It aimed to investigate the influence of seed origin and weight on the germination, survival, and growth of Persian oak seedlings in the Cheleh and Vijenan areas of Gilan-e Gharb county.    Methods: In this study, Persian oak seeds were collected in 2021 from two different origins in Gilan-e Gharb county (Cheleh village at an elevation of 1110 meters and Vijenan district at an elevation of 850 meters). The seeds were measured for morphological characteristics (weight, length, and width) and >Results: The findings of this study indicate that seed weight and geographical origin have a significant effect on the Dixon's Quality Index (DQI) of Persian oak seedlings. Based on statistical analyses, the heavy seeds from the Vijenan region, which were sown immediately after collection, produced seedlings with the highest quality. In contrast, the light seeds from the Cheleh region, sown after a 20-day delay, exhibited the lowest quality. It was also determined that seed weight and geographical origin had distinct and significant effects on various aspects of the growth and survival of Persian oak seedlings. While seed weight had a limited effect on germination and initial survival, it significantly influenced vegetative indices such as collar diameter, height, and leaf count. Specifically, heavy seeds demonstrated a clear superiority in all stages of seedling growth. On the other hand, seed origin also had varying effects; seeds from the Cheleh region performed better in terms of germination and height growth, whereas seeds from the Vijenan region were superior in the seedling quality index (DQI). Concluding Remarks:  The findings demonstrate that utilizing heavier seeds and implementing immediate sowing post-harvest in the Vijenan area yields superior quality seedlings. These results offer valuable insights for developing effective strategies for the rehabilitation of Zagros forest ecosystems.

   The Zagros forests are the second largest forested region in Iran, predominantly composed of oak trees, which is why these forests are referred to as the Western Oak Forests. A portion of the Zagros forests is located in Kermanshah Province, where two oak species, Quercus brantii (Persian oak) and Quercus infectoria, are distributed. The objective of this research was to investigate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of oak seeds in Kermanshah Province. For this purpose, seed samples were collected from various locations within the province's forests and tra  orted to the laboratory. In the laboratory, quantitative traits of the seeds such as the weight and length of the whole fruit, length, weight, diameter, and volume of the nut (achene), as well as the weight and thickness of the cupule were measured for both species. Subsequently, after determining the moisture content and pest infestation rate of the seeds, the concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, phosphorus, and nitrogen, along with the protein content of the seed coat (pericarp) and kernel, were analyzed. Finally, statistical software was used to analyze the quantitative and qualitative data of the seeds. The results revealed that all quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the seeds from both species, collected from different locations across the province, exhibited statistically significant differences both intra species and inter species.    Keywords: Chemical elements, Oak seed, Quercus infectoria, Quercus brantii

   Abstract: The aim of this research was to investigate and compare some characteristics of two oak species in Gehwarah area of Dalahu city. For this purpose, some seeds were collected from Iranian oak and mazodar trees in the mentioned area and after being transferred to the central laboratory of Razi University's Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, a number of them were randomly selected according to the type of investigation. In the next step, the characteristics of length, thickness, weight and volume of seeds, as well as the length and weight of seeds with a bowl, as well as the percentage of characteristics of seed moisture, infested seeds, tannin, oil and sugar of the seeds of both species were measured and recorded. In addition to the above, the tannin and oil percentages of Qalqaf gall parts (peel and core) were measured and recorded at the same time. Then statistical analysis was done using Excel and    programs. The obtained results showed that some characteristics of Iranian oak, such as length, thickness, weight, fruit volume, as well as fruit weight with bowl and bowl weight, are more than Mazodar species, but its fruit length is less than Mazodar. In addition, the length and bowl of both species were statistically equal, because the Iranian oak bowl is thicker and larger than the Mazodar bowl. In relation to the rest of the characteristics of the two mentioned species, it can be seen that, statistically, their percentages of moisture, tannin and sugar are equal, but the percentage of infected seeds and oil of Iranian oak species is higher than Mazodar species. Comparing the amount of tannin and oil of the seeds of the mentioned species with the gall of Qalqaf, the results show that the tannin percentage of Qalqaf husk is higher than the seeds of two oak species, but the amount of tannin of Qalqaf core is statistically the same as the seeds of the studied species. Finally, the oil percentage of Iranian and Mazodar oak species from different parts of Qalqaf is higher.    Key words: Aleppo oak, Gahvareh, oil, Persian oak, sugar, tannin.

  Forest statistics has an important role in forest management and provides information on forest parameters; Without forest statistics, due to the lack of sufficient information for planning and implementation, it is not possible to have sustainable management. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of different formulas for estimating the density of distance sampling methods as fast and low-cost methods for estimating the density of oak trees. With this aim, a polygon with an area of nine hectares was selected in Zardlan Sardsir forests of Ilam province and some of their characteristics were measured by the 100% statistical method and also by measuring the distance-azimuth between the trees, a spatial map was prepared. Then, in the field of statistics, 50 walking sampling points were carried out in AutoCAD software, and 6 distance sampling methods including nearest person, nearest neighbor, T-square, combination, common point and square method were implemented in each point. After obtaining the available distances in distance methods, different estimators of each method were used to calculate density. The results showed that the estimators of Cottam et al. (1953) and Diggle (1975), Cottam and Curtis (1954) and Heydari et al. Using the accuracy criterion had better performance than other estimators

In the climatic zoning of the world, Iran isconsidered one of the dry and semi-arid regio The information ofmeteorological systems as well as the forecasts made of the country's climatestate, like in other parts of the world, indicate the occurrence of climatechange inrecent decades and the continuation of this trendin the future. Climate change is one of the most serious threats to ensure foodsecurity and sustainable development of agriculture. "Smart climateagriculture" has been proposed as a new approach to deal with the negativeeffects of this phenomenon at the international level since the last decade.Kermanshah province is considered the 9th climate vulnerable province where theeffects of climate change are clearly visible (Mohammadkhani and Jamali, 2014).Although, according to the statistics of the World Food Organization, sugarbeet as one of the most important agricultural and strategic products has animportant contribution to the food basket of Iranian households (Ababai, 2012).Therefore, in the present study, the aforementioned measures were investigatedamong the beet growers of Kangavar city, Kermanshah province. The researchmethod is qualitative-descriptive. Data analysis was done with    software.The mentioned measures have been collected separately in three dimensions ofproductivity, compatibility and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Finally,it was found that the beet farmers take more measures in line with the climatechange, which lead to an increase in yield and increase in productivity.  

   Botanical gardens all over the world are a place for collecting different plant species, preserving and researching them, that is why most of these gardens belong to universities and research institutions. In other words, it can be estimated that there are more than 1775 botanical gardens all over the world that try to preserve and cultivate plants and try to educate people, students and enthusiasts with these valuable creatures. introduce The Zagros Botanical Garden includes a variety of tree and shrub species that was established in Razi University campus in 2016 and the seedlings of its species were collected from different parts of the country and planted here, and on the other hand Currently, Kermanshah province is suffering from drought, so the important measures that can be taken in this field is to identify the species that have more survival and survival in the current conditions. The purpose of this research is to investigate the diameter and height growth of these seedlings as well as their survival in the conditions of Kermanshah. For this purpose, first in 1400, the location of all seedlings in the UTM system was measured and recorded using a tape measure for distance and a Sunto compass for azimuth, so that they could be used by other researchers in the surveys of the following years. Then, by taking 100% statistics and using a diameter caliper at the collar, stump (40 cm) and chest (one meter and thirty cm) locations, up to a millimeter accuracy, and using a tape measure, the height of seedlings of 38 tree and shrub species They were measured to the nearest centimeter and recorded. In the next step, in 1402, to determine the survival percentage of species, the number of non-dried seedlings of all species was counted. The obtained results showed that the above-mentioned species had statistically different diameter growth of neck, trunk and chest as well as height growth, but they did not differ from each other in terms of survival. The results of this survey can be used for botanical garden managers, researchers, and students of natural resources fields, especially for master's and doctoral theses, as well as educational matters.    Key words: diagonal growth, height growth, seedling, survival, Zagros Botanical Garden.

   از عوامل اصلي آسيب وتخريب سازه‌هاي هيدروليكي، وقوع آبشستگي موضعي است. در بررسي و مطالعه سازه‌هايهيدروليكي درون رودخانه‌اي، تعيين ميزان فرسايش و رسوب‌گذاري امري ضروري مي‌باشد. ميزانفرسايش و يا رسوب‌گذاري هنگامي كه يك سازه هيدروليكي در حال اجرا است، باعث مي‌شوداز تخريب سازه و تغيير ژئومرفولوژي رودخانه جلوگيري كند و باعث كاهش هزينه هاياقتصادي شود. در اين پژوهش عملكرد مدل عددي Flow 3D به منظور شبيه‌سازي آبشستگي پايين دست كف بندافقي مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. نتايج صحت سنجي اين مدل عددي با مدل آزمايشگاهي نشان دهندهقابليت مدل مذكور در شبيه‌سازي پديده مورد نظر بود. با توجه به ماهيت بستر وكارايي كف‌بند افقي، از سناريوهاي مختلف شبيه سازي استفاده شد دراين پژوهش 45 آزمون با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Flow 3D به منظور تعيين ميزان آبشستگي، رسوب‌گذاري وتنش برشي انجام شد. شبيه سازي هاي اين تحقيق شامل پنج عدد فرود به مقادير ،0.32،0.3، 0.25، 0.2 و 0.15 و سه ضريب زبري مانينگ ، 0.025، 0.02 و 0.014 براي دانه بندي 0.85 ميلي متر، دانه بندي 1.4ميلي متر و هچنين تنش برشي در دانه بندي 1.8 ميلي متر مي‌باشد.پس از صحت سنجي مدل، حاصل شد كه مدل انتقال رسوب نلسون به همراه مدل آشفتگي ?-k بيشترين تطابق را باداده هاي آزمايشگاهي دارد. نتايجحاصل از شبيه‌سازي نشان داد كه با افزايش ضريب زبري، سرعت جريان گذرنده و آبشستگيپايين دست نيز كاهش يافته است. علاوه بر اين، نتايج اين پژوهش نشان داد كه باافزايش ضريب زبري، رسوب‌گذاري و تنش برشي افزايش پيدا كرده است. با توجه به تاثيرپذيري پديده آبشستگي و رسوبگذاري نسبت به عدد فرود، نتايج نشان داد كه با افزايشعدد فرود آبشستگي افزايش يافته است.

   Fig, with the scientific name Ficus carica L., is a perennial treasure plant. Among the producing countries, Iran ranks fifth in the world with the production of 107,791 tons of figs in 2021. Also, in 2021, the main producing provinces of wet farming figs include Fars, Lorestan, Kermanshah, Markazi, Semnan, and Zanjan. The amount of wet farming fig production in 2021 in Kermanshah province was 1787 tons. Fig cultivation areas in Kermanshah province based on the highest production include the cities of Dalahu (Rijab), Paveh, Sarpol Zahab, Gilan Gharb, Harsin, Kermanshah and Islamabad. The fig plant, like other agricultural products, hosts many pests and diseases, among which fig mosaic disease can be mentioned. Based on the research conducted by the researchers, it has been shown that the effective factors in the occurrence of fig mosaic disease include viruses and viroids, all or some of them may be involved in the occurrence of symptoms of this disease in fig trees. Among the viral agents involved in this disease, we can mention fig mosaic virus (Emaravirus fici). This virus can be semi-permanently transmitted by cuttings and tra  lants of infected trees, as well as by the eriophyde mite Aceria ficus, but it is not transmitted by seeds and pollen grains. During the years2021and 2022, 129 samples were collected from nine cities of Kermanshah province (Eslamabad-e-Gharb, Paveh, Dalahoo, Sarpol-e-Zahab, Sahneh, Qasreshirin, Kermanshah, Gilanegharb and Harsin). These samples were examined by DAS-ELISA test and with IgG antiserum prepared by Iran's Herbal Medicine Research Institute (Tehran, Iran). Out of 128 fig samples tested, 86 samples were infected with fig mosaic virus. Based on the tests, out of 116 samples with symptoms of fig mosaic disease, 81 samples (equivalent to 70%) were infected with fig mosaic virus. Also, among the 12 samples without signs of fig mosaic disease, five samples showed positive results in the serological test. In order to investigate the transmission of fig mosaic virus, grafting was done between two-year-old fig cuttings and infected cuttings that were selected from fig trees in Kermanshah province. After observing the first signs of fig mosaic disease, DAS-ELISA test was performed for all the tra  lanted seedlings and after the detection of fig mosaic virus in some of the tra  lanted seedlings, in order to ensure the accuracy of the result obtained from the DAS-ELISA test, a molecular test was performed base on nucleic acid (RT-PCR) for infected plants. In the RT-PCR test, a fragment with an approximate size of 302 bp was amplified from a pair of E5 specific primers for 20 fig samples. Among the received nucleotide sequences, 19 sequences (except for OQ552542), in BLAST search, showed the most similarity with the sequence of an isolate from Lorestan province (KT732024) (nucleotide similarity between 93.4 and 96.8%). The sequence of isolate FM203 (resem. OQ552542) was different from the rest of the isolates, so that its nucleotide identity with 19 other sequences was 86.6 to 90.2%. This sequence showed the most similarity with the sequence of isolate T7 from Kermanshah province (number MH475441) and then with isolates from Golestan, Lorestan and Mazandaran provinces (90.1 to 91.5% nucleotide identity). In the phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the RdRp coding region, 19 sequences of the obtained sequences (except the sequence OQ552542), together with an isolate from Lorestan province (the sequence KT732024) were placed in the same group, but the isolate FM203 (the sequence OQ552542) was placed outside the group. In this study, the distribution of fig mosaic virus in fig orchards of Kermanshah province was investigated by serological detection (DAS-EISA) and nucleic acid-based molecular method (RT-PCR).

   Land use means the type of land use to meet human needs, in other words, land use change means both a change in the structure and function of a specific type of use (qualitative change) and a change in the spatial space and extent of that use (qualitative change). And it has always been one of the most important factors through which humans affect the environment. The development of land cover and land use change is needed not only to prevent it but also to manage and plan a case. This research is the construction and prediction of land use changes in Ravansar region using satellite images and geographic information system. For this purpose, Landsat satellite images of 2020, 1990, and 2010 were prepared. Satellite images were analyzed for geometric and radiometric errors. For this purpose, six land use classes in the studied area were determined and a land use map was prepared for the studied years. The results showed that in the last 30 years, a total of 31,248.62 hectares of land has been changed. In addition, using the logistic regression model, the effect of physiographic and human factors was evaluated, which showed that land use change has a direct relationship, while with the factors of slope percentage, height above sea level, distance from the road, distance from residential areas And. The distance from water sources has an indirect relationship. The CA-Marcov model, which is a combination of the automatic cell model and the Markov chain, has been used to predict land use change in 2030 and 2040. The valid model is also based on the night map made in Year. 2020 was done with the actual map of the same year and the Kappa coefficient obtained from the comparison with the value of 95.49% indicates the high ability of the model in simulating land use changes for the future.

The occurrence of climate change and its effects on the flow of surface water and groundwater resources along with improper management of water resources leads to increased vulnerability of communities to these changes. This has led to various strategies and strategies to reduce the effects of drought. Therefore, in addition to improving water resources management methods, improving the resilience of agroforestry systems has been proposed as a new and successful solution to reduce the harmful effects of drought. There are also many reasons that agroforestry systems can help farmers maintain their land productivity under changing climatic conditions, including drought, and observations of agricultural performance after severe weather events (storms). Droughts over the past two decades have shown that climate disaster resilience is closely linked to increasing biodiversity. One of the areas that needs further evaluation and study in terms of resilience of agroforestry system in the face of drought is Oramanat region. This study helps to evaluate the resilience of Oramanat region in the face of drought and its favorable situation, and finally the resilience in the region can be increased by using agroforestry activities. As mentioned, the quantitative-qualitative blending method will be used according to the research objectives and, if necessary, in steps. Keywords: agroforestry, oramanate, resilience, drought  

   In addition to its economic role in the country's development, the forest contributes to environmental protection and biodiversity, reducing pollution, regulating temperature, protecting water and soil, and consequently reducing soil erosion and increasing water resources. Therefore, the purpose of this realization is to evaluate the structure of Zagros forest Structureand quantitatively evaluate its impact while also comparing the impact of different forest, rangeland and agricultural land uses on hydrological components and soil physical and chemical properties in part of the river basin. Death is located in Chahar Azar in Kermanshah province. Accordingly, an area with degraded forest land (with severe, medium and low level of degradation) along with rangelands and agricultural lands was selected. In the study area, three forest mass with a total area of ??0.5 hectares and all characteristics Trees were measured in the desired area and then the nearest distance sampling method was applied in this area. Subsequently, the study area was divided into three compaction categories. Hydrological parameters were measured in each forest condensation area and in both agricultural and pasture land uses. Precipitation was run at a rate of 83 mm / h for 24 minutes. Rain simulation was repeated six times per user. Samples of surface soil (0-20 cm) were collected along each plot to study the soil characteristics of each land use. The results showed that sample fragment 1 and 2 have random distribution pattern and sample fragment 3 has clumped distribution pattern and based on the accuracy criterion for estimating the quantitative characteristics of density and canopy cover presented by Byte and Ripley give better results for the approach of the nearest person to mass one and for estimating height for masses one and three. The results of soil studies in three forest mass showed that the physical and chemical properties of soil in the three studied mass were not significantly different, while the percentage of organic matter and nitrogen in the three forest, pasture and agricultural land uses were not significantly different. So that the amount of nitrogen and organic matter in forest and rangeland soil was higher than agricultural land. Rainfall simulation results also showed that runoff time, suspended sediment load, sediment concentration and runoff coefficient were not significantly different in the three studied populations, but the volume of runoff produced was significantly different between treatments. Species with masses one and three were statistically equal and both were less than mass two. But in the three land uses the volume and coefficient of runoff and load and sediment concentration were significantly different between treatments, so that the volume and coefficient of runoff were higher in forest mass and sediment load and concentration were lower than the other two uses. On the other hand, the results of organic matter loss measurements showed that there were no significant differences among the three forest mass, but there was a significant difference among the three land uses so that more organic matter forest land Wasted by the rain. Therefore, one of the most important services and functions of forest ecosystems is to prevent soil erosion, which should prevent soil erosion in the country by preserving and preventing deforestation and changing land uses.

  AbstractThe structure of forest stands changes over time due to human or natural disturbances.   Investigation of these changes in relation to environmental factors and turbulence plays an important role in the dynamics analysis and management ecosystems. In order to better understand the forest ecosystems and its dynamics, it is necessary to study the forest structure and its order in a quantitative manner. Zagros forests as one   of the most extensive vegetation habitants in the country and the second important forest ecosystem of Iran, although not very important in terms of industrial wood production. Due to its important role in regulating water and soil and ecological interaction of the region, the purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the structure of Kermanshah Sorkh­ Dizeh forest after a thirteen year period. In order to this survey, in first   fifty circular plots in a 100m*100m network   with geoplaner software were denoted and then in this stand, the forest structure characteristics that measured in thirteen years ago, in circular plots were carried out. The results showed that dominant species (Quercus brantii ) and spatial pattern of stand (clumped distribution) have not been changed. The density of stand was decreased in thirteen years ago, 178.4 trees per hectare in 2005 decreased to 119.4 trees per hectare in 2018, but the canopy cover of   trees in this stand was increased from 1676.490 m2ha-1 in 2005 to 1767.09 m2ha-1 in 2018. In this period the percent of stand canopy cover changed from 16.77% to 17.67%.   The percent of stand canopy cover as canopy cover was not significant. In summary, the results showed that dominant species, spatial pattern of trees, canopy cover and percent of canopy cover of this forest were not changed but trees density of stand was decreased and statistical surveys improved this matter.   Keyword: Structure – density – canopy cover – circular sampling method – spatial pattern

  Abstract  Due to the importance of Zagros forests in Iran, especially in terms of water conservation, soil and biodiversity, optimal management is needed. Zagros forests have been susceptible and fragile due to irregular exploitation in recent years and are not in desirable condition in terms of density and canopy cover. Therefore,   awareness of the density and canopy status of Zagros forests is important for their preservation, restoration and expansion. Therefore, timely access to statistics and information in these forests seems necessary in order to manage and plan them. This study aimed to investigate changes in some quantitative characteristics of a natural Quercus brantii stand in a statistical period of 13 years in Sorkhe Dize forest of Kermanshah. For this purpose, 50 sampling points were considered as sampling centers in the study area and using geoplanner software, a grid of 100 meters by 100 meters was designed within the area and then the coordinates of these points were entered into GPS and stored. Then in the forest area ,after finding points within the target stand on the ground by applying distance sampling point center quarter method(PCQM)   and T square method at each specified point, target characteristics (species, two diameter of the canopy   and …) of the trees were measured and recorded in the sampling forms. The results of data analysis over the 13-year period showed that in the T square sampling method the density and canopy cover decreased from 111.4 nha-1 and 2374 ha-1 in 2005 to 109.59 nha-1 and 1983.86 ha-1 in 2018. The results also showed that in the point center quarter method (PCQM) the density and canopy cover decreased from 76.62 nha-1 and 2171 ha-1 in 2005 to 42.47 nha-1 and 933.99 ha-1 in 2018. In both sampling methods, the distribution of the number of canopy level >  Keyword: forest – canopy cover – density- distance- sampling

  Purpose: In order to preserve the diversity of tree species and ensure the continuity of the forest, it is necessary to protect and study microhabitats. For this purpose, in order to achieve conservation and management planning, determining the frequency and diversity of soil macrophauna among different microhabitats, and also identifying the microhabitat with the highest number and the most diverse soil macrophauna, is one of the main and important strategies in this direction.  Research Methodology: Sampling was dowith use from census network and on basis of regular random. In this research, was used from network of20meters × 20meters which were picked up apart at the intersection of the sides of the network in four plots of 5 meters × 5 meters. In order to evaluate the soil macrophaunabiodiversity, the frequency (total number of observed macrophauna perSample piece) and macrophauna biodiversity indices including uniformity (Evenness index), diversity (Shanoon index) and Richness (Menhinick index) were calculated by using Past 3.22 software. The statistical description of the data was carried out in order to obtain a summary of the statistical information of each feature, by using the    23 software.  Results: A stronger association was found between arthropods, beetles and spiders with other organisms throughout the habitat. Earthworms and millipedes were associated with the characteristics of the tree, while beetles, arthropods, and ants were associated with percent of floor covering. soil macrophauna correlation with Shanoon diversity index was stronger than the association of soil organisms with other macrophauna diversity indices. Also, the most diverse soil macrophauna related to the Quercus brantii- infectoria, Crataegus pontica and Quercus brantii microhabitats, and the least, was related to microhabitat of the open air. Among the biodiversity indices, the Menhinick richness index and Shanoon diversity index have shown a stronger relationship with the tree's characteristics,especiallyhave shown a stronger relationship withpercent of canopy, number of tree and tree height.Conclusion: abundance and biodiversity indexes of soil macrophauna are influenced by the type of microhabitat, therefore, it is different in the five types of microhabitats studied. Also, abundance and diversity of macrophauna has been associated with all the characteristics of trees, especially percent of canopy, In the whole forest, and has been associated with percent of floor covering in microhabitats, because in microhabitats, the abundance of beetles, spiders and ants is more than the earthworms and millipedes, which this arthropods with percent of floor coveringare connected.Key words: Biodiversity, Uniformity, Richness, Microhabitat, Macrophauna, Earthworm.

  oil as a part of the biosphere plays an important role in food production and environmental sustainability. Environmental and soil pollution to petroleum compounds is one of the problems facing developing and industrialized countries. Today, extraction, transfer, refinement, leakage of oil from pipes during displacement, bursting of tubes and oil wells, industrial waste water distillation and chemical industry into water and soil, the world with Has a serious threat. In oil producing countries such as Iran, about 4 million barrels of oil per day are produced, these problems are more serious. The same goes for the necessity of applying effective methods to clean up pollution, but it is inevitable that it is environmentally friendly and suitable for every area. The dispossessing of waste products from oil wells in Kermanshah oilfield region has contaminated the soils around these wells. In recent years, a lot of efforts have been made to eliminate the pollution of oil compounds from the soil. In this study, four plant species were used as petroleum refineries to improve the contaminated lands of oil compounds. Festuca, flax, cantaloupe and perry plants were selected for planting. Plant morphological traits and percentage of oil pollution reduction at different levels of low, moderate, high and very high contamination were investigated (2, 4, 6 and 8 wt% respectively). After the end of vegetative period, the morphological traits of plants were measured. The rhizosphere soil of each plant was collected to determine the amount of remaining oil compounds by Soxhlet apparatus. Data analysis and drawing of charts were done with SAS software versions 9.1 and Excel, respectively.  Laboratory analysis of soils showed that soil samples had 4% high salinity and sodium contamination, which had a negative effect on plant productivity. The presence of oil hydrocarbons in the soil decreases the growth and yield of aerial parts of root and root in all plant treatments compared to the control treatment. Reduction of germination and growth along with increasing concentrations of petroleum compounds. No plant was grown in the concentration of pollution of 8% by weight. The highest rate of contamination reduction was observed in the rhizosphere of festuca and flax in the level of six percent contamination, which decreased by about 66.43 and 55.38%, respectively. According to the results of this study, Festokha plant is recommended for planting of polluted soils in the studied area, although additional studies are needed to find better plant deployment strategies and increase plant productivity.

هدف از اين تحقيق مطالعه تأثير ارتفاع از سطح دريا و جهات جغرافيايي بر روي ويژگي‌هاي كمي و كيفي پوشش گياهي (درختي، درختچه‏اي و علفي) و تنوع گونه­اي آن در جنگل­هاي زاگرس در جنگل آموزشي و پژوهشي دانشگاه رازي كرمانشاه‏ مي‏باشد. در منطقه مذكور سه طبقه ارتفاعي (700تا1000متر،1000تا1300متر و1300تا1700متر) و دو جهت اصلي جغرافيايي (شمالي و جنوبي) را در شش محل به شرح دامنه شمالي سرميل، دامنه جنوبي سرميل، دامنه شمالي قراويز، دامنه جنوبي قراويز، دامنه شمالي گاوچالي و دامنه جنوبي رفيع در نظر گرفته و در هرطبقه ارتفاعي 32 قطعه‌نمونه، در هر محل 16 قطعه‏نمونه ودر هر طبقه جهت جغرافيايي 48 قطعه‏نمونه دايره‌اي 10آري(جمعاً 96 قطعه‌نمونه)، براي اندازه‌گيري مشخصه‌هاي كمي و كيفي درختان و نيز ميكرو پلات‌هايي در داخل پلاتهاي اصلي به مساحت (25) مترمربع جهت بررسي لايه درختچه اي و ميكرو پلات‌هاي ديگري در داخل پلاتهاي اصلي به مساحت (1) مترمربع جهت بررسي لايه علفي پياده گرديد. در داخل قطعات نمونه ده آري اطلاعاتي شامل، ارتفاع از سطح دريا، جهت و وضعيت بهره­برداري­هاي انساني ثبت شدند و سپس مشخصه­هاي كمي و كيفي درختان شامل ، قطر برابر سينه بزرگ‌ترين جست، ارتفاع، قطر بزرگ و كوچك تاج، گونه، وضعيت سلامت درختان (سالم، نيمه سالم و خشكيده)، وضعيت آلودگي درختان به گياه نيمه انگل موخور (شديد، متوسط و بدون آلودگي) يادداشت گرديد. سپس در داخل هر ميكرو پلات 25 مترمربعي اطلاعات زادآوري به تفكيك گونه، ارتفاع (كمتر از 5/0،1/30 -5/0 و بيشتر از 1/30   متر) و سلامت زادآوري (سالم، نيمه سالم و خشكيده) برداشت شد. براي بررسي تنوع زيستي پوشش علفي كف تعداد كل گياهان كف به تفكيك گونه برداشت مي­شوند و در فرم­هاي آماربرداري ثبت گرديد. برايدر هر ميكروپلات يك مترمربعي تعداد گونه‏هاي گياهي به تفكيك گونه ثبت گرديد و در هر قطعه‌نمونه مقدار شاخص­هاي تنوع زيستي محاسبه شد. نتايج نشان‏داد: بيشترين مقدار ميانگين مشخصه­هاي سطح مقطع برابر سينه و درصد تاج پوشش در طبقه ارتفاعي 1300 تا 1700 متر از سطح دريا و دامنه شمالي مشاهده شد و نتايج آزمون تجزيه واريانس و تي مستقل نشان داد كه بين ميانگين مشخصه­هاي كمي درختان در طبقه­هاي ارتفاع از سطح دريا و جهت‏هاي جغرافيايي اختلاف معني­دار وجود دارد. توده داراي ساختار ناهمسال جوان است، و درختان واقع در دامنه شمالي و طبقه ارتفاعي 700 تا 1000 متر در طبقه­هاي قطري بزرگتر، بيشتر پراكنش دارند. بيشترين مقدار زادآوري در هر سه طبقه‏ي ارتفاعي به ترتيب متعلق به بلوط ايراني، ديگرگونه‏ها، زالزالك و آلبالوي وحشي است. همچنين بيشترين تعداد و درصد زادآوري سالم در طبقه ارتفاعي 1300-1700 متر و نيمه سالم در طبقه ارتفاعي 1000-1300 متر و خشكيده در طبقه ارتفاعي 700-1000 متر مشاهده گرديد. بيشترين تعداد در هكتار و درصد ارتفاع زادآوري كمتر از نيم متر و بيشتر از 130 سانتي‏متر، در طبقه ارتفاعي 1300-1700 متر و نيم متر تا 130 سانتي‏متر در طبقه ارتفاعي 1300-1000 متر حضور داشته اند، گونه‏ها و ارتفاع زادآوري در سه كلاسه ارتفاعي بدون اختلاف معني‏دار و سلامت زادآوري داراي اختلاف معني‏دار است. درختان در طبقه كيفي خشكيدگي شديد، در دامنه جنوبي و طبقه ارتفاعي 700 تا 1000 متر از سطح دريا مشاهده گرديد، درختان با آلودگي شديد به گياه نيمه انگل موخور در دامنه شمالي و طبقه ارتفاعي 700 تا 1000 متر از سطح دريا مشاهده شد. همچنين بيشترين مقدار تنوع براي پوشش درختي، درختچه‏اي وعلفي درطبقه مياني ارتفاع (1000-1300) مشاهده گرديد و   بيشترين تنوع براي پوشش درختي و درختچه‏اي در دامنه شمالي و براي پوشش علفي در دامنه جنوبي مشاهده گرديد. در منطقه مورد پژوهش تعداد 56 گونه گياهي مشاهده شد و در كل خانواده­هاي Compositae (با 14 گونه)،   Gramineae (با هشت گونه) و Rosaceae (با هشت گونه) بيشترين فراواني را در منطقه مورد پژوهش داشتند. بيشترين تعداد و درصد گياهان شناسايي شده به ترتيب مربوط به فرم‏هاي زيستي Hemicryptophyte ، Phanerophyte ، Therophyte، Chamaephyte، Geophyte مي‏باشد.  نتايج كلي نشان داد كه عوامل فيزوگرافي جهت و ارتفاع از سطح دريا بر مشخصات كمي و كيفي و تنوع گونه­هاي گياهي اين جنگل­ تاثير دارد.  

  One of the uses made in the northern Zagros pollarded oak trees and the foliage for feeding livestock. Several centuries in Europe to control and adjust the height of the trees they are pruned. This operation is called Lopping (pollarding) is said. To study the effects of pollarding on forest structure and spatial pattern of trees on both quantitative and qualitative characteristics in forests voshkalan, located in the city of Marivan, two standes are 20-hectar pollarding and not pollarding   was investigated. 10 ar 60 plots in each stand for grid dimensions 50 x 50 randomly Systematic, and Quantitative features of trees (Diameter at breast, density, canopy, and height) were measured. The qualitative features of them (resprouting Well, resprouting average, resprouting weak, the number of healthy trees, dry trees , mistletoe on trees and tree density infectoria) are measured and recorded. UTM coordinate system to GPS location points moved. Statistical Summary trees in the stand showed a significant effect of pollarding on forest structure factor is the marked decline in the area of the canopy so that the volume of this factor is almost half of pollarding on forest structure. To see that the average size of the canopy intact stand 188.57 cubic meters. Whereas the characteristics of this factor (pollarding on forest structure) and showed a significant difference to the amount of 80.29 cubic meters as a result of this characteristic is involved. The results of statistical tests (t-test) showed the characteristic features of four little tree canopy, average diameter at breast height, average height and density of trees undisturbed tannic between two bodies of pollarding and there is a significant difference, So that the characteristic average diameter at breast height pollarding average stand of workers is intact and features of the cover and density as a result of this operating tannic trees (pollarding) declined. The qualitative features of the all features had significant differences between the two populations. So that the stand resprouting and pollarding of healthy trees have been much better condition than the standes. Two specifications of dry trees and mistletoe on the trees in the intact stand relative to the stand pollarding more.The results Spatial structure indicate that the most quantity characteristic exponential models were examined in two areas. The average height and average diameter of the spherical model showed in both populations studied. The results of the spatial structure features of the study also showed that all the parameters in the two regions has a correlation ratio was 25-75 percent, so the spatial average showed. The qualitative characteristics of spatial structure suggests that two variables in a pile of dried tree pollarding and resprouting Well undisturbed stand strong correlation with ltr">

  All of the developing countries, degrade their natural resources, then, they try to find approaches to restore their resources. It is assumed that the only way of development begins with industrializing and ends to environmental crisis and degradation of vegetation. Our country is passing through this period. Degradation of natural resources happened in the studied area of Koloucheh basin, Bijar, Kurdistan province. Evidences showed the accelerated erosion because of landuse changes and overgrazing. According to the current condition, the studied area was surveyed to investigation and suggestion of proper tree species for planting. In this study, the species those are currently prepared in nurseries in the region as well as native rare species were selected. The ecological requirements and climate restrictions were surveyed for each species. Firstly, the species those were incompatible or fragile against ecological conditions were omitted. Finally, four species of Juniperus polycarpus, Amygdalus communis, Elaeagnus angustifolia and Cupressus arizonica were remained as they were compatible with all ecological conditions of the basin. These species were introduced to the next step of land survey and zoning. Then, prepared maps were overlaid and output maps prepared using GIS (Geographic Information Systems). Approximately, 2314 ha of the total 49758 ha of the studied area were identified as proper area for planting plans by the selected species. Tree species selection for plantation in the Koluche watershed (bijar ,kordestanprovince)