak species in Iran. In recent years, these forests have been neglected and are now under severe threat. Epiphytic fungi exist on the surface of plant tissues and constitute diverse groups of biological agents. Determining the diversity and identifying these agents is essential for a proper understanding of their function in plants. Given that epiphytic fungi can significantly impact plant performance and the stability of plant ecosystems, their study is of particular importance. This research aimed to identify the epiphytic fungi on the branches and leaves of Persian oak trees in Kermanshah province. For this purpose, field sampling was conducted over two consecutive years during autumn and winter from the Chehrazber, Chalabeh, Sarmil, and Sarpol-e Zahab regions in the oak forests of Kermanshah province. Samples were taken from the branches and leaves of oak trees. To grow and isolate the fungi, the samples were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. After obtaining pure isolates, the fungi were identified based on morphological characteristics using standard mycological keys and by sequencing the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. In this study, a total of 981 fungal isolates belonging to 25 different taxa were isolated and identified from the branches and leaves of oak trees in various forest areas of Kermanshah province. This included 433 isolates from branches and 548 isolates from leaves. Among the identified species,  Aureobasidium pullulans,  Quambalaria cyanescens,  Gibberella intermedia,  Cladosporium oxysporum,  Alternaria malorum,  Helenozyma baotianmanensis*,  Chaetomium cochliodes*,  Mucor plumbeus,  Fusarium acuminatum,  Fusarium solani, and  Kalmusia variispora  were isolated and identified from oak leaves. The specie  Acremonium sclerotigenum,  Aureobasidium motuoense*,  Cladosporium ramotenellum*,  Coniochaeta polymorpha*,  Coniochaeta deborreae*,  Alternaria alternata,  Hydeomyces hydei*, and  accothecium sepincola* were isolated and identified from oak branches. Additionally, one isolate at the class level (Dothideomycetes) was isolated and identified from oak branches. Five taxa were identified solely based on morphological methods, including  Aspergillus niger,  enicillium  .,  eoscytalidium dimidiatum,  aecilomyces formosus, and  eauveria bassiana. Species marked with an asterisk (*) are reported from Iran for the first time.

درخت زيتون (Olea europaea L.)، عضوي از خانواده زيتونيان (Oleaceae)، يكي از قديمي‌ترين محصولات درختي است كه از هزاران سال پيش در منطقه مديترانه كاشته شده است. اين درخت كه به درخت جاودانگي نيز شهرت دارد، نه تنها نقش مهمي در اقتصاد و رژيم غذايي مردمان اين منطقه ايفا مي‌كند، بلكه در حفظ تنوع زيستي، جلوگيري از فرسايش خاك و زيبايي منظر نيز سهم بسزايي دارد. در سال­هاي اخير درختان زيتون در استان كرمانشاه دچار علائمي از جمله سرخشكيدگي و زوال شده­اند. در اين بررسي از درختان زيتون داراي علائم بيماري نمونه­برداري صورت گرفت. در اين پژوهش، 250 جدايه قارچي از 30 نمونه درخت مبتلا به علائمي همچون سرخشكيدگي، پژمردگي، شانكر تنه و طوقه و زوال پس از ضدعفوني سطحي و كشت روي محيط عصاره سيب­زميني دكستروز آگار بدست آمد. قارچ­هاي جداسازي شده از درختان زيتون با علائم بيماري با استفاده از خصوصيات مورفولوژيكي و استفاده از توالي­يابي ناحيه نسخه­برداري شده داخلي دي.ان.اي.ريبوزومي و ژن بتاتوبولين شناسايي شدند. جنس‌هاي قارچي شناسايي شده عبارت بودند از: Aspergillus   با 10 كلني (? درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Penicillium با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Clonostachys با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Fusarium با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Neoscytalidium با 110 كلني (44 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Neopestalotiopsis با 80 كلني (32 درصد كل جدايه‌ها) و Pseudophaeomoniella   با 35 كلني (14 درصد كل جدايه‌ها) . از ميان جدايه­هاي بدست آمده، قارچ Neoscytalidium با فراواني 44 درصد بيشترين جدايه را به خود اختصاص داد. قارچ Neopestalotiopsis با فراواني 32 درصد و Pseudophaeomoniella   با فراواني 14 درصد به ترتيب در رتبه‌هاي دوم و سوم قرار گرفتند. مايه­زني جدايه­هاي بدست آمده روي شاخه­هاي بريد زيتون در آزمايشگاه و نهال­هاي زيتون دو ساله در گلخانه انجام شد. جدايه­هاي مربوط به Pseudophaeomoniella  ، Neoscytalidium و Neopestalotiopsis قادر به ايجاد شانكر روي شاخه­هاي بريده و نهال­ها بودند. براي تائيد اصول كخ، پس از مايه زني، جدايه­ها مجدد از بافت­هاي بيمار جداسازي شدند. اين اولين گزارش از وجود اين قارچ­ها به عنوان بيمارگر درختان زيتون در استان كرمانشاه مي­باشد. درخت زيتون (Olea europaea L.)، عضوي از خانواده زيتونيان (Oleaceae)، يكي از قديمي‌ترين محصولات درختي است كه از هزاران سال پيش در منطقه مديترانه كاشته شده است. اين درخت كه به درخت جاودانگي نيز شهرت دارد، نه تنها نقش مهمي در اقتصاد و رژيم غذايي مردمان اين منطقه ايفا مي‌كند، بلكه در حفظ تنوع زيستي، جلوگيري از فرسايش خاك و زيبايي منظر نيز سهم بسزايي دارد. در سال­هاي اخير درختان زيتون در استان كرمانشاه دچار علائمي از جمله سرخشكيدگي و زوال شده­اند. در اين بررسي از درختان زيتون داراي علائم بيماري نمونه­برداري صورت گرفت. در اين پژوهش، 250 جدايه قارچي از 30 نمونه درخت مبتلا به علائمي همچون سرخشكيدگي، پژمردگي، شانكر تنه و طوقه و زوال پس از ضدعفوني سطحي و كشت روي محيط عصاره سيب­زميني دكستروز آگار بدست آمد. قارچ­هاي جداسازي شده از درختان زيتون با علائم بيماري با استفاده از خصوصيات مورفولوژيكي و استفاده از توالي­يابي ناحيه نسخه­برداري شده داخلي دي.ان.اي.ريبوزومي و ژن بتاتوبولين شناسايي شدند. جنس‌هاي قارچي شناسايي شده عبارت بودند از: Aspergillus   با 10 كلني (? درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Penicillium با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Clonostachys با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Fusarium با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Neoscytalidium با 110 كلني (44 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Neopestalotiopsis با 80 كلني (32 درصد كل جدايه‌ها) و Pseudophaeomoniella   با 35 كلني (14 درصد كل جدايه‌ها) . از ميان جدايه­هاي بدست آمده، قارچ Neoscytalidium با فراواني 44 درصد بيشترين جدايه را به خود اختصاص داد. قارچ Neopestalotiopsis با فراواني 32 درصد و Pseudophaeomoniella   با فراواني 14 درصد به ترتيب در رتبه‌هاي دوم و سوم قرار گرفتند. مايه­زني جدايه­هاي بدست آمده روي شاخه­هاي بريد زيتون در آزمايشگاه و نهال­هاي زيتون دو ساله در گلخانه انجام شد. جدايه­هاي مربوط به Pseudophaeomoniella  ،

   This study investigated the effects of pretreatment with the hydroalcoholic extract of Tribulus terrestris seeds on the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1? and TNF-?) and the activity of hepatic enzymes (AST and ALT) in hepatocytes isolated from chicken liver under oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. Hepatocytes were isolated from the livers of 2–3-week-old Leghorn chicks and cultured in DMEM medium. Oxidative stress was induced using 200 ?M hydrogen peroxide for 6 hours, and cells were subsequently treated with T. terrestris extract at a concentration of 80 ?g/mL for 24 hours.The activities of AST and ALT in the culture supernatant were determined spectrophotometrically, while the expression levels of IL-1? and TNF-? genes were measured using Real-Time PCR. The results showed that hydrogen peroxide significantly increased AST activity from 73 ± 1.3 to 147 ± 2.9 U/L and ALT activity from 38 ± 1.5 to 54 ± 1.8 U/L. Pretreatment with T. terrestris extract significantly reduced AST and ALT activities to 79 ± 3.5 and 41 ± 2 U/L, respectively. Moreover, the expression levels of IL-1? and TNF-? returned to 1.2- and 2-fold of the basal level, respectively. These findings indicate that the hydroalcoholic extract of Tribulus terrestris exerts strong protective effects against oxidative damage in avian hepatocytes by inhibiting inflammatory pathways and reducing hepatic enzyme leakage.

The red rot disease of oak trees caused by Paecilomyces formosus is becoming a serious threat to the forests of western Iran, especially Kermanshah province. So far, no control measures have been taken against this pathogen. The use of chemical pesticides is not recommended in these sensitive ecosystems, so it is necessary to find sustainable and environmentally friendly biological control methods.  In this research, the biocontrol effect of 9 Trichoderma species including Trichoderma arundinaceum, T. asperellum, T. avecolar, T. brevicompactum, T. crassum, T. koningii, T. koningiopsis, T. longibrachiatum and T. virens were evaluated on P. formosus in laboratory and greenhouse. The results showed that T. brevicompactum and T. virens species were more effective than other treatments in the cross-culture test with 77.1 and 64.2 percent inhibition and in the mushroom extract test with 57.65 and 1.57 percent inhibition against the growth of pathogenic fungi, and T. brevicompactum, T. koningiopsis and T. longibrachiatum with 60, 56.3 and 54.5 percent inhibition in the volatile compounds test. They had the most effect in reducing the growth of P. formosusIn the examination of pathogenicity test in laboratory and greenhouse conditions, all Trichoderma species significantly reduced the length of canker caused by P. formosus. T. brevicompactum and T. arundinaceum were the most effective fungi with 89.8% and 69.4%, respectively, in reducing the canker length caused by P. formosus in the laboratory test. In the greenhouse test, T. virens and T. brevicompactum were more successful in reducing the canker length with 66.6 and 56.6%, respectively, compared to other treatments.

   گل جاليز، انگلي جهاني است كه خسارات قابل‌توجهي به محصولات زراعي، به‌ويژه گوجه‌فرنگي و كلزا وارد مي‌كند. براي كنترل اين انگل، محققان به دنبال روش‌هاي زيستي؛ مانند استفاده از قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت هستند. در اين پژوهش باهدف مهار زيستي گل جاليز، اثر ?? جدايه قارچي اندوفيت روي ارقام مختلف گوجه‌فرنگي (كارون و متين) و كلزا (نپتون) بررسي شد. با استفاده از توالي­يابي ناحيه نسخه‌برداري شده داخلي دي ‌ان‌ اي ريبوزومي   گل جاليز جمع‌آوري‌شده از مزارع گوجه‌فرنگي Phelipanche aegyptiaca (شماره دسترسي­هاي ON738595 و ON738596) و گل جاليز جمع­آوري شده از مزارع كلزا Phelepanch cilicata (شماره دسترسي­هاي ON738605 و ON738606) شناسايي شد. پس از شناسايي مولكولي گل جاليز جمع‌آوري شده از مزارع، آزمايش‌ها در شرايط كنترل شده انجام شد. اين آزمايش در شرايط گلخانه‌اي و بر اساس طرح كامل تصادفي انجام شد. براي تهيه اينوكولوم قارچي، ابتدا بذر‌هاي گندم سترون شده با ريسه و اسپور قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت مايه­زني و به مدت دو هفته در دماي 25 درجه سلسيوس كشت داده شدند. سپس 10 گرم از اين بذر‌هاي آلوده به همراه 2 كيلوگرم خاك سترون و 0.05 گرم بذر گل جاليز با هم مخلوط شده و در گلدان‌هاي حاوي اين مخلوط، نشاء‌هاي گوجه‌فرنگي رقم كارون و بذر‌هاي كلزا رقم نپتون كاشته شدند. سه الي چهار ماه پس از كاشت و با ظهور بوته‌هاي گياهان به همراه گل جاليز، صفات رشدي گياهان از جمله وزن خشك اندام هوايي و ريشه، ارتفاع گياه و محتواي كلروفيل برگ‌ها اندازه‌گيري شد. نتايج آماري آناليز نشان داد كه بين گياهان تيمار شده با قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت و گروه شاهد (گياه با گل جاليز و بدون قارچ اندوفيت)، اختلاف معني‌داري در برخي از صفات رشدي وجود دارد. در گياه گوجه­فرنگي (رقم متين)، بيشترين وزن تر اندام هوايي، وزن تر ريشه، وزن خشك اندام هوايي و طول ريشه به ترتيب مربوط به جدايه­هاي قارچي TC-26-6, RU-BeBa, RU-ClRo و TC-26-6 از قارچ­هاي، Alternaria Beauveria bassiana, Clonostachys rosea و Alternaria با افزايش 8/61، 6/52، 9/76 و 9/77 درصد نسبت به گياه شاهد بودند. همچنين جدايه­هاي مربوط به گونه­هاي مختلف Trichoderma و گونه­هاي Microdochium bolleyi و Ascotricha funiculosa بيشترين تأثير در افزايش وزن خشك‌ريشه در حدود ?? درصد نسبت به گياه شاهد شدند. در گياه گوجه­فرنگي (رقم كارون)، بيشترين وزن تر اندام هوايي، وزن تر ريشه، وزن خشك اندام هوايي، طول ريشه و وزن خشك‌ريشه به ترتيب مربوط به جدايه­هاي قارچي RU-RoTo، RU-TrRo، RU-TrAt، TW-24-2 و RU-ClRo   از قارچ­هاي Rodotorula   torulidae، Trichothecium roseum، Trichoderma atroviride، Alternaria     و   Clonostachys rosea   به ترتيب با افزايش 42،   6/46،   9/68،   73،   3/78 درصدي نسبت به گياه شاهد بودند. در بررسي تأثير قارچ­هاي اندوفيت بر گياه كلزا (رقم نپتون)، بيشترين وزن تر اندام هوايي، وزن خشك اندام هوايي، وزن تر ريشه، وزن خشك‌ريشه و طول ريشه نسبت به گياه شاهد مربوط به جدايه­هاي TC-26-6، RU-AsNi، RU-FuTr،   RU-TrRo و RU-RoTo از قارچ­هاي Alternaria، Aspergillus niger، Fusarium tricinctum، Trichotecium roseum و Rodotorula toruloidea به ترتيب با افزايش 7/87، 8/79، 6/79، 8/58 و 6/73 درصد بودند. بيشترين مقدار محتواي كلروفيلي در گياه كلزا مربوط به جدايه TrKo از قارچ Trichoderma koningiopsis ‌ با افزايش 6/65 درصدي نسبت به گياه شاهد بود. يافته‌هاي اين مطالعه نشان داد كه قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت مي‌توانند نقش مهمي در بهبود عملكرد گياهان گوجه‌فرنگي و كلزا، به‌ويژه در شرايط وجود انگل گل جاليز ايفا كنند. در مجموع استفاده از قارچ‌هاي اندوفيت مي‌توانند به‌عنوان ره يافتي اميدبخش در مديريت تلفيقي اين علف هرز انگلي مورداستفاده قرار گيرد.

Root rot and seedling mortality diseases have been recognized as significant threats to the survival and growth of forest seedlings, particularly Iranian oak, worldwide. These diseases cause substantial economic losses to nurseries and pose serious challenges to forest restoration. This study aimed to accurately identify the pathogens contributing to root rot and seedling mortality in Iranian oak seedlings in Kermanshah Province, Iran. One hundred infected seedlings exhibiting symptoms such as yellowing, wilting, leaf drop, and crown and root rot were collected from Iranian oak nurseries in the province and transferred to the laboratory. The roots and crowns of infected seedlings were sectioned into 5 mm pieces, rinsed with tap water, and surface-disinfected with 10% sodium hypochlorite. The pieces were then rinsed three times with sterile water, dried on sterile filter paper, and cultured on potato dextrose agar medium containing 20 mg/L chloramphenicol and 50 mg/L streptomycin. The PARP medium was also used to isolate potential oomycetes involved in root rot. The grown fungi were morphologically identified using standard taxonomic keys and then definitively identified using molecular methods (sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA, elongation factor, large subunit of ribosomal DNA, and various regions of cytochrome oxidase). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on healthy seedlings to confirm the role of the isolated fungi in causing the disease. The results of this study revealed that the fungal species Phytopythium litorale, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium redolens, and Diaporthe amygdali were the most important pathogens causing root rot and seedling mortality in Iranian oak seedlings in the studied nurseries. Re-isolation of these species from infected tissues was performed to fulfill Koch's postulates. Phylogenetic analysis placed our species in monophyletic groups with other valid species obtained from the GenBank of other countries. The findings of this study confirm the importance of root rot and seedling mortality diseases in threatening the survival of Iranian oak seedlings. The identification of pathogens is a crucial step in managing and controlling these diseases. The results of this study can be used in planning for the production of healthy seedlings and managing diseases in Iranian oak nurseries. Furthermore, more studies are needed to investigate the factors affecting the spread of these diseases and to develop biological control methods.

   The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of alternatives of growth promotors   on the performance and intestine morphology of broiler chickens.A total of 480   one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308 strain) with the same average weight were used in a completely randomized design with 8 treatments, 6 replicates and 10 chick   per replicate. Experimental treatments including 1)negative   control (without additives), 2) positive controlbacitracin (antibiotic), 3) acidifier Parsid Plus in the amount of 1.5 g per Kg of feed, 4) acidifier Parsid Plus in the amount of 3 g per Kg of feed, 5) Novi Herb Plus in the amount of 0.75   grams per kg of feed, 6) Novi Herb Plus in the amount of 1/5   g per kg of feed, 7) Novi Herbin the amount of 750 grams per kg of feed, and 8) Novi Herb in the amount of 1.5 g per kg of feed. The results showed that in the first week of rearing, the birds that received the treatments containing Parasid Plus (3 g/kg) and New Herb and New Herb Plus had less feed consumption compared to the control group (P<0.01), In the entire rearing period (1-42 days), the addition of the antibiotic Bacitracin, New Herb (0.75 g/kg) and New Herb Plus (0.75 g/kg) led to a significant decrease in feed consumption (0.05 >P), other experimental treatments had no significant effect. Examining the body weight gain data showed that the use mode additives did not cause a significant change in body weight in the first week and the initial period. In the whole period (1-42 days), the treatment of 1.5 g/kg of new herb significantly increased the weight gain compared to the control and positive control (antibiotic) (P < 0.01). In the entire rearing period (1-42 days), the addition of New Herb and New Herb Plus at the level of 0.75 g/kg led to a significant improvement in the food conversion ratio compared to the negative control group (without addition) (P<0.05). The evaluation of the height of the jejunum villi showed that the addition of 1.5 g/kg New Herb Plus, 0.75 and 1.5 g/kg New Herb to the diet significantly increased the villus height compared to the negative and positive control (>0.05). ) The ratio of villus length to crypt depth in chickens fed with levels of 0.75 and 1.5 g/kg New Herb or New Herb Plus increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). In general, the results of this experiment showed that the addition of Parsid Plus compound (butyric acid, formic acid, propionic acid, acetic acid and citric acid) along with their salts along with cinnamon essential oil) did not have a significant effect on the functional and morphological parameters of the intestine, But New Herb compounds (containing essential oils of oregano, thyme, zenyan in nanoencapsulated form) and New Herb Plus (containing microcapsulated essential oils (zenyan, thyme, peppermint), prebiotics (lactose + yeast cell wall), organic acids ( lactic acid and formic acid) and some plant compounds including turmeric powder, garlic and cinnamon) can improve the height of the villus and the ratio of villus elevation to the depth of the crypt. be effective on the growth and improvement of the food conversion factor.

Abstract Members of the genus Bacillus are considered effective and useful microorganisms in controlling plant pathogens. By producing antibiotics and volatile compounds, Bacillus isolates prevent the growth of mycelium and reduce the spore germination capacity. These bacteria also induce plant resistance against pathogens. Nevertheless, the production of efficient and long-lasting commercial products has been a constant challenge in the production of biological agents. The aims of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of several Bacillus isolates in suppression of strawberry gray mold in the laboratory, and the possibility of preparing microcapsule formulations of effective isolates using biocompatible materials. Different isolates of Bacillus were prepared from the microbial collection of the Iranian plant protection research institute and their effectiveness in inhibiting strawberry gray mold disease with Botrytis cinerea agent was evaluated in vitro and also in greenhouse conditions on strawberry plants inoculated with the pathogen. Then the inhibitory ability of the isolates was evaluated and the best isolates with the highest efficiency were selected and their microcapsule formulation was prepared and evaluated. The microcapsule was prepared using biocompatible alginate compounds and natural minerals, and after its preparation, the release process, durability and resistance to environmental conditions were investigated. The optimal microcapsule based on the results obtained from the structural chemistry analysis and evaluation in laboratory conditions was chose for in planta tests. At the end, the properties of the resulting microcapsules were evaluated in the control of strawberry gray mold disease. Key word: Postharvest, slow release, bioretention, microencapsulation, Botrytis cinerea   

The quantitative and qualitative limitations of water resources and the increase in population are among the cases that show the need to pay attention to how water is consumed and deal with the problems caused by water scarcity by planning water resources and providing methods for their optimal use. make; Therefore, one of the pillars of water resources management is the optimal use of the reservoirs of the country's dams as the main sources of surface water, and this issue has a special importance and place in the science of dam engineering. In this research, first, using the new K-means clustering method, the flow >  

Pepper (Capsicum annum) from the Solanaceae family is one of the most important vegetable summer crops that is cultivated in different parts of the world. Pepper plants are attacked by many pests such as insects, bacteria, viruses and fungi. Many fungi such as Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Verticellum, Alternaria, etc. cause disease in pepper. Common fungal diseases include seed rot, seedling damping off, root rot, stem base rot, etc. To prevent the damage caused by fungal diseases, farmers mainly rely on the use of chemical fungicides, which are efficient and fast-acting, but this is at the expense of human health and the environment, prompting experts to look for successful alternatives and their way. find for biological control in which they use a biological agent against a pathogenic fungus. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fungi that attack the pepper plant roots and to investigate the effect of T. longibrachiatum as a biological control method and fungicides as a chemical method on the fungi that cause pepper root rot. The antagonism test of T. longibrachiatum against pathogenic fungi was investigated in laboratory conditions. This step included placing the disc of pathogenic fungi against the isolated disc of T. longibrachiatum on PDA medium. After one week of incubation, the antagonism ability was measured. In the greenhouse, the effect of treatments including the control alone (without pathogenic fungi and T. longibrachiatum), Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, T. longibrachiatum, Beltanol fungicide and the treatment of pathogenic fungi together with T. longibrachiatum. The effect of the treatments on two soil groups, including sterilized and non-sterilized soils, was done in three repetitions, which formed a total of 12 samples of the statistical population of this study. The effects of the treatments on the characteristics of root and stem length, wet and dry weight of root and stem were measured in greenhouse conditions. The data obtained from the measurements were analyzed using the LSD test comparison between groups (sterilized and non-sterilized soil) at the 5% level. Based on the results of internal transcribed space (ITS) sequencing and PCR, the species of Fusarium and Rhizoctonia fungi included F. solani and R. solani, respectively. T. longibrachiatum had a high antagonistic ability with F. solani and R. solani. The treatment of T. longibrachiatum fungus and Beltanol fungicide reduced the pathogenic effect of F. solani and R. solani, so the measured growth indices increased in the presence of these treatments. respectively, the highest and lowest characteristics of the measured sizes were observed in the treatment of T. longibrachiatum and pathogenic fungi F. solani and R. solani. By adding T. longibrachiatum to samples infected with R. solani along with F. solani in non-sterile soils, the dry weight of the stem increased by 744.17%. Based on the results of the laboratory and greenhouse, T. longibrachiatum as a strong antagonist was able to prevent the growth of F. solani and R. solani, therefore T. longibrachiatum as a strong biological controller plays an important role in controlling various diseases caused by F. solani and R. solani has root rot of pepper. The effect of T. longibrachiatum fungus was higher compared to Beltanol fungicide in inhibiting the pathogenic agent. Therefore, it is recommended to use biological control method instead of chemical control.

   Seedling death disease is one of the important problems in agricultural fields, which causes economic damage to crops, especially pumpkins. Farmers have to use pesticides to control the disease, but these toxins have harmful side effects on the environment and human health. Many recommendations have been made regarding the need to find suitable alternatives in dealing with this pathogen. The widespread use of chemical pesticides in agriculture, in addition to increasing production costs and negative effects on human and animal health, has caused irreparable damage to the environment. according to this; The development of alternative methods, including biological control (using Trichoderma fungus) in the management of plant diseases (especially soil-borne diseases), seems very necessary. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate the effect Isolates of Trichoderma on cucumber seedling death disease. The antagonism test of T. longibrachiatum against pathogenic fungi was investigated in laboratory conditions. This step included placing the disc of the pathogenic fungus against the isolated disc of Trichoderma on the PDA medium. After one week of incubation, the antagonism ability was measured. In the greenhouse, the effect of 4 control treatments alone (without pathogenic fungus and Trichoderma), the fungus causing the death of cucumber seedlings, Trichoderma fungus and the combination treatment of Trichoderma and pathogen on germination percentage, root length, stem length and dry and wet weight of the plant one month after The beginning of the experiment was measured. The data obtained from the measurement were compared using the LSD test at the probability level of 5 and 1 percent. The fungus responsible for the death of cucumber seedlings was Fusarium oxysporu. T. longibrachiatum had antagonistic ability with Fusarium oxysporum fungus. Germination percentage, root length, stem length and dry and wet weight of cucumber plants in different samples were T. longibrachiatum > Fusarium oxysporum along with T. longibrachiatum > control > Fusarium oxysporu. Based on the results of laboratory and greenhouse, T. longibrachiatum mushroom as a strong antagonist was able to prevent the growth of Fusarium oxysporum fungus, so T. longibrachiatum as a strong biological controller plays an important role in controlling various diseases caused by Fusarium fungus, including Death has seedlings.

   Abstract Accurate identification of host species is very important for disease diagnosis and adopting the correct disease management strategy. Paecilomyces formosus species, the cause of red rot and decay of oak, is an emerging threat that may put Iran's Zagros forests in serious danger in the future. In this study, the nested polymerase chain reaction with PaMF and PaMR specific primers designed by comparing the nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed region of nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS of P formosus species and other close arrays were used to detect this species. For this purpose, sampling of forest trees with symptoms of red rot was done in two provinces of Kermanshah and Ilam. Paecilomyces isolates were identified using morphological characteristics, acid production on keratin sucrose agar culture medium and sequencing of the rDNA-ITS region and part of the betatubulin gene. By using nested polymerase chain reaction, the 441 bp band was exclusively amplified from P. formosus genomic DNA, and no band was observed for other species, including P. variotii species. The nested polymerase chain reaction method can detect 100 pg of P. formosus genomic DNA. Sixty trees from seven areas in the Zagros forests were evaluated with red rot symptoms. This is the first report of P. formosus pathogenicity in Paliurus spina-christi trees. In addition, the severity of the disease was measured on 11 tree species at three different temperatures of 15, 25 and 35 degrees Celsius. The severity of the disease caused by all the isolates on the branches isolated at 35°C was higher than at 15 and 25°C. This study presents the host range of this pathogen and shows that these potential hosts are susceptible to the pathogen at the high temperatures that forest trees have experienced in recent decades.

   Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops that is widely cultivated all over the world.   Among the things that make tomato production difficult, the parasitic weed broomrape is one of the main threats.   Although so far different strategies have been used to control broomrape, but; None of them have succeeded in completely curbing it. What is of interest today to control weeds, including the broomrape parasite, is the use of several management methods in the form of integrated control. In the present study, three types of manure and four species of endomycorrhizal fungi were used in three experiments in a completely randomized design to control the broomrapes. In the first two experiments, the role of animal manures and mycorrhizal species was investigated separately. In the first experiment, the species Funneliformis mosseae, significantly compared to other treatments, succeeded in reducing the number and dry weight of broomrape. Among the types of animal manure used in the second experiment, cow manure had a significant effect on the reduction of dry weight and the number of flowers. Finally, the results of the combination of cow manure at two different levels with F.mosseae in the third experiment showed the positive effect of combining the lower level of manure with mycorrhizae in the emergence of stalks, the number and dry weight of broomrapes on tomato plants.

   Fig, with the scientific name Ficus carica L., is a perennial treasure plant. Among the producing countries, Iran ranks fifth in the world with the production of 107,791 tons of figs in 2021. Also, in 2021, the main producing provinces of wet farming figs include Fars, Lorestan, Kermanshah, Markazi, Semnan, and Zanjan. The amount of wet farming fig production in 2021 in Kermanshah province was 1787 tons. Fig cultivation areas in Kermanshah province based on the highest production include the cities of Dalahu (Rijab), Paveh, Sarpol Zahab, Gilan Gharb, Harsin, Kermanshah and Islamabad. The fig plant, like other agricultural products, hosts many pests and diseases, among which fig mosaic disease can be mentioned. Based on the research conducted by the researchers, it has been shown that the effective factors in the occurrence of fig mosaic disease include viruses and viroids, all or some of them may be involved in the occurrence of symptoms of this disease in fig trees. Among the viral agents involved in this disease, we can mention fig mosaic virus (Emaravirus fici). This virus can be semi-permanently transmitted by cuttings and tra  lants of infected trees, as well as by the eriophyde mite Aceria ficus, but it is not transmitted by seeds and pollen grains. During the years2021and 2022, 129 samples were collected from nine cities of Kermanshah province (Eslamabad-e-Gharb, Paveh, Dalahoo, Sarpol-e-Zahab, Sahneh, Qasreshirin, Kermanshah, Gilanegharb and Harsin). These samples were examined by DAS-ELISA test and with IgG antiserum prepared by Iran's Herbal Medicine Research Institute (Tehran, Iran). Out of 128 fig samples tested, 86 samples were infected with fig mosaic virus. Based on the tests, out of 116 samples with symptoms of fig mosaic disease, 81 samples (equivalent to 70%) were infected with fig mosaic virus. Also, among the 12 samples without signs of fig mosaic disease, five samples showed positive results in the serological test. In order to investigate the transmission of fig mosaic virus, grafting was done between two-year-old fig cuttings and infected cuttings that were selected from fig trees in Kermanshah province. After observing the first signs of fig mosaic disease, DAS-ELISA test was performed for all the tra  lanted seedlings and after the detection of fig mosaic virus in some of the tra  lanted seedlings, in order to ensure the accuracy of the result obtained from the DAS-ELISA test, a molecular test was performed base on nucleic acid (RT-PCR) for infected plants. In the RT-PCR test, a fragment with an approximate size of 302 bp was amplified from a pair of E5 specific primers for 20 fig samples. Among the received nucleotide sequences, 19 sequences (except for OQ552542), in BLAST search, showed the most similarity with the sequence of an isolate from Lorestan province (KT732024) (nucleotide similarity between 93.4 and 96.8%). The sequence of isolate FM203 (resem. OQ552542) was different from the rest of the isolates, so that its nucleotide identity with 19 other sequences was 86.6 to 90.2%. This sequence showed the most similarity with the sequence of isolate T7 from Kermanshah province (number MH475441) and then with isolates from Golestan, Lorestan and Mazandaran provinces (90.1 to 91.5% nucleotide identity). In the phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the RdRp coding region, 19 sequences of the obtained sequences (except the sequence OQ552542), together with an isolate from Lorestan province (the sequence KT732024) were placed in the same group, but the isolate FM203 (the sequence OQ552542) was placed outside the group. In this study, the distribution of fig mosaic virus in fig orchards of Kermanshah province was investigated by serological detection (DAS-EISA) and nucleic acid-based molecular method (RT-PCR).

Bacterial Leaf Stripe/Streak is one of the important diseases of this strategic plant in the world. In recent years, this disease has spread in Kermanshah province following the change in climatic conditions, and due to its seed-borne nature, it has caused significant damage in some areas. Recently, during a survey, the physiological, biochemical, genetic, and pathogenic characteristics of disease-causing bacteria were identified in Kermanshah province, and along with determining the disease-causing pathovars, their distribution in the province was determined. The present research was conducted to identify epiphyte bacteria of wheat in Kermanshah province and to evaluate their ability to biologically control the two pathogens undulosa and cerealis from Xanthomonas translucens bacteria, the stripe agent of wheat in this province. For this purpose, during the spring of 1400, wheat leaves were sampled in different regions of Kermanshah province, and epiphyte bacteria were isolated and purified. The effect of inhibiting 233 epiphytic bacteria from the growth of the disease agent in laboratory conditions was investigated with various tests including the production of volatile compounds and antibiotic production, and then five isolates that showed better results in laboratory conditions were selected from among the epiphyte bacteria and their effect They were examined for the disease in greenhouse conditions. To identify isolates, physiological and biochemical tests were performed for all isolates. 11 isolates had the highest yield in the volatile compounds production test, and seven isolates had the highest halo diameter inhibiting the growth of the disease agent. Based on the results of these tests and the total performance of isolates in volatile compounds production and antibiotic production tests, five isolates showed high performance. The inhibitory effect of these isolates against the disease was investigated in greenhouse conditions and the form of a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 3 replications. The index of contamination percentage of wheat leaf surface was examined during three periods with an interval of one week and the resulting data were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the investigated treatments had a significant difference at the 5% level. Isolate 75 had the greatest effect on reducing the percentage of leaf contamination. Based on the results of physiological and biochemical tests, this Bacillus sp. It was identified that after determining the sequence of the 16S rRNA region for this isolate and comparing it with the information available in NCBI, it was determined that the superior isolate in the biological control of bacterial stripe disease in Kermanshah province corresponds with 100% similarity to Bacillus pumilus bacteria.   

Parasitic plants of the Orobanchaceae family are one of the limiting factors of cultivation in agricultural systems, and accurate identification and investigation of their biology is essential in order to better control these parasitic plants in fields and gardens. In Kermanshah province, many products are attacked by this plant family, and among them, products such as canola, tomato and sunflower with growing cultivated area and high damage potential by these species are of special importance. Referring to the mentioned fields, 414 samples were prepared, and after morphological and molecular examination of the samples, the dominant species in canola fields is Phelipanche cilicica, tomato fields, Phelipanche aegyptica, and sunflower fields, Orobancche cumana. The distribution map of 414 samples was done using the ... method.   

The tomato plant with the scientific name Solanum lycopersicum from the Solanaceae family is economically one of the most important agricultural products in many countries, including Iran. The tomato plant is exposed to the damage of various factors, including plant pathogens, among which viral diseases are very important. Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) from the genus Tobamovirus is one of the most destructive viruses infecting vegetables. This virus has a wide host range between agricultural and non-agricultural plants. During the years 1397 to 1399, from the farms of Kermanshah province located in the cities of Kermanshah (Kozran, Baladarband, Sarab Yaori, Halshi and the farm inside the faculty), Islamabad (Shiyan), Qasr Shirin (Shaherek Shahid Decami), Mahidasht, Sahneh (Dinor), Ravansar (Hasanabad) ), Sanghar (Sahnaleh), Kangavar (Fesh), and Harsin (Biston) of Kermanshah province were collected and some tomato greenhouses of Kermanshah province located in Kermanshah (Qzanchi), Islamabad (Shiyan Castle, Kat Kati) and Mahidasht cities were sampled. The presence of ToMV infection in the samples was investigated by DAS-ELISA method using polyclonal antibody manufactured by DSMZ (code AS-0104). The results were evaluated according to the color of the wells compared to positive and negative controls and positive samples were identified. A number of samples that were detected as infected by DAS ELISA were selected for further work The reaction of benchmark plants was investigated using mechanical inoculation in the greenhouse. The contamination of some samples was confirmed by total RNA extraction and then RT-PCR molecular test. In this test, general primers of tobamoviruses (F-3666 and R-4718) were used. The expected band with a size of about 700 bp was obtained for the infected samples. The obtained synonyms were registered in GenBank (accession number OM460705 for AE293 isolate and OM460706 for AE298 isolate). A genealogical tree was drawn using the sequences available in GenBank. The sequences of two ToMV isolates from Kermanshah province were placed in the same group with ToMV isolates and showed the highest similarity (respectively, 99.5 and 99.8% sequence identity) with a tomato mosaic virus isolate (number LC650928) reported from tomato plants in Japan. They showed that. . In total, the results of ELISA, inoculation and RT-PCR tests proved the existence and widespread distribution of tomato mosaic virus in the tomato fields of Kermanshah, Qasrshirin, Harsin, Sahne, Ravansar and Islamabad cities   

   چكيده: آتش­سوزي يك عامل طبيعي در جنگل به شمار مي­رود كه به­ طور موقت باعث كاهش پوشش گياهي سطح خاك مي­شود.آتش­سوزي مي­تواند ريزجانداران و خصوصيات شيميايي خاك را در جهت مثبت و يا منفي تحت تأثير قرار دهد. اين مطالعه جهت بررسي اثر آتش­سوزي بر جنگل­هاي زاگرس در استان كرمانشاه، شهرستان گهواره در منطقه لريني انجام گرفت. از اين رو چند نقطه روي ترانسكت­ها با استفاده از متر مشخص شد و در فواصلي منظم (مهر، آذر، بهمن، فروردين و خرداد)، نمونه­برداري انجام گرفت حد فاصل رديف­هاي مورد مطالعه از هم 50 متر و فاصله هر نقطه از نقطه بعدي 20 متر بود. سه رديف در منطقه مورد آتش­سوزي و يك رديف در منطقه شاهد مشخص شد. نتايج ‌نشان‌ داد ‌آتش‌­سوزي‌ در هر دو محل زير تاج و خارج تاج سطحي بوده و تأثير چنداني بر ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي خاك نداشت. از اين رو در شاخص­هايي چون كربن آلي و هدايت الكتريكي خاك تغيير قابل توجهي ديده نشد و آتش­سوزي تنها موجب افزايش فسفر در مناطق سوخته نسبت به شاهد شد. به دليل رخ­ داد آتش­سوزي سطحي، احتراق موجب افزايش نه چندان چشمگيري در شاخص­هاي زيستي شد. در اين پژوهش در اثر آتش­سوزي جمعيت باكتري­هاي خاك پس ازگذشت 9 ماه تقريباً به سطح خاك شاهد رسيد اما جمعيت باكتري­هاي تثبيت­كننده ازت افزايش يافت. اين در حالي است كه جمعيت باكتري­هاي اسپوردار روند مشخصي در بازه­هاي زماني پس از آتش­سوزي را دنبال نكرد.       آتش­سوزي يك عامل طبيعي در جنگل به شمار مي­رود كه به­ طور موقت باعث كاهش پوشش گياهي سطح خاك مي­شود. آتش­سوزي مي­تواند موجب اثرات منفي و يا مثبت بر خصوصيات شيميايي و ريزجانداران خاك ­شود. اين مطالعه جهت بررسي اثر آتش­سوزي بر جنگل­هاي زاگرس در استان كرمانشاه، شهرستان گهواره در منطقه لريني انجام شد. بدين منظور نقاط با اندازه­گيري به وسيله­ي متر بر روي ترانسكت­ها مشخص شد و به صورت منظم و با فواصل زماني مشخص (مهر، آذر، بهمن، فروردين و خرداد)، نمونه­برداري از آ­ن­ها صورت گرفت. فاصله نمونه­ها در هر دريف 20 متر و فاصله رديف­ها از هم50 متر است به گونه­اي كه سه رديف در منطقه سوخته و يك رديف در منطقه شاهد مشخص شد. نتايج ‌نشان‌ داد ‌آتش‌­سوزي‌ در هر دو محل زير تاج و خارج تاج سطحي بوده و تأثير چنداني بر ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي خاك نداشت. از اين رو در شاخص­هايي چون كربن آلي و هدايت الكتريكي خاك تغيير قابل توجهي ديده نشد و آتش­سوزي تنها موجب افزايش فسفر در مناطق سوخته نسبت به شاهد شد. به دليل رخ­ داد آتش­سوزي سطحي، احتراق موجب افزايش نه چندان چشمگيري در شاخص­هاي زيستي شد. در اين پژوهش در اثر آتش­سوزي جمعيت باكتري­هاي خاك پس ازگذشت 9 ماه تقريباً به سطح خاك شاهد رسيد اما جمعيت باكتري­هاي تثبيت­كننده ازت افزايش يافت. اين در حالي است كه جمعيت باكتري­هاي اسپوردار روند مشخصي در بازه­هاي زماني پس از آتش­سوزي را دنبال نكرد.

In terms of annual production rank, potato plant is after plants such as wheat and rice and is one of the valuable sources of human food, especially in developing countries. Various fungal diseases cause damage to the organs of the potato plant, which reduces the yield and quality of the potato crop. Some of these pathogens can cause symptoms such as canker and caries. One of these pathogens is Paramyrothecium. In order to investigate the morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics of Paramyrothecium isolates along with potato stem canker, sampling was performed on four potato cultivation plots from the research farms of Razi University of Kermanshah in August and September 2017. Sampling of plants with signs of leaf spot, fruit rot, stem, crown and root was done randomly from four farms on the Facultaty of Science and Agricultural Engineering of Razi University. From each field, 5 infected samples were collected. After isolating and purifying Paramyrothecium, the reaction of 20 species from 9 plant families to this fungus and also the severity of pathogenicity in five tobacco samples were measured. The results showed that based on the morphological characteristics of 20 purified isolates, all belonged to P. roridum. According to phylogenetic analysis of two selected fungal isolates among these isolates, using sequences related to ?-tubulin and ITS region, the results showed that these two isolates were 98% similar to P. roridum CBS37250 isolates. And P. roridum CBS21295 and P. roridum ZB1 and P. roridum

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a perennial plant of the Fabaceae family and an important fodder crop in the world. Bean leafroll virus causes many damages and reduces the yields by 30% or more in plants of the Fabaceae family.   This virus is one of the most important pathogens of alfalfa and in addition to reducing the yield of infected plants, it causes stunting and yellowing symptoms. Bean leafroll virus is being transmitted by aphids in a persistent, circulating, and non-propagating manner. Due to the importance of alfalfa and lack of knowledge about the status of infection with this virus in alfalfa fields in Kermanshah Province, this study was conducted to detect the virus in alfalfa fields in some parts of the Province. Samples were collected from alfalfa and chickpea farms in different parts of Kermanshah Province (farms of Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University in Kermanshah, Geravand village, Harsin, Mahidasht, Dinavar, Islamabad, Gilan-Gharb, Kangavar, Ravansar, and Sahneh). The leaves of alfalfa and chickpea plants that showed yellowing symptoms were selected and tested using DSMZ antibodies (including IgG code AS-0142 and specific monoclonal antibody code AS-227/1) by the TAS-ELISA method. Among 157 samples tested, 17 tested positive in the ELISA test, including 12 samples of alfalfa (from Harsin, Mahidasht, Dinavar, and Faculty of Agriculture) and 5 chickpea samples (from Dinavar and Faculty of Agriculture). In the aphid transmission test by Aphis fabae, the infection was transmitted from alfalfa to Vicia faba. In this study, Bean leafroll virus was detected for the first time in the alfalfa fields of Kermanshah Province.   

Potato (Solanum tuberosum, family Solanaceae) is an annual crop with great economic importance. Potato leafroll virus (PLRV, genus Polerovirus) is one of the most important viral pathogens that cause great losses on the yield and quality of this plant around the world. The first step in managingviral diseases is to identify them. With the right diagnosis, proper planning can be done to control the pathogen and prevent its spread. Considering the importance of Potato leafroll virus and the damages it can cause, the present study was conducted to investigate the status of Potato leafroll virus infection in potato fields in some parts of Kermanshah province (Iran). In the growing seasons of 2019-2021, potato fields (varieties Sante, Banba, Marfona, Sprit, Natasha and Jelly) located in some areas of Kermanshah Province, Iran (regions Kermanshah, Kangavar, Islam-Abade-Gharb, Gahvareh, Kamyaran road and Ghazanchi) were sampled. Samples were collected from the aerial parts of potato plants that had suspected symptoms of this virus (yellowing, dwarfism, leafroll). Virus detection n the collected samples was performed by TAS-ELISA using a kit from DSMZ, that included IgG antibody (AS-0741), specific monoclonal antibody MAb-IgG (AS0060/11), RAM-AP and a positive control (PV-0842). According to TAS-ELISAresults, infection with Potato leafroll virus was detected in Kermanshah, Islam-Abade-Gharb, Gahvareh, Kamyaran road and Ghazanchi and inSante, Banba, Marfona, Sprit, Natasha and Jelly cultivars. Keywords: Viral diseases, Polerovirus, Serology    

Tomato root-knot nematode caused by Meloidogyne javanica is one of the most destructive tomato diseases in Iran and the world, which has also spread in Kermanshah province in recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibition of this disease using plant growth promoting bacteria and defence-inducing compounds. For this purpose, two separate experiments were designed. In one experiment, resistance-inducing compounds at a concentration of 100 ?M and bacterial strains with a population of 1 × 109 CFU /mL were sprayed on the plants aerial parts. Plants growth indices and factors related to nematodes reproduction and pathogenicity were assessed 70 days after planting. In the second experiment, the root split method was exploited to investigate the effect of induction of systemic resistance mechanism in suppression of root knot nematode. The roots of the plant were split into two parts and placed in two separate pots. Bacterial strains were added to one pot and the J2 larvae of the pathogen were added to the other pot. In the spray experiment, benzothiadiazole compound as the best treatment in suppression of the pathogen was able to reduce the gall, egg mass, egg and J2 number up to 98, 99, 97,45% in compared to the infected control, respectively. Treatment with benzothiadiazole increased aerial parts length by 68.1% compared to the infected control. The highest fresh and dry weight of shoots and fresh and dry weight of roots were achieved in treatment with methyl salicylate, benzothiadiazole, acetoin respectively. In root split experiment, treatment with B. pumilus INR7 had the greatest effect in reducing the number of egg masses, number of eggs and the number of J2 larvae, but B. velezensis FOL was the best strain in reducing the number of galls on the root. In this experiment, the highest amount of shoot length and root fresh weight was achieved in B. pumilus INR7 strain and the highest amount of shoot fresh and dry weight and root dry weight was recorded in B. velezensis FOL. Based on the results of this study, the best method of application of growth-promoting bacteria is their application in soil and rhizosphere environment. Overall, application of plant growth promoting bacteria and is promising stragy in management of tomato root knot nematode.   

Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) is one of the most important bacterial diseases of wheat worldwide. Following climate changes, especially heavy rainfall in recent years, the disease has shown significant outbreaks and damage to wheat in Kermanshah province. This study was performed to determine phenotypic, biochemical and molecular characteristics of the pathogen and its pathovars in various regions of the province. For this, infected leaves and seeds were collected from major wheat growing areas during 2019 and 2020. In the lab, 140 isolates were obtained on Nutrient agar (NA) medium. Using the recommended bacteriological tests, phenotypic and biochemical characteristics of the isolates were determined. Base on the results, 4 isolated were selected for pathogenicity tests on wheat, barley, rye and triticale to determine their pathovars. Genetic diversity among the isolates was evaluated using rep-PCR method with ERIC and BOX primers. Two isolates were selected based on the pathogenicity tests and their 16S rRNA sequence were determined using 1492R and 27F primers. According to the results of phenotypic and biochemical tests, the isolates belonged to Xanthomonas translucens and determined 16S rRNA sequences showed 100% similarity to those of X. translucens in the Genbank. Pathogenicity tests showed the existence of two pathovars of the pathogen in the province, pv. undulosa and pv. cerealis. There was no correlation between the pathovars and sampling regions. The results of genetic diversity showed high variation among the isolates.   

  The walnut tree with the English name (Walnut) is one of the important nut fruits of the Juglandaceae family with the scientific name of Juglans. Walnut tree has high economic value in terms of fruit and wood.  Annual bacterial diseases directly and indirectly cause a lot of damage to the walnut tree and reduce the quantity and quality of fruit and wood of the walnut tree.In spring, summer and autumn of 1396, 1397, 1398 and 1399 from walnut orchards of Gilan-e-Gharb and Sarpol-e-Zahab cities of Kermanshah province, targeted leaves with yellow spots, fruit burns, canker Burning of young shoots, skin canker of the trunk and dryness of the biopsy were performed.Biochemical tests grouped the samples so that the causative agent of leaf spot samples in April and May were identified as Microbacterium sp. And Xanthomonas. Molecular identification using general primer (27f-1492r) was also the cause. The genus Microbacterium sp was identified as a leaf spot. However, with the warming of the weather in July and August, large yellow spots with distinct yellow spots were obtained, this group of specimens were in the genus Pantua.The group of fruit samples was identified in the genus Microbacterium in May, when the burn starts from the fruit flower area and progresses to the fruit kernel. However, with the warming of the weather in July and August, fruit burns were more limited to the green area of ??the fruit, which biochemical tests grouped of these samples in the genus Pantua.Young branch canker specimens were grouped in Xhantomonas genus in April and May. With warming, the samples were grouped in Pantua.Symptoms of walnut skin canker can be seen in the warmer months of the year. Biochemical tests grouped the specimens in the genus Brennaria Nigrifluene, with specialized primers (f1-c3) as well as general primers (27f-1492r). They were not able to distinguish exactly these samples.  The group of dandruff samples that started from the branches and the symptoms of the disease continued to the depth of the tree trunk were classified as Xhantomonas based on biochemical tests.

identification of amylase producing   thermophilic fungi from soil and composting inKermanshah province (West of Iran) AbstractAn investigation was carried out on the occurrence ofthermotolerantand thermophilic fungi soil samples collected from cultivated andnatural regions in Kermanshah province, municipal waste compost and mushroomcompost, 2017–19. Fungal isolates were recovered using the soil dilution platemethod on potato dextrose agar at 45 and 50 °C. Totally, 24 fungal isolateswere obtained from soil and compost. DNA extraction was carried out using aGenomic DNA Purification kit. The ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 (ITS) Regions wereamplified using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. Fragments about 500–700 bp wereamplified and after sequencing deposited in GenBank. Based on morphologicalcharacters and sequence data of the the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA,these fungi were identified as Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillusnidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillusterrus, Melanocarpus albomyces*, Malbrancheacinnamomea*, Thermomyces dupontii*, Thermomyceslanuginosus*, and Thielavia arenaria*. Asterisksindicate species that are the new records for the mycobiota of Iran. Thefrequency of thermophilic and thermotolarant fungi in municipal waste compost was higher than soil(agricultural and virgin) and Aspergillus species were the most abundantfungi identified in this study. In the present study, Aspergillus fumigatuswas the most abundant among Aspergillus species isolated from soil andtwo types of compost including mushroom and municipal waste compost.This species had a favorable growth at atemperature of 45 degrees Celsius and due to its better growth in thetemperature range of 25-45 degrees, it is considered thermotolerant. In thisstudy, 24 isolates were isolated from soil (cultivated and uncultivated) andtwo types of compost (municipal waste compost and mushroom compost).   Eleven isolates belonged to soil samples andnine isolates belonged to compost samples of municipal waste and four isolatesbelonged to compost samples of fungi, respectively. In order to identifyamylase-producing isolates, the obtained isolates were cultured on agar starchmedium and placed in three replications at different temperatures of 40, 45 and50 °C. After 48 to 72 hours of growth of isolates, the colony was flooded with Logolsolution. In this study, a clear halo was observed around the colony of allisolates except for two species of Thialavia arenaria and Melanocarpusalbomyces, which indicates the consume of starch by the fungus and theability to produce amylase enzyme. The maximum halo belonged to the species, Thermomycessp., Malbranchea cinnamome, Thermomyces lanuginosus andThermomyces dupontii, respectively  

  Abstract Tillage is an important component of soil management that affects crop production. In addition, tillage can contribute to agricultural sustainability and improve soil quality by altering the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. One of the most useful tools for assessing soil management status in different tillage systems is soil quality assessment and the use of quantitative indices is one of the most appropriate methods for determining and comparing soil quality. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of different tillage systems on chemical, physical and biological quality. Accordingly, in order to investigate the effects of tillage systems on some of the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils in the Campus Agriculture and Experimental Natural Resources factorial in a randomized complete block design at two depths of 0-25 and Physical, chemical and biological properties of soil such as bulk density, diffusible clay, calcium carbonate equivalent, pH, EC, respiration, microbial biomass and urease and invertase enzymes measured in soil. Were. The results showed that tillage system affected all the studied traits with different intensities. By changing the tillage system from traditional to more conservative, the soil properties had a positive change which resulted in improved quality. It was dirt. So that the apparent bulk density in the conservation tillage system in the surface and deep layer was 18.86% and 18.02%, respectively, compared to the traditional tillage system and soil organic carbon was 21.74% and 18.87%, respectively. The percentage of increase and the highest variation among the biological characteristics of microbial biomass carbon was 53.49% and 42.45% respectively. Cumulative and developmental indices had the highest values in conservation, reduction and traditional tillage systems, respectively. Overall, the cumulative quality index was more accurate in determining soil quality.

اعضاي جنس Polerovirus (خانواده Luteoviridae) و از جمله ويروس زردي غربي چغندر (Beet western yellows virus, BWYV) از عوامل مهم خسارت در گياهان زراعي هستند. طي سال‌هاي ???? و ???? تعداد ??? نمونه گياهي از استان كرمانشاه جمع آوري شد. اين نمونه‌ها توسط كيت تاس- الايزا دريافت شده از DSMZ مورد آزمايش قرار گرفتند. اين كيت براي رديابي چهار گون? پولروويروس شامل   WYV، ويروس زردي شلغم (TuYV)، ويروس زردي خفيف چغندر (BMYV) و ويروس سبزردي چغندر (BChV) توسعه داده شده است. از بين نمونه‌هاي آزمايش شده، ?? نمونه از گياهان مختلف پاسخ مثبت نشان دادند. براي انتقال ويروس به گياهان سالم از دو گونه شته استفاده شد. در گياهان كلزا و تربچه آزمون انتقال موفقيت آميز بود و اين گياهان در آزمون تاس- الايزا پاسخ مثبت نشان دادند. در آزمون IC-RT-PCR با پرايمر اختصاصي TuYV يك قطعه با اندازه تقريبي ??? جفت‌باز از نمونه‌هاي كلزا و خردل وحشي تكثير گرديد. بررسي‌هاي تكميلي به منظور توالي يابي و تعيين نوع ويروس در ديگر نمونه‌ها در حال انجام است.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are secondary substances of probiotic bacteria whose role in plant growth and control of plant diseases has been proven. Bacterial volatiles have high vapor pressure and react rapidly in the environment; the purpose   of this study was to formulate volatile compounds by modeling from other sciences. Initially, a greenhouse test was carried out to control the disease caused by Gaeumannomyces tritici. The highest reduction of disease than the control was observed in benzothiazole and acetone treatments, which reduced the disease index by 60.9 and 57.4%, respectively. Sodium alginate, gum arabic-maltodextrin and iron nanoparticles were used as carriers. Electron imaging was used to ensure the appearance of the formulations prepared, the formulations being spherical and with small cavities, allowing the compound to escape with controlled release. According to spectrophotometric results, these carriers were able to hold volatile compounds for up to 14 days and FTIR was also used to confirm the volatile confinement in high carriers, which also confirmed the confinement of volatile compounds.

Fungiare significant microorganisms influencing living organismsmulti-directionally. Fungal species can act as pathogenic agents of human,animal and plant and undergo their mortality and inexistency. Thesemicroorganisms have diverse types and are >     

Damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani is one of the most important disease of common bean in Iran and Kermanshah Province. R. solani is a soil-borne and saprophyte pathogen with broad host range which make it hard to manage by common chemical and breeding strategies. However, biological control by probiotic bacteria is promising approach in management of this disease. Plant probiotic bacteria not only suppress the disease by producing antibiotics and inducing systemic resistance but also promote plant growth by releasing phytohormones and solubilizing essential nutrients. In this study, effect of 52 bacteria isolated from rhizosphere, 26 bacteria isolated from rhizoplan and 8 commercial strain were investigated on plant growth. Eleven isolates were screened for further studies on plant disease suppression. Bacteria isolates 40, 19, 21, 29 and Bacillus pumilus INR7 suppressed the disease up to 52, 47, 70, 37 and 80 %, respectively. Based on plant growth and disease suppression experiments, four isolate were identified by sequencing the 16S rDNA and phylogenetic analysis. Results showed that bacterial isolates 40, 19, 21 and 29 had the highest similarity with Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas geniculata, Bacillus simplex and Serratia marcescens, respectively. B. pumilus INR7 were selected for formulation studies. Effect of different macro- and micro-nutrient were investigated on biomass production, resting spore/biomass ratio, bacteria survival under 180 days storage condition and efficacy of formulated bacteria on the damping-off disease. Different concentrations of molasses and urea were investigated on biomass production. Result revealed that the highest biomass achieved at 30 and 6 g/L of molasses and urea, respectively. In next experiment, effect of some nutrient element were assessed on spore induction. The highest spore production were induced in 0.0766, 0.0081, 1,321, 0.19, 0.00013 and 0.00629 g/L of CaCl2, FeCl3, (NH4)SO4, MgCl2, ZnCl2 and MnCl2, respectively. In next step, effect of some compounds were investigated on bacteria survival under room and 4 °C. Treatment contains 0.2, 5, 20, 0.1 and 4 g/L of polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, Arabic gum and glycerol was the most effective treatment in bacteria survival in both condition. The bacteria population in this treatment was 7×108 and 9×107 CFU/ml in 4 °C and room temperature after 180 days, respectively. The formulated bacteria suppressed the damping-off disease up to 72% in greenhouse condition. Keywords: Biological control, Bacillus pumilus INR7, Damping-off, Formulation, Rhizobacteria.  

  tone fruits are plants from Rosaceae family and include various species, including plums, peaches, apricots, cherries and others. These plants are of great economic importance as fruits (plums, peaches, apricots, cherries and almonds), oil, wood and ornamental plants around the world.canker and bacterial spot are two of the most important diseases among stone fruit trees which have been created by Pseudomonas syringe (van hall) and Xanthomonas arboricola pv. Prunus bacteria and have been discovered in some different parts of the world. No survey had been done In Kermanshah province before this study.Therefore, this research, has worked on recognizing pathogenic bacteria of nuclear stone fruit trees in this province. For this purpose, samples of polluted and healthy trees of Kermanshah province were taken during years of 94,95 and 96. The samples were collected from shoots, leaves and bark of the trees with symptoms of canker. After transferring the specimens to the laboratory, bacterial isolation was carried out to identify isolated bacteria. different physiological and biochemical tests and pathogenicity tests was done. Also, sequencing of the 16S rRNA fragment with two primers 27F and 1492R was performed to help identify bacteria. Pathogenicity of isolates in peach seedlings under greenhouse conditions was investigated. Pathogenic bacteria that were identified with common pathogenicity assays such as hypersensitivity reaction in geranium and soft rot in potatoes and finally proved to be pathogenic isolates on the nuclear plant seedlings, that are belonging to Xanthomonas, Pesudomonas and Microbacterium and The isolation sequence of Y1.8 confirmed the accuracy of the microbacterium genus. The pathogen group included two subgroups. In the first subgroup, three isolates selected as a representative while the result of physiological and biochemical tests for all three isolates were different. Only in isolate O1.7 there were similar results in specific tests on Pseudomonas syringe bacteria. In the second subgroup, six isolates were selected for representing. According to the results of the tests, this subgroup had the most similarities with Xanthomonas genus bacteria. The second group, which contains non-pathogenic bacteria, was also divided into two subgrou   the first subgroup was mainly belonging to the genus Pesudomonas, including P. fluorescens, and some of the isolates belonged to the genus Erwinia. In the second subgroup, the isolates are mainly belonging to different genera, including the genus Bacillus.

  Poplar ( populous   .) from willow family ( Salicaceae) is a fast growing and long tree planted especialy in northwestern and western areas of Iran. Bacterial canker is one of the most important disease of poplar worldwide. Microbacterium sp. has been reported as a causal in Iran. Currently, identification of pathogen is based on conventional methods, including isolation of the bacterium from plant materials and performing necessary physiological and biochemical tests. These methods are expensive, time consuming and unreliable. During this study, the sequence of 16S rRNA of Microbacterium sp. strains of poplar in northwestern and western areas of iran, was determined. Comparison of the sequence with sequence in the Genbank database was performed and tree primers, A, B, C, were designed for specific amplification for Microbacterium sp.. the designed PCR procedure could amplify a 465 bp fragment from all Microbacterium sp. strains tested. In contrast, non of epiphyte bacteria showed any band in the PCR. This is the first report on PCR-based method for detection and identification of Microbacterium sp.

  Carotenoid pigments have a widespread application in food and drug industries as color and antioxidant agents. Thus, world demand is increasing for these pigments. According to literature review, the interest to natural pigments is increasing as synthetic pigments shown adverse impact on human health. Pigment extraction from plant tissues is a time consuming and none economic procedure. So, microbial biotechnology considering as alternative approach. After microbial cell growth, pigment could be extracted by cell disruption. Application of chemical organic solvents is common procedure for pigment extraction. However, these methods are restricting because of adverse effect on consumers health. Despite, mechanical-abrasion extraction receive more attention as this method is cost effective and do not need toxic solvent. In this study, glass beads, 0.45-0.5 mm diameter, were used for carotenoid pigment extraction from the yeast Rhodotorula toruloides by means of aceton solvent in an agitating container (3000 rpm). The process was optimized by response surface procedure in Design expert software. There were three factors, glass beads (5-25 g), solvent concentration (9-21 ml), extraction time (4-8 min), and extraction temperature (10-30 °C). The parameters effect interpretation showed that solvent concentration parameter (41.6 %) and extraction time (31.6 %) had the highest impact on pigment extraction from yeast cells. 75.64 g carotenoid pigment were obtained from yeast cells in optimal condition, 10 g glass beads, 18 ml solvent, 8 min extraction time and temperature at 15 °C. As irradiation has impact on enzymes on carotenoid synthesis, the effect of irradiation in 365, 400, 400-800 and 660 nm were investigated on pigment production in yeast cells in a non continuous airlift fermenter at 30 °C. The highest effect on carotenoid production were recorded at 365 nm which increase the yield by 5.5 fold in compare to control.

    AbstractDifferent species of Pythium and Phytophthora are the main causal agents of seed rots, damping-off of seedlings, root and crown rot and sudden death of cucurbits. The pathogens inflict major yield losses in cucurbits. Regarding to significant acreage of cucurbits cultivation in Kermanshah province, this study was conducted to identify the dominant Oomycetes species in cucurbits fields of the region and to investigate their phylogenetic relationships specially those isolates that have intermediate morphological states.During field visits, from May to September 2014, More than three hundreddiseased samples were collected from 86 cucurbits (cucumber, watermelon, melon and squash) fields in various parts of Kermanshah province and 347 oomyceteisolates were recovered.Species were identified based on morphological characteristics of sexual and asexual organs and colony morphology on various media. Partial cytochrome oxidase II (COX II) DNA coding sequences and internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of selected isolates were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis using genetic distance method with Neighbor Joining (NJ) approach was performed using the MEGA5 software.Based on morphological, physiological and phylogenetic studies, Nine Pythiumspecies (including: P. aphanidermatum,P. dissotocum,P. catenulatum, P. kashmirense,P. middletonii, P. nodosum, P. oligandrum, P. torulosum and P. ultimum), two phytopythiumspecies (Pp. mercurial and Pp. Litorale)andthree Phytophthora species (Ph. melonis, Ph. nicotianae andPh. parasitica)were identified. P. aphanidermatum was the dominant species in cucurbit field of Kermanshah province and nearly 48 percent of oomycetes isolates were belonged to the species.This is the first report of Pp. mercurial from Iran. The association of Pp. mercurial, P. kashmirense and P. torulosum with disease symptoms in cucurbits is also reported for the first time in the world.Pathogenicity tests showed that all oomycetes species identified in this study werepathogenicat leaston some tested cucurbit plants including cucumber, watermelon, melon, cantaloupe and squash. P. aphanidermatum,P. ultimum, Pp. Litorale, Ph. nicotianae andPh. parasitica were pathogenicon all

The rhizobacteria established around the rhizosphere, in addition to their role in growth promotion through regulation of plant hormones and production of secondary metabolites have this ability to halter the disease via production of inhibitory metabolites, induction of defense mechanisms and enhancing sensitiveness to pathogen attack in the plants. In one part of this research the effect of 107 isolates of rhizobacters from outer rhizosphere along with 68 rhizobacter isolated from tomato rhizosplan and 12 commercial isolates were studied and their application in the seed, soil and kaolin treatments in order to select the most effective isolate and treatment in plant growth was investigated. In this process 14 isolates were selected in primary and secondary screening tests of plant growth promotion. Based on our results kaolin was statistically better than seed and soil treatments but there was no significant difference between seed and soil treatments. In other part of our research phenotypical appearance of biological control through split root method and induced resistance by rhizobacters against Pythium aphanidermatum causal agent of tomato damping off was investigated. In this part of research it was concluded that rhizobacters including E-18, E-8, B-124 and 2 commercial isolates Known as Bacillus pumilus INR7 and Bacillus sp. could control the tomato damping off as 65, 75, 65, 75 and 50 percent respectively. Among these rhizobacters only 2 native isolates with code numbers E-8 and E-124 and the commercial isolate INR7 through split root method could induce the resistance in the host as 65, 75 and 75 percent respectively. After these experiments for plant growth promotion and disease controlling 5 isolates that created better results were selected and after DNA extraction, the 16S genomic region was amplified through PCR reaction and sequenced. In order to verify the identification and proximity relationship among the species, phylogenetic tree was drawn and it was concluded that the isolates B-124, E-8, E-18, E-11 and E-10 has the most similarity to Acromobacter sp., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, Burkholderia sp. and Acromobacter sp. respectively. In conclusion native isolates could effectively promote the growth and control the damping off disease in tomato crop as the same of commercial isolates.   Keyword: Biological control, damping off, rhizobacteria, induced resistance, split root