Abstract Increasing population and water shortage in arid regions have challenged food security. Optimal water management and the use of compounds such as doudab and salicylic acid, by improving the physiological processes of plants, contribute to greater water efficiency and sustainable production of crops. This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of doudab (1 and 1.5 liters per hectare), salicylic acid (0.5 and 1.5 mM), and control (spraying with water solution) on the yield and yield components of peanut plants under different irrigation cycles (once every 10 days, once every 20 days, and a combination based on seasonal conditions), was conducted in a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research-educational farm of the Agricultural College of Ravansar County in 1402. The results of variance analysis showed that irrigation interval and its interaction with foliar application had a significant effect on traits such as dry weight of full pod, dry weight of seeds, dry weight of pod skin, dry weight of roots and shoots without pods, hundred-seed weight, number of pod types (immature, empty, full, double and total per square meter) and ratio of pods (immature to total and full to total). Also, foliar application of fumigation and salicylic acid showed a significant effect on all these traits except number of immature pods, ratio of immature to total pods and seed size. The results of segmentation showed that the interaction effect of irrigation interval and fumigation concentrations and foliar application of fumigation and salicylic acid on various traits such as dry weight of seeds, roots, shoots, hundred-seed weight, number of pods (immature, empty, full, double and total), and pod ratios was significant at the 1% probability level. The results of the mean comparison showed that the best yield was observed under the conditions of 10-day irrigation interval and foliar spraying with a concentration of 1.5 l/ha of fumigation and 1.5 mM of salicylic acid. Under these conditions, the dry weight of the seed was 220 g, the number of filled pods was 283 per square meter, and the seed size was 1.42 cm. Also, the application of salicylic acid reduced the number of empty pods. Under the conditions of 20-day irrigation interval, the yield was generally reduced, but foliar spraying with fumigation and salicylic acid reduced the negative effects of drought stress. Under the conditions of 10-day irrigation interval and without foliar spraying, the dry weight of the seed was 190 g and the number of filled pods was 240, which indicates the positive effect of foliar spraying under optimal irrigation conditions. These results showed that the combination of regular irrigation and foliar spraying with optimal concentrations can help improve yield and reduce the effects of drought stress in peanut plants. Keywords: Water efficiency, growth regulator, stress, foliar application, yield.   

The parasitoid wasp, Habrobracon hebetor (Say) (Hym., Braconidae), plays a crucial role in the biological control of lepidopteran larvae. However, producers face significant challenges in storing and maintaining the quality of this wasp during cold storage, as the production process for both the wasp and its host takes approximately two months. Optimal cold storage is essential not only for preventing a decline in the wasp's quality but also for ensuring a constant supply of sufficient and timely quantities. This study investigated the impact of feeding during a four-week cold storage period on the mortality rate and biological characteristics of H. hebetor. This study was conducted experimentally under laboratory conditions. The host, Mediterranean flour moth larvae (Ephestia kuhniella Zeller), was reared at a temperature of 27±2°C, with a relative humidity of 65±5%, in darkness. The parasitoid wasp, H. hebetor, was reared at a temperature of 25±2°C, with a relative humidity of 65±5%, and a photoperiod of 16L:8D hours. Adult wa   of the same age were kept in a refrigerator at 5±1°C under two conditions: without feeding and with feeding using a diluted water and honey solution (1:5 every 48 hours). In each condition, at least 20 pairs of adult male and female wa   of the same age were observed. After verifying the normality of the data, statistical comparisons were made using one-way ANOVA, and treatments were grouped using the Tukey HSD test. The results of this study demonstrate that feeding the parasitoid wasp H. hebetor during cold storage positively impacts the quality and efficiency of the wa  . Specifically, providing a diluted water and honey solution reduced mortality, increased oviposition, and improved parasitism, without affecting the sex ratio. Feeding during cold storage can prevent high mortality rates and reduce quality loss and inefficiency in H. hebetor. These findings can assist producers in optimizing storage methods and maintaining wasp quality, ensuring a consistent supply of high-quality wa   when needed for biological control. Keywords: Feeding, storage, parasitoid wa  , mediterranean flour moth, and biological control   

  This study wasconducted as 2x4 factorial experiment with the aim of investigating the effect of adding chicory root powder,artichoke leaf and stem powder,and Bacillus subtilis bacteria to the basal diet of laying hens on production performance,egg quality traits,egg cholesterol levels,some blood serum parameters,and intestinal histomorphology at the end of the production phase. 336 Lohmann LSL Lite laying hens at the age of 77 weeks were distributed in 8 treatments with 7 replications and six birds in each replication and fed with experimental diets for 98 days. The control group (without additives) had lower egg production,egg mass,villus height,crypt depth,and serum uric acid,total cholesterol,HDL and LDL,and higher feed conversion ratio,cracked eggs,unmarketable eggs,and yolk cholesterol concentration compared to all experimental groups. The effect of the simultaneous presence of all three factors as feed additives on egg production,cracked eggs,unmarketable eggs,mortality,yolk ratio,albumin ratio,yolk to albumin ratio,shell ratio,crypt depth,and villus height was significant. The group that was fed the basal diet with chicory root powder alone had the highest levels of serum uric acid,total cholesterol,total protein,and LDL compared to the other experimental groups.The group that was fed the basal diet with the simultaneous presence of all three factors had the highest levels of serum triglycerides and HDL. Adding chicory root powder with Bacillus subtilis bacteria or adding artichoke leaf and stem powder with Bacillus subtilis bacteria to the basal diet of laying hens had a significant effect on villus width. The group that was fed the basal diet with artichoke leaf and stem powder alone had the highest villus height and crypt depth,and the group that was fed the basal diet and Bacillus subtilis alone had the highest villus width and villus height to crypt depth ratio. The presence or absence of experimental factors alone or together as additive to the basal diet had no statistically significant effect on egg weight produced,shell less eggs,small eggs,body weight change,egg shape index,Haugh units,yolk index,yolk weight,albumin weight,yolk height,albumin height,shell thickness,shell weight,breaking strength,egg specific gravity,and serum parameters including uric acid,triglycerides,total protein,blood glucose,total cholesterol,HDL,and LDL.

Most scale insects (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) are agricultural pests and natural resources in different parts of the world and cause great damage to important crops and other plants each year. Mites (Arachnida: Acari) associated to scale insect, plays several roles such as predator, parasite, decay eater, carcass eater, fortic, honeydew eater, symbiotic and use of waxy cover as shelter on plants. mites can feed on some Diaspididae scale insect or use some Pseudococcidae and Coccidae as shelters, therefore, some mites can reduce the pest population without the use of pesticides. In this study, which was conducted between 2019 to 2021, relationships between mites associated to scale insects in Kermanshah region were studied and identified. For this study , parts of the host including the trunk, twigs and leaves infected with scale insect were cut with garden shears and transferred to the laboratory. under binocular mites associated with scale insect were isolated and stored in 70% ethanol. Also, the lice were separated from the twigs and transferred into 70% alcohol glass with the same number as the related mites glass. Labels with sampling information installed on glass. Microscopic slides were prepared to identify scale insects and mites. during this study, 17 mites species from 16 genera belonging to 11 families related to 10 scalre insects species of nine genera and five families were identified as follows and relationships between them were determined. one of these mites is a new species for the world and one species for fauna mites in Iran is a new report. The new species in the world is displayed with ** and a new report in Iran with *:Order: Trombidiformes   #Family: Anystidae Oudemans, 1936 +- Anystis baccarum Von Heyden, 1826 Family: Erythraeidae Oudemans, 1902 +- Abrolophus Berlese, 1891- Callidosoma Womersley, 1936 - Leptus sp. nov.**. + Family: Eutrombididae Thor, 1935- Eutrombidium Verdun, 1909+ Family: Iolinidae Pritchard, 1956- Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor, 1932)- Pronematus rykei Meyer & Rodrigues, 1966    + Family: Smarididae Kramer,1878- Fessonia Heyden, 1826+ Family: Tenuipalpidae Berlese, 1913- Aegyptobia eriogonum Baker & Tuttle, 1972* - Cenopalpus pulcher (Canestrini and anzago, 1876) + Family: Tetranychidae Donnadieu, 1875- Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836- Eotetranychus Oudemans, 1931Order: Mesostigmata #+ Family: Phytoseiidae Berlese, 1916- Typhlodromus bagdasarjani Wainstein & Arutunjan, 1967 + Family: Parasitidae Oudemans, 1901- Rhabdocarpais consanquineus (Oudemans & Voigts, 1904) - Parasitus kampersi Oudemans, 1902 + Family: Uropodidae Kramer, 1881- Urobovella Berlese, 1903+ Family: Pachylaelapidae Berlese, 1913- Pachylaelaps Berlese, 1888Collected scale insect:+ Eriococcidae-   Eriococcus isacanthus (Danzing, 1975)+ Coccidae

از جمله مشكلاتي كهدر قرن حاضر وجود دارد، مسئله فرسايش خاك و اثرات زيست محيطي ناشي از آن است كه نهتنها باعث كاهش كربن آلي، تخريب ساختمان خاك و باروري خاك شده بلكه كشاورزي پايداررا نيز تهديد مي­كند.بر همين اساس اصلاح­كننده­هاي آلي خاك با تأثيري كه در نفوذآب به خاك، ضريب آبگذري و زهكشي خاك دارند، به عنوان يك راهكار مناسب در كاهشفرسايش خاك شناخته شده است. در اين راستا پلات­هايي با ابعاد2در1متر مربع در قالبطرح بلوك كاملاً تصادفي و با سه تكرار در دو كاربري(مرتع و كشاورزي) مستقر گرديد.مقايسه خصوصيات رواناب و رسوب بين كاربري زراعي و مرتع و تأثير دو اصلاح­كننده­ ­آليخاك (كودگوسفندي و كمپوست زباله شهري) به منظور كاهش ميزان توليد رواناب و رسوب بااستفاده از باران طبيعي در دو مقطع زماني مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. همچنين مقايسهتأثير اصلاح كننده ها بر خصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي و بيولوژيك خاك و فعاليت سهآنزيم اوره آز، اينورتاز و فسفاتاز قليايي مورد بررسي قرار گفت. نتايج درسال اول(قبلاز اضافه نمودن مواد اصلاحي) طي 5 رخداد بارندگي نشان داد كه تغيير كاربري از مرتعبه زراعي منجر به افزايش رواناب و رسوب در كاربري زراعي شد. مقايسه كاربري مرتع وزراعي در 4 رخداد بارندگي سال دوم نيز همانند سال اول نشان دهنده افزايش حجم روانابو رسوب در كاربري زراعي بود. همچنين اصلاح كننده هاي آلي منجر به كاهش حجم روانابو رسوب در كرت هاي حاوي اين كودها شدند. تأثير اصلاح كننده هاي آلي بر تمامخصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي و بيولوژيك خاك در سال دوم نشان داد كه كود هاي آلي سبببهبود خصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي و بيولوژيك خاك و همچنين فعاليت آنزيم ها در خاكحاوي اين كودها مي شود. نتايج مقايسه بين كود گوسفندي و كمپوست حاكي از تأثير بيشتركود گوسفندي نسبت به كمپوست زباله شهري در بهبود خصوصيات خاك و كاهش حجم رواناب ورسوب بود.  

   In addition to its economic role in the country's development, the forest contributes to environmental protection and biodiversity, reducing pollution, regulating temperature, protecting water and soil, and consequently reducing soil erosion and increasing water resources. Therefore, the purpose of this realization is to evaluate the structure of Zagros forest Structureand quantitatively evaluate its impact while also comparing the impact of different forest, rangeland and agricultural land uses on hydrological components and soil physical and chemical properties in part of the river basin. Death is located in Chahar Azar in Kermanshah province. Accordingly, an area with degraded forest land (with severe, medium and low level of degradation) along with rangelands and agricultural lands was selected. In the study area, three forest mass with a total area of ??0.5 hectares and all characteristics Trees were measured in the desired area and then the nearest distance sampling method was applied in this area. Subsequently, the study area was divided into three compaction categories. Hydrological parameters were measured in each forest condensation area and in both agricultural and pasture land uses. Precipitation was run at a rate of 83 mm / h for 24 minutes. Rain simulation was repeated six times per user. Samples of surface soil (0-20 cm) were collected along each plot to study the soil characteristics of each land use. The results showed that sample fragment 1 and 2 have random distribution pattern and sample fragment 3 has clumped distribution pattern and based on the accuracy criterion for estimating the quantitative characteristics of density and canopy cover presented by Byte and Ripley give better results for the approach of the nearest person to mass one and for estimating height for masses one and three. The results of soil studies in three forest mass showed that the physical and chemical properties of soil in the three studied mass were not significantly different, while the percentage of organic matter and nitrogen in the three forest, pasture and agricultural land uses were not significantly different. So that the amount of nitrogen and organic matter in forest and rangeland soil was higher than agricultural land. Rainfall simulation results also showed that runoff time, suspended sediment load, sediment concentration and runoff coefficient were not significantly different in the three studied populations, but the volume of runoff produced was significantly different between treatments. Species with masses one and three were statistically equal and both were less than mass two. But in the three land uses the volume and coefficient of runoff and load and sediment concentration were significantly different between treatments, so that the volume and coefficient of runoff were higher in forest mass and sediment load and concentration were lower than the other two uses. On the other hand, the results of organic matter loss measurements showed that there were no significant differences among the three forest mass, but there was a significant difference among the three land uses so that more organic matter forest land Wasted by the rain. Therefore, one of the most important services and functions of forest ecosystems is to prevent soil erosion, which should prevent soil erosion in the country by preserving and preventing deforestation and changing land uses.

  The grapes is from one important products of garden in the words and Iran. This value crop use, of for certain reason product is fresh, ra  erry, oil and so on. The most important limiting factor the growth   of fruit trees in arid and semi arid regions is deficit   available water. The use of nutritional, such as the of appropriate fertilizes, can improve plant Performannce   in underwater conditions. This research was carried out to investigate of seedless grapes under water stress conditions with 4 treatments and 2 water treatmeant in 4 replications was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. The treatments including of: control treatment (without fertilizer) and potassium sulfate, compost and biochar treatments ( 10 g, 5 and 10 %), water treatment 40 and 80(control), field capacity, till the occurrence of stress indication was done. Collected data was analyzed by SAS software. The results showed that potassium sulfate increased soil and plant potassium. The compost increased phosphorus, sodium, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon and nitrogen, iron, zinc and copper. Biochar also increased potassium. Organic carbon, potassium and phosphorus plants. Biochar and compost under water stress conditions increased leaf RWC, photosynthesis, tra  iration, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll and protein. Peroxidas enzymes and superoxide dismutase had the lowest amount under water stress conditions in biochar fertilizer treatments. Compost and biochar are more effective in improving the condition of grapes under the conditions of water stress chemical fertilizers of potassium sulfate.

پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارزيابي تاثير خوراندن لاكتوباسيلوس فرمنتوم بر عملكرد و رشد، متابوليت­هاي خوني، نيتروژن آمونياكي، اسيديته، جمعيت پروتوزوا، وزن و درصد اجزاي لاشه­ايي وغيرلاشه­ايي اجرا و به منظور دستيابي به اين اهداف تعداد 16 راس بره 3 تا 4 ماهه در 2 گروه 8 راسي (8 تكرار در تيمار) استفاد شد. آزمايش به صورت طرح كاملا تصادفي و تجزيه و تحليل داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزارSAS انجام شد. به هر بره روزانه 2 ميلي ليتر از اين پروبيوتيك كه حاوي 109× 9/6 واحد تشكيل دهنده كلني در هر ميلي¬ليتر بود به روي يك قطعه كوچك نان ريخته و به دام خورانده شد. خوراندن اين پروبيوتيك، خوراك مصرفي و اضافه وزن روزانه را تحت تاثير قرار نداد (05/0<P). نيتروژن آمونياكي، اسيديته، جمعيت پروتوزوا، متابوليت­هاي خوني اندازه­گيري شده، وزن و درصد اجزاي لاشه­ايي و غيرلاشه­ايي در بره­هايي كه به آن­ها لاكتوباسيلوس فرمنتوم خورانده شد تحت تاثير قرار نگرفت (05/0<P). خوراندن لاكتوباسيلوس فرمنتوم افزايش معني داري بر جمعيت مونوسيت­هاي حاصل از شمارش گلبول­هاي سفيد نسبت به گروه شاهد نشان داد(05/0>p). به طوركلي اگرچه اكثر پارامترهاي مورد بررسي تحت تاثير خوراندن لاكتوباسيلوس فرمنتوم قرارنگرفت ولي اين پروبيوتيك به طور معني داري باعث افزايش مونوسيت و درنتيجه   بهبود سيستم ايمني گرديد.كليد واژگان: پروبيوتيك، فراسنجه­هاي تخمير شكمبه­اي، متابوليت­هاي خون ، عملكرد بره­هاي پرواري  

  Without a doubt, today the issue of preserving water resources exploitation and maintenance of the necessary economic efficiency, especially in the arid and semi-arid LIFE. This planet is like Iran has a double importance. One of the solutions proposed in recent decades in the management of water resources, surface and groundwater conjunctive use of water resourceses. he main objectives of this study, the simulation interaction between groundwater and surface water using dynamic connection between surface water and groundwater in the plain is cantilevered, So that the data and results on a monthly basis between the surface water and the groundwaterش MODFLOW WEAP is in circulation. Therefore, at each time step of monthly values, influence the balance of rivers, runoff, etc. WEAP model to model MODFLOW groundwater level values, the flow between the aquifer and so calculation and simulation models, WEAP back and this process will continue until the end. Another key goal is to optimize the amount of monthly withdrawals of groundwater and surface water is to fund the planning period.so To perform system optimization, multi-objective model NSGA-II. was used . So that in its first objective maximization of the needs of the project in the second goal of minimizing groundwater level decline during the period was utilized. The decision variables in this model, including the percentage of withdrawals from surface and underground water resources, which were defined as seasonal. The simulation results showed the biggest drop in the region of West and Southeast parts of the northwest and the Lower Plains. That due to the density of operational wells and water in these areas is approximately 11 meters. The northern and north eastern plains, due to lack of exploitation wells and agricultural lands is more fed. And thus a drop in groundwater level in these areas is not high.and Most edema related to a part of the northern part of the study area is approximately 25 meters. This is due to the high rise part of the study area is extremely fed. Also with the three scenarios defined for this study, results showed that if the current pattern and the reference scenario without optimization on average 16.82% of the surface water and groundwater funded by 83.18 percent. After optimization percent of the groundwater in the study area picked up about 5 percent and   the average percentage of optimal supply from surface water and groundwater, respectively, 78.84 and 21.16%, respectively. The optimal scenario the reliability needs of land Pshmynhzar 26% ش 3.2 and 2.6 meters.It means that by construction balarood dam and application scenarios System Optimization average groundwater level to 2.3 meters would improve. Keywords: conjunctive use, dynamic binding of surface water and groundwater, WEAP, MODFLOW, NSGA II