**A- Keywords:**Optimal Marketing, Three-Pronged Model**B- Proposal Abstract:** (Including an introduction covering the problem statement and the significance of the subject, objectives, research methodology, and keywords—maximum 15 lines.)*(The proposal abstract must be entered in the service portal under the section "Request for Approval of Thesis Topic and Supervisors" in the proposal plan field.)*Today, marketing for greenhouse vegetables and produce refers to the process of attracting and meeting consumer needs through products grown in controlled environments. This type of marketing is particularly attractive due to the high quality of products, the possibility of year-round production, and the mitigation of weather effects. Focusing on key aspects such as pricing, packaging, and effective advertising can help increase market share and attract new customers. Furthermore, a precise understanding of consumer behavior and the use of appropriate distribution channels can lead to improved economic performance for producers (Khoshl-far, 2022).Analyzing the marketing of vegetable greenhouses in Kermanshah based on a three-pronged model is of special importance, as this region, with its agricultural potential, can emerge as a hub for greenhouse production in the country. Given the increasing demand for healthy and organic products, examining methods to optimize the marketing of these products is crucial. One of the main challenges in this area is the lack of effective mechanisms for distribution and communication with target markets, which leads to income instability for producers and product waste. The necessity of this research lies in providing practical solutions to improve marketing and increase distribution efficiency, which can enhance competitiveness, prevent product waste, and lead to sustainable development in the region's agricultural sector. The main objective of this thesis is to present an optimal marketing model for vegetable greenhouses in the city of Kermanshah based on the three-pronged model. The specific objectives of this research include:1. Examining the status of optimal marketing components among vegetable greenhouse owners in Kermanshah.2. Examining the status of the components of the three-pronged model among vegetable greenhouse owners in Kermanshah.3. Explaining the factors influencing optimal marketing among vegetable greenhouse owners in Kermanshah.4. Examining the barriers to optimal marketing in vegetable greenhouses in Kermanshah.This study is quantitative in nature and is classified as applied research in terms of its objective. The statistical population consists of vegetable greenhouse owners in Kermanshah county. The descriptive-correlational method will be used for data collection. The research instrument is a researcher-made questionnaire designed based on the research objectives and the three-pronged model. Data analysis will be performed using descriptive and inferential statistics (Structural Equation Modeling) via SPSS software.**Keywords:** Optimal Marketing, Three-Pronged Model

  The effect of long-term feeding with transition milk and transition milk enriched with probiotic on improving growth performance and reducing susceptibility to diarrhea in newborn Holstein calves

     Abstract Objective:  Iran has a vast range of rural settlements, and their social sustainability largely depends on residents’ psychological and emotional attachment to their living environment. Factors such as perceived personal control and subjective well-being play an important role in strengthening or weakening the sense of belonging to rural life. Research Methodology:  This descriptive-correlational study investigated the effect of perceived personal control on sense of belonging to rural life, with the mediating role of subjective well-being, among residents aged 18+ in rural areas of Kermanshah County. The sample consisted of 384 individuals selected through multistage cluster random sampling. Data were collected using standardized questionnaires and analyzed using   win 27 (descriptive statistics) and Smart-PLSwin 4 (structural equation modeling and mediation analysis). Findings:  erceived personal control had a direct and significant relationship with subjective well-being and place attachment. The structural model confirmed that subjective well-being mediates the relationship between personal control and place attachment. The path coefficient for the direct effect of personal control on place attachment was 0.42, and the indirect effect via subjective well-being was 0.10. Conclusion:  Enhancing place attachment in rural communities requires a multi-level, participatory approach. The main recommendation is to design a “Rural Community Health Scorecard” combining health and psychological indicators (personal control, subjective well-being, place attachment) for scientific resource allocation. Given the high mean score of place attachment, top-down planning should be replaced with a bottom-up model delegating real control to local councils. Since subjective well-being had the lowest mean, a periodic monitoring system (every two years) at the rural district administration (Dehyari) level, along with targeted interventions—culturally based stress management workshops, local storytelling campaigns, and participatory micro?funds for women and youth—is essential. At the micro level, training volunteer psychosocial health facilitators and designing a six?session educational package based on Bandura’s self-efficacy theory (short?term goal setting, managing mental barriers) are proposed. A mobile learning system via local messengers and small grants for physical improvement projects (emphasizing vernacular architecture) can simultaneously strengthen personal control, subjective well-being, and place attachment. Combining macro-structural interventions with local, low?cost solutions institutionalizes existing psychosocial capital and brings rural development from the margins to the mainstream. Keywords:  erceived personal control, subjective well-being, belonging to rural life, social sustainability, psychological empowerment.

   Objective:  This study aimed to fabricate a multi-polymeric hydrogel scaffold containing carboxymethyl cellulose, alginate, polyvinyl alcohol, and inulin (CMC/Alg/PVA/Inulin) and investigate its role in the differentiation of sheep fetal bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into oocyte-like cells, in combination with follicular fluid, granulosa cells, and retinoic acid. Methods:  The hydrogel scaffold was synthesized using freeze-drying and cross-linking with calcium chloride and characterized by FE-SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, tensile strength, swelling behavior, and enzymatic degradation assays. MSCs were isolated from sheep fetal bone marrow and confirmed at passage 3 by their differentiation potential into adipocytes and osteoblasts using Oil Red O and Alizarin Red S staining, respectively. Cells were then cultured for 21 days in three independent experiments under control conditions (2D), on the scaffold (3D), and on the scaffold with 10 µM retinoic acid. Differentiation media included follicular fluid, granulosa cells, or their combination. Viability and apoptosis were assessed by Alamar Blue and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, respectively. The expression of germ cell-specific markers (DDX4, DAZL, and ZP3) was evaluated by real-time PCR. Results:  FE-SEM images revealed a porous structure, and FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed the successful formation of the hydrogel. The scaffold was biocompatible (maximum swelling at 72 hours and 63% degradation by day 21), and retinoic acid showed no significant cytotoxicity at lower concentrations. In all experiments, 3D culture on the scaffold with retinoic acid significantly increased the expression of DDX4, DAZL, and ZP3 compared to 2D and 3D cultures without retinoic acid (p<0.05). The highest expression levels were observed in the co-culture of MSCs with granulosa cells in the combined presence of follicular fluid and retinoic acid on the scaffold. Conclusion:  The CMC/Alg/PVA/Inulin hydrogel scaffold provides a biocompatible and effective 3D substrate for differentiating sheep fetal bone marrow MSCs into oocyte-like cells. The combination of this scaffold with retinoic acid and follicular factors, particularly co-culture with granulosa cells and follicular fluid, significantly enhances differentiation efficiency. This approach offers a novel perspective in reproductive biotechnology and the treatment of infertility in valuable livestock and endangered species.

   Introduction: Recent studies indicate that the prevalence of stress among rural communities is increasing. Therefore, paying attention to the mental health of rural residents—as the main producers of agricultural products in the country—is of great importance. Purpose: The present study was conducted to assess rural stress in the Sarfiroozabad district. Methodology: This research employed a mixed-method, sequential-exploratory design. The statistical population included 14,000 farmers from Sarfiroozabad district. Based on Krejcie and Morgan’s table, a sample of 380 individuals was selected using a stratified random sampling method according to their proximity or distance from the district center. To collect data, a questionnaire was first designed through a qualitative phase, which included literature review and unstructured interviews with experts. The collected data were then analyzed using   -22 software in both descriptive and inferential sections. Findings: The overall level of rural stress among residents of Sarfiroozabad district was moderate. The highest levels of stress were observed in infrastructural-service, socio-familial, and environmental dimensions, while the lowest level was related to environmental and climatic aspects. Among the 59 studied items, drought, decline in groundwater levels, and delayed rainfall caused the greatest concern. Moreover, married individuals, those with higher education, farmers without rural insurance, and owners of irrigated or privately owned lands experienced higher levels of stress. Conclusion: In conditions of weak economic status, uncontrollable natural crises, and challenging cultural issues, the emergence of stress is a natural phenomenon. However, when its intensity increases and coping ability decreases, it can lead to irreversible consequences. Therefore, paying attention to the mental health of rural populations and providing them with training to manage and cope with stress is essential, as they play a key role in ensuring the nation’s food security. Keywords: Stress, Rural Stress, Sarfiroozabad                                 

  Abstract Introduction: Shallot is one of the medicinal and industrial plants that is harvested from natural habitats in our country. In Iran, this plant is considered an unauthorized plant in terms of exploitation of natural resources due to the special conditions of its habitat and reproduction. Given that most of this species is collected from nature, the increased demand for this type of species has caused their destruction and excessive exploitation in nature. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying obstacles and solutions to the development of shallot cultivation in agricultural lands and pastures of Al-Ashtar County. Methodology: To achieve the research objectives, a qualitative approach was used. The participants in the study were experts from the Natural Resources Department and the Agricultural Jihad Department of Al-Ashtar County, residents of Dartang and Hindi villages of Al-Ashtar County, and farmers under the contract of the Zarrin Cooperative Company, and 22 people were selected as samples based on the Barez purposive sampling method. The data collection tool was semi-structured in-depth individual interviews and field notes, and interviews continued until data saturation was reached. For data analysis, the method of communicative content analysis and open and axial coding was used. Results: The results of the study showed that in relation to the obstacles and challenges of preserving and revitalizing shallots in the natural areas and habitats of Al-Shatar County, 13 categories were identified, including marketing and sales obstacles, advertising and information obstacles, financial and capital risks, human and social risks, infrastructure obstacles, skill and technical obstacles, standards and quality, information obstacles, knowledge and educational obstacles, management and support obstacles, organizational obstacles, production inputs, environmental and geographical conditions, and licensing of medicinal plants. Also, in relation to the strategies for cultivating shallots among the shallot farmers of Al-Ashtar County, 9 dimensions were identified: research and training strategies, advertising and information strategies, technical and agricultural strategies, structural and support strategies, policy strategies, strategies related to issuing licenses for the exploitation of shallots, economic and social strategies, trade and organizational strategies, and strategies related to marketing and sales. Discussion and Conclusion: As it was identified, the improvement and development of the medicinal plant market, especially shallots, requires cooperation and coordination between different organizations. Abstract, discrete and uncoordinated action in implementing policies and strategies in the research, promotion, production, trade, processing, health and treatment sectors makes it difficult to achieve goals. In order to make a coordinated, targeted and effective effort in organizing the medicinal plant market, efforts should be made to formulate a comprehensive program in which the goals are completely clear and the duties and responsibilities of the various sectors are determined. The development and implementation of this program will enable the evaluation of the performance of various organizations and prevent waste of time and capital. Keywords: Mustard, medicinal plants, Al-Shatar city.

   This study was conducted to assess the transgenerational sensitivity dynamics and bioefficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis su  . kurstaki (Bt) in the control of third instar larvae of the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) over four consecutive generations. Laboratory bioassays using various concentrations of Bt were performed on the parental generation (F0) and successive progenies (F1, F2, F3). Results indicated that cumulative mortality rates and sensitivity indices—including LC50, resistance ratio (RR), and lethal dose ratios—declined significantly in later generations. The parent and first filial generations were most susceptible to Bt spores and crystals, but with continuous selection pressure, resistance development was pronounced in the second generation (RR=2.92), reaching maximum resistance in the third (RR=7.25). The LT50 values rarely reached 50% lethality except at high concentrations in the initial generation; for most treatments and especially in later generations, this threshold was not attained. Statistical modeling was used to examine the relationship between LC~50~ and LT~50~ across all generations. All models confirmed a strong positive correlation (r=0.92), demonstrating that increasing resistance or reduced sensitivity under selection pressure substantially delayed larval mortality. Nonlinear power regression (R²=0.89) and generalized linear modeling with a gamma distribution (Deviance explained=85%) further validated the robust relationship between dependent and independent variables. These findings underscore that repeated use of Bt, without resistance management strategies such as refugia, accelerates resistance development and reduces biological control effectiveness. Therefore, sustainable pest management in field conditions should include insecticide rotation, creation of Bt-free refuges, and implementation of higher, targeted concentrations. This research demonstrated rapid transgenerational resistance evolution under laboratory selection, emphasizing the need for regular monitoring and prevention of both genetic and epigenetic resistance in key pest populations under greenhouse and field conditions. Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis, cotton bollworm, transgenerational resistance, bioassay, successive generations, statistical modeling, biological control

   Abstract Introduction: Development activities impose risks on the environment, and the dimensions of these potential risks vary depending on the nature of the project and environmental sensitivities. Brick kilns have a high impact potential. Therefore, by assessing the environment and providing an appropriate management plan, the potential negative impacts arising from them can be reduced as much as possible and the affected environment can be improved. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the sustainable management of lands covered by brick kilns in three areas: land degradation, land use change, and land cover, in Godin Rural District, Kangavar County. Methodology: To achieve the research objectives, an integrated (qualitative-quantitative) approach was used. A qualitative method (phenomenology) was used to identify the threats of brick kilns and the lived experiences of residents of target villages of brick kilns, and to identify and prioritize the necessary solutions for sustainable management of lands covered by brick kilns in Godin Rural District, Kangavar County (Delphi and Analytic Hierarchy Process). The study population of the study was residents of target villages of brick kilns, brick kiln workers, kiln owners, and experts and specialists in this field, and 14 people were selected as samples based on the criterion-based sampling method. The data collection tool was semi-structured individual in-depth interviews and field notes, and the interviews continued until data saturation was reached. Content analysis and the seven-step Claise model were used to analyze the data, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and in the (  ) (Expert Choice) software environment. Results: Based on the research results, in relation to the threats posed by brick kilns, three thematic categories were identified: A. Land use change (land removal from the production cycle, creation of water storage ponds, damage and destruction of secondary roads, and desertification), B. Vegetation change (reduction of fertile soil for plant growth, reduction of plant growth and drying, reduction of fodder required by livestock, reduction of plant photosynthesis, and reduction in the quantity and quality of plant products), and C. Land degradation (severe soil erosion, landslides, and soil impoverishment) was identified, and in relation to the lived experiences of participants from brick kilns, five clusters were identified: 1. Disease (lung problems, spinal problems, and boredom and depression), 2. Expansion of social connections (connections with different ethnic groups and greater connection with the people of the village), 3. Economic benefit (reduction of unemployment, income generation, and job creation), 4. Conflict of interest (conflict with kiln owners and conflict with organizations), and 5. Hard work (hard and exhausting work, becoming addicted due to hard work, and not continuing education due to exhausting work). Also, the use of government facilities and support in the field of accelerating the provision of infrastructure facilities for the creation of agricultural projects such as greenhouses, the correct implementation of agricultural land use conservation laws regarding the activity of brick kilns, and the use of deterrents in the field of preventing further destruction and informing the villagers about the environmental risks of brick kilns were, respectively, the most important or, in other words, the most appropriate solutions for the sustainable management of lands covered by brick kilns in Godin Rural District, Kangavar County. Discussion and Conclusion:

  ustainable rural development is only possible in the light of proper use of environmental resources with theoretical and intellectual infrastructure and their preservation and improvement for future generations. The behavior of farmers in dealing with these basic resources has a decisive role in their protection. Purpose: The research was conducted with the purpose of modeling the environmentally responsible behavior of vegetable growers in Miandarband district of Kermanshah city based on Heinz et al.'s model. Research methodology: The research was applied in terms of purpose, which was carried out descriptively and correlationally. The statistical population was 149 vegetable farmers of Mian-Darband district in Kermanshah province, and the data was collected from them. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. The collected data were analyzed using   WIN22 and SmartPLSWIN3 software and in two descriptive and inferential sections.

Abstract Introduction: The continuous use of antibiotics in the broiler production process is considered a great risk for the general health of society due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Because in recent years, chicken meat has become one of the most important sources of protein in the consumption basket of households. Undoubtedly, it is necessary to pay attention to the quality and health of chicken meat in the production process to improve the health and hygiene of the society. Objective: The research was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of social and cognitive factors on the use of antibiotics in industrial meat poultry farms of Kermanshah city based on Bandura's social cognitive theory. Methodology: This study was done by descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population of this study included the operators of industrial meat poultry farms active in Kermanshah city (N = 85), 70 of them were randomly selected for the study using Karjesi and Morgan's table. The measuring instrument of the research was a researcher-made questionnaire based on Bandura's theory of social cognition, whose validity was checked and confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability coefficient (all sections above 0.7). The data were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive and inferential statistics and structural equation modeling in    and SmartPLS software. Results: The results showed that sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim, colistin, erythromycin, enrofloxacin and salinomycin were the most widely used antibiotic drugs used in poultry units in Kermanshah. Intent, outcome expectations and self-efficacy of poultry farmers in using antibiotics were at a low level, and social structural factors (facilitators and barriers) affecting the use of antibiotics among poultry farmers were in good condition. In general, the poultry farmers got a passing grade in the way of using antibiotics. Also, the reported values ??of fit indices indicate that the structural equation model of relationships between poultry farmers has a suitable and acceptable fit and the components used in the research show the correctness and compatibility of the proposed model with the theoretical model and the relationships between the behavior of poultry farmers in using anti- Biotics in Kermanshah city (result expectations, intention, self-efficacy, social structure) confirms. Discussion: Based on this, it can be said that Bandura's theory of social cognition was a suitable theoretical framework for predicting the behavior of antibiotic use among chicken farmers, and in order to expand the activity of antibiotic-free chicken breeding, the government supported by giving subsidies, free loans, monitoring and evaluating organizations. related, implementation of educational plans, etc., to support chicken producers.   

   Abstract: The use of natural antioxidants of plant origin in semen extenders is taken into researchers consideration as an alternative to industrial antioxidants due to having phenolic compounds and high antioxidant capacity and not having problems related to safety and toxic compounds in recent years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations (0, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 ?g/ml) of hydroalcoholic extract of mountain tea and artemisia as a sperm extender on the quality of frozen and thawed sheep semen. This experiment was conducted in completly randomized design with 4 Sanjabi rams and six replications. Semen collection was done using artificial vagina once every two weeks. The content of phenol, total flavonoid, antioxidant activity, functional groups determination and the toxicity level of different concentrations of the extracts was performed respectively using Folin-Ciocaltue colorimetric method, aluminum chloride colorimetric method, DPPH solution, FTIR spectrum and MTT test. total motility were determined with phase contrast microscope and sperm viability was done with eosin-nigrosin staining. HOS test analysis was used to determine the stability and integrity of sperm membrane. Hancock's solution was used to determine sperm abnormalities and acridine staining was used to determine sperm apoptosis rate. The amount of lipid peroxidation was determined using the amount of malondialdehyde production. Data analysis was done using    software and mean comparisons were done at the 5% level with Duncan's test. The results of GC-MS chromatogram analysis of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Artemisia and mountain tea showed 9 and 8 peaks of the compounds of the extracts of these plants, respectively. The peaks observed in the hydroalcoholic extract of Artemisia and mountain tea confirmed the presence of C-H, C-C, O-H, C=O, O=C=O and O-H functional groups. The findings showed that there was no significant difference between the treatments in the amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds (p<0.05). The results showed that there was a significant difference between the treatments on scavenging of free radicals, sperm viability, percentage of sperm viability, total motility, integrity of membrane and DNA, and the amount of malondialdehyde production (p<0.05). The highest sperm viability and percentage of sperm viability were observed with the addition of 80 ?g/ml hydroalcoholic extract of mountain tea compared to other treatments, and the viability decreased with the increase in the concentration of the extracts (p<0.05). ). The total sperms motility was higher with the addition of 80 ?g/ml of hydroalcoholic extract of Artemisia and mountain tea compared to other treatments after freezing and thawing, and with increasing the concentration of the extracts, the total motility decreased (p<0.05). Addition of 80 ?g/ml of hydroalcoholic extract of Artemisia and mountain tea improved the integrity of the sperm membrane compared to other treatments and the control, and increasing the concentration of the extract caused the destruction of the integrity of the membrane (p<0.05). DNA integrity was higher in the presence of 80 ?g/ml hydroalcoholic extract of mountain tea than other treatments, and increasing the concentration of the extract caused more damage to DNA integrity (p<0.05). The addition of 80 ?g/ml of hydroalcoholic extract decreased the production of malondialdehyde compared to other treatments after freezing and thawing, and with increasing concentration, the production of malondialdehyde also increased (p<0.05). According to the obtained results, the level of 80 ?g/ml of the hydroalcoholic extract of these two plants in to extender is suitable for influencing the investigated characteristics and reducing the production of malondialdehyde. Key words:

This study was conducted with the aim of strategic analysis of the development of olive processing workshops in Rajab area of Dalaho city using SWAT analysis. The present study was conducted with a combined (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In order to achieve the goal of the research, which is "development of olive processing workshops in Rijab region of Dalaho city", at first, the SWOT analytical model was used. After identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, in the next stage of SWOT, using hierarchical analysis (AHP), the factors of the four points were weighted. Then the strategies were extracted. The current study population included all the olive growers of Rijab region of Dalaho city, based on the information obtained from the Agricultural Jihad Organization in 1402, 370 people were evaluated, of which 15 people were interviewed. Also, in order to obtain rich information, interviews were conducted with agricultural Jihad experts who were familiar with olive cultivation and the issues and problems of olive growers, and 7 people were selected as samples. The tools of data collection in this research were interviews and questionnaires. In general, the results of SWAT analysis showed that there are 4 broad categories for the development of olive processing workshops in Rajab region of Dalaho city, including: suitable environmental and geographical conditions of the region for the development of olives and its products, the high added value of olives compared to other horticultural products in the region. The ability to generate employment and the high human capital of olive growers were identified. Weaknesses include 4 categories, including: management problems of olive growers, lack of necessary capital and equipment in the process of olive production and processing, tra  ortation problems in the study area, professional problems of olive growers. The opportunities for the development of olive processing workshops also include 3 categories such as: supporting policies of the agricultural sector, technology development and investment in the study area, effective promotion and training were identified by the Agricultural Jihad Organization, and finally the threats for the development of olive processing workshops include 4 There are classes, these classes are: problems related to the market, climate changes, financial and credit problems, weak legislation and policy making.  

Abstract Soils that undergo structural changes and experience a decrease in particle resistance and cohesion with the application of minimal force are known as problematic soils. One method of rehabilitating such soils is by incorporating certain amendment materials that possess high specific surface area and porosity, along with high reactivity, to influence soil properties. This study investigated the effects of four types of organic and mineral amendment materials on selected characteristics of a clay loam soil. The experiment was conducted at Razi University using a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments consisted of zeolite, biochar, compost, each at four levels (0, 1, 2, and 5% by weight), and nano-clay at four levels (0, 0.5, 1, and 2% by weight). After amending the soil, it was subjected to alternate wetting and drying cycles for a period of two months. Subsequently, certain physical and mechanical properties of the soil, including Atterberg limits, saturated hydraulic conductivity, shear strength, compressive strength, and particle size distribution were measured. The results showed that the use of different amendment levels had a significant effect on the measured parameters. Biochar at the 5% level had a significant impact on increasing the brittleness index, resulting in a 125% increase compared to the control, indicating a higher moisture range suitable for soil cultivation. Furthermore, the addition of nano-clay led to an increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity, with the highest value (7.49 cm/h) obtained at the 2% level. Overall, the addition of amendment materials can alleviate physical and mechanical constraints of the soil. Keywords: Amendment, Biochar, Compost, Nano clay, Soil physical properties, Zeolite   

In the climatic zoning of the world, Iran isconsidered one of the dry and semi-arid regio The information ofmeteorological systems as well as the forecasts made of the country's climatestate, like in other parts of the world, indicate the occurrence of climatechange inrecent decades and the continuation of this trendin the future. Climate change is one of the most serious threats to ensure foodsecurity and sustainable development of agriculture. "Smart climateagriculture" has been proposed as a new approach to deal with the negativeeffects of this phenomenon at the international level since the last decade.Kermanshah province is considered the 9th climate vulnerable province where theeffects of climate change are clearly visible (Mohammadkhani and Jamali, 2014).Although, according to the statistics of the World Food Organization, sugarbeet as one of the most important agricultural and strategic products has animportant contribution to the food basket of Iranian households (Ababai, 2012).Therefore, in the present study, the aforementioned measures were investigatedamong the beet growers of Kangavar city, Kermanshah province. The researchmethod is qualitative-descriptive. Data analysis was done with    software.The mentioned measures have been collected separately in three dimensions ofproductivity, compatibility and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Finally,it was found that the beet farmers take more measures in line with the climatechange, which lead to an increase in yield and increase in productivity.  

   This study was conducted with the aim of feasibility of developing saffron cultivation in Javanrood city by using SWOT strategic analysis. This study is qualitative in nature and based on the SWOT analysis model. In this way, at first, the strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities were extracted using the qualitative paradigm, and these points and strategies were weighted and prioritized. The results identified 7 broad categories for the strengths of the development of saffron cultivation, including the existence of suitable capacities for saffron production in the region, the possibility of a family production process, a healthy and environmentally friendly product, the high value of the saffron product, the low cost of saffron cultivation, the existence of a large and long-term local market. There are seven categories of weaknesses, including the low knowledge and experience of saffron growers from production to marketing, lack of skilled workers and high labor costs, bulk sales and lack of proper packaging, non-acceptance of saffron as a cultivation model, problems with onion preparation, its high cost, lack of income in the first years of production and low performance compared to other provinces were identified. The identified opportunities included access to wide markets, people's willingness to cultivate and consume saffron in the region, compatibility of saffron cultivation with the region's climate, and government support for the development of saffron cultivation. The threats include the lack of all-round government support in saffron production, the lack of protective laws and comprehensive and tra  arent government policy regarding the development of saffron cultivation, the weakness of the training and monitoring courses of the Jihad Organization in relation to saffron, the lack of necessary facilities and equipment for production and saffron transformation and complementary industries in the region, the existence of environmental and human risks in the region, the limited market, the lack of supply of sufficient inputs and tools for saffron cultivation by the Jihad Organization, the monopoly of the world market in the hands of other countries, and the lack of access to high-quality onions. Considering that the total of internal and external factors were both greater than 2.50, as a result, the strategies used were aggressive.

   Abstract: Introduction: The creation of home gardens helps to create employment in the rural community and the production of organic agricultural products, besides this, educational and promotional activities can also help to develop this employment and production in this sector. One of the most important programs and priorities in the organization of agricultural jihad is training and the formation of training align="left">Objective: In this research, the effectiveness of promotional educational activities of the home garden project in Sanghar city has been investigated. Research method: Rural women are the study community of this research. This research includes interpretive paradigm with qualitative approach and discourse studies. The research method used in this study was conducted with a general qualitative approach, which used the interview tool and the narrative analysis method to analyze the information. The purposeful sampling method is of the type of special cases, which required data was collected through a semi-structured interview, and the data obtained was based on narrative analysis at two levels: 1- Primary analysis, 2- Integrated analysis, analyzed and discourse. Ghalib has been extracted. In this research, gaining a deep understanding of the studied phenomenon has been desired. The people studied in this research included 14 rural women who were active in the construction and creation of home gardens, as well as 3 experts and teachers active in this sector. Findings: In this research, most of the participants were married and housewives, the spouses of most of the people who were interested in creating home gardens were farmers, and most of them created home gardens in their yard, a significant percentage of the participants in period, the cultivated area of their gardens was less than 100 and the most types of vegetables cultivated were in the group of vegetables and summer vegetables. The results showed that the effectiveness of promotional educational activities in the discussion of home gardens includes 9 components and they are divided into 2 general categories according to the situation: 1) Components with positive and effective capacity 2) Components with crisis. The components examined in this research are effective in the quality of educational programs. Elements with positive capacity (effectiveness) have six components, which shows the effectiveness of the course in terms of these elements. Elements with crisis was another important concept in this research, which in the integrated analysis of the dominant discourses of the current research showed three types of crisis regarding the components of the elements of educational courses. Also, in this research, there are three types of align="left">Offers:Updating the information of teachers to know how to teach applicants, conducting training align="left">Keywords: effectiveness, home garden, rural women, educational-promotional activities

production of oilseeds in Iran provides only 10% of the country's oil consumption, while the country's climatic conditions have a high potential for the self-sufficient production of these seeds. Among the oilseeds, canola is a plant with a high percentage of vegetable oil (40-45%). Indeed, overcoming the obstacles of its production can lead to decreasing canola imports. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the obstacles to the development of canola cultivation in the central part of Khorramabad city. This qualitative study can be considered practical research since it provides useful information to improve canola cultivation. The study population was farmers in the central part of Khorram Abad, which were selected using a purposeful sampling method (15 individuals). The results revealed that the obstacles to the development of canola cultivation in the research area can be considered into five categories, including economic obstacles, lack of government support, climate, sales and marketing, and obstacles caused by the physiological nature of the canola. The highest number of obstacles identified in this research is in the category of economic matters, which include: the high cost of bed preparation, the high costs of fighting weeds, the low relative advantage compared to other products in the region, and the high cost of canola cultivation. Considering the significant overlap of the findings of this research with other related studies in the country, our suggestion for activists and also for future researchers, is that allocate their time and efforts to answer this question: Why are these barriers not being solved?

   Introduction: The development of lifelong learning as an educational subject has expanded in all aspects of life and is one of the most important capabilities needed in today's information society. Objective: The research was conducted with the aim of explaining the willingness of agricultural students of Razi University to lifelong learning based on Bandura's theory of social cognition. Research methodology: The research was carried out descriptively and correlationally. The statistical population was the students of agriculture and natural resources of Razi University in the academic year of 1402-1401 in the number of 1365 people, based on the table of Karjesi and Morgan, 300 people as a sample and using stratified random sampling with proportional assignment according to degree were selected. In order to collect information, standard questionnaires were used. The collected data were analyzed with   WIN22 and SmartPLSWIN3 software and in two descriptive and inferential sections. Findings: The students' desire for lifelong learning was at an average level. The level of desire for lifelong learning among doctoral students, working in the private sector and with more than 5 hours of extracurricular study per week was higher than other students. Examining the situation of the four dimensions of Bandura's social cognition theory showed that the three dimensions of expectation-value, self-efficacy and self-regulation are at a high level in students. Based on the modeling results of the structural equations of self-efficacy and self-regulation (first and second factors), they explained a total of 67% of the total variance of the desire for lifelong learning. Conclusion: In the economic and technological situation of today's society, lifelong learning is a necessity, institutionalizing this concept and training agricultural students with it can partially overcome the lack of skills and unemployment of graduates of this sector and the sustainable development of agriculture. to do Based on this, by expanding research activities, encouraging students to study extracurricularly, strengthening self-efficacy and self-regulation, the desire for lifelong learning can be promoted in them. Keywords: lifelong learning, Bandura's theory of social cognition, self-efficacy, self-regulation, expectation-value, self-control.   

   Introduction: Access to accurate, timely and appropriate information enables farmers to make better decisions about what to produce, when to produce it and where to sell it. Considering the colorful role of television in influencing the audience and the possibility of learning more complex issues through it, it demands more and more attention to this medium. Among the important factors of the efficiency of the media in transmitting agricultural information to farmers, we can mention the timeliness, interest of farmers, freshness and quality of information. All these sectors need attention due to the expansion of leading organizations while using some media as dissemination tools. Objective: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the characteristics of a desirable agricultural educational television program. Research methodology: The population of this qualitative research was the extension workers of Kermanshah city. Purposeful snowball sampling method was used to select the participants. The data collection method was semi-structured interview and sampling continued until data saturation. The data were analyzed through three stages of open, central and selective coding. The validity and reliability of the data were examined through reliability, transferability, verifiability and reliability. Findings: According to the results, the most important weaknesses of the Rooiesh TV show were the inappropriate time of the program broadcast, the lack of training and information, and the lack of attention to the characteristics and needs of the audience. The most important features of a desirable agricultural educational television program from the point of view of extension workers are continuity and solidarity in the time and broadcast of the program, emphasis on appropriate content, presentation of the program in different formats and based on interaction and feedback. Conclusion: Paying attention to the weak points of the Rooiesh TV program and planning to reduce them by considering the identified desirable features can lead to an increase in the quality of the TV program in question and consequently an increase in the number of viewers. The number and content of the current TV show's weaknesses show that it needs a major overhaul in all its parts.

   Findings: In this research, more than 83% of the experts expressed their satisfaction with the involvement of beneficiaries in the extension centers during the Covid-19 era. According to the findings of the research, teachers' familiarity with the Internet as a teaching and learning tool and users' familiarity with virtual space have increased. Based on the findings of the research, the factors of financial-equipment status, experience and expertise of virtual education, communication, planning-management and contextual factors have explained 61.6% of the challenges of the centers during the Covid-19 era to provide services to farmers. Based on the findings of the qualitative section, the factors affecting the educational performance of agricultural Jihad centers are divided into two categories, promoting and hindering. The development of virtual space and online education became one of the important factors for winning the title. Also, according to the results, remote work and shift work have had a positive effect on the performance of the centers. According to the findings of this research, the economic efficiency of online education is one of the leading factors affecting the performance of agricultural jihad centers. Another issue that has maintained the performance of the centers and is effective in its feedback is that the level of health and health knowledge of experts and farmers has increased, and this has facilitated the continuation of work in the centers. Based on the results, increasing coordination and work order has been another effective factor on the performance of the centers during the Covid-19 era. Another group of factors affecting the performance are the inhibitors and include the lack of facilities and equipment of the centers to adapt to the conditions of the Covid-19 disease, the low access of users to the services and requirements of online education, the compulsion to adjust the level of the centers' services and several other factors that include These are the cases. The lack of planning in compiling the content and updating the necessary equipment in the implementation of effective training courses is one of the obstacles that, due to the reduction of the training content, the reduction of two-way communication in virtual training, the weak or incomplete transfer of information to the main farmers, The reduction in the use of educational aids, and the interference of educational programs with the peak activity of the centers has occurred. According to the results, the increase in dissatisfaction and lack of motivation of employees, which is another inhibiting factor, is caused by dissatisfaction of employees in terms of salaries and wages and not using employees in the right position. Regarding the management of the activities of agricultural jihad centers, there is a solution that can be used to improve the activities of these centers.

   Corn, along with wheat and rice, are three important plants of the cereal family. These plants play a very important role in feeding the people of the world. Despite the farmers' attention to supply macro elements needed by these plants, the supply of micro elements is not considered. Agricultural soils in most regions of Iran are lacking in metal micronutrients, especially iron and zinc. This problem causes a significant decrease in yield production of these plants. Hence, this research was performed in order to investigate the effect of conventional and nanoparticle fertilizers of iron and zinc on yield and some physiological characteristics of corn in the research farm of the agricultural campus of Razi University in 2019. This research was performed in the form of a complete randomized block design in three repetitions. The treatments investigated in this research were: 1) different concentrations of two iron and zinc fertilizers (three concentrations of 4 and 8 grams per liter and control and 2) type of fertilizer at two levels (conventional and nanoparticle fertilizer). In order to investigate the effect of the mentioned treatments on the agronomic and physiological characteristics of single cross 600 seed corn, foliar treatments of micronutrient elements were applied twice during development period including: the beginning of vegetative growth and the beginning of flowering. The results of data analysis variance showed that conventional and nanoparticles of iron and zinc caused a significant increase in grain yield compared to the control treatment (3590 kg/ha). The highest increase in grain yield under these conditions was obtained in the group of conventional form of iron fertilizer treatment and the group of combined treatment of iron nanoparticle * zinc nanoparticle with an 81% increase compared to the control treatment. The highest increase in grain yield was obtained in the combined fertilizer treatments of iron nanoparticle 4 * zinc nanoparticle 8 and iron nanoparticle 8 * zinc nanoparticle 4, respectively, with 123 and 132% increase compared to the control treatment (3590 kg/ha). The seed yield had a positive and significant correlation with harvest index traits (R2=0.80**), the number of ears per plant (R2=0.40**), the number of seeds per plant (R2=0.61**), and the number of seeds in a row (R2=0.54**). Among the two traits of the number of seeds per plant and the weight of 1000 seeds, the foliar application of micronutrient elements in conventional and nanoparticle form at the beginning of vegetative growth and at the beginning of flowering had the most significant effect on the number of seeds per plant. In this connection, foliar spraying of micronutrient elements had no significant effect on the weight of one thousand seeds. It seems that the number of seeds per plant is more influenced by environmental factors than the attribute weight of 1000 seeds. Keywords: Antioxidan, Catalase, Grain yield, Photosynthetic pigments, Soluble proteins   

  Background and purpose: Water is the most vital resource for sustainable development and the most important environmental component that has a significant impact on the protection of nature. In connection with the crisis of water resources in Iran, the increase in population, unsustainable development and incorrect consumption of water resources are the most important factors causing the current situation. The standard of rainfall in Kermanshah province is much lower than 15 years ago and it is in an unfavorable situation from the environmental point of view. In this regard, the main goal of the upcoming research was to analyze the social responsibility of farmers in Bilwar Plain of Kermanshah. Among the factors on the basis of which this research was formed, the irresponsible behavior of farmers such as drilling unauthorized wells, excessive harvesting of water resources, and the use of flood irrigation in this region.Materials and methods: The current research was applied and carried out in a quantitative, descriptive-analytical way. The statistical population includes all the farmers of Bilvar plain of Kermanshah city with the number of 3500 people. Sampling by simple random method and according to Cochran's formula, 300 farmers were selected as the research sample. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect information, and Cronbach's alpha for the studied variables was obtained in the range of 74% to 91%. The collected data were analyzed using   18, Excel2016 and Smart PLS software.Findings: The findings of descriptive statistics showed that farmers' social responsibility towards sustainable water consumption was at a low level (32.2%). Among the 4 dimensions of social responsibility, only the legal dimension was at a high level (34.2%). Also, the findings showed that Carroll's model has changed in the research area: legal, economic, moral and humanitarian responsibility. Also, among the research variables, education components, personal values, attitude at the middle level; The understanding of risk and social pressures was at a high level and the knowledge of farmers was at a low level. The results of the model fit from the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the research model measures farmers' social responsibility well. Also, the results of structural equation model fitting using Smart PLS software indicated that understanding (p-value = 0.000, ? = 0.754) had the most direct effect on social responsibility of farmers. However, personal values (p-value = 0.744, ? = 0.015) and attitude (p-value = 0.068, ? = -0.095) had no significant effect on farmers' social responsibility.Conclusion: In order to create a sustainable agricultural sector, governments should act at the farm (local), watershed (regional) and national levels to motivate farmers and remove policies that support excessive water use.

  urpose: In recent years, due to the importance of food safety and the increase in environmental awareness, to healthy product production programs, the use of biological fertilizers and natural pesticides to reduce the use of pesticides. Chemically, much attention has been paid. Because using and replacing natural poisons instead of chemical poisons will produce healthy and organic products. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing farmers' perception of the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and its effect on the willingness to use natural fertilizers and pesticides among farmers in Islamabad-Gharb city. Research methodology: The nature of this research is a quantitative descriptive-correlation type of research. The statistical population was all farmers living in the central part of Islamabad-Gharb city (18,536 people), of which 264 farmers were selected by two-stage cluster sampling and proportional assignment. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. In order to analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. Findings: The results of descriptive statistics showed that farmers' perception of the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on health is relatively low. This is despite the fact that farmers' perception of the effects of poisons and pesticides on the beneficial organisms of the farm and the environment is above average and relatively good. Also, based on the descriptive results, the most important obstacles to the use of natural fertilizers and pesticides are: the weakness of suitable infrastructure for the production of healthy and quality products, concern about the low performance of production with natural methods, and the inadequacy of laws related to Use of pesticides. The results of step-by-step logistic regression showed that farmers' understanding of the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has no effect on their willingness to use natural fertilizers and pesticides with the same price. However, when the price of natural inputs is higher than chemical inputs, the results of logistic regression indicate that among the 3 independent variables, understanding of the effects of fertilizers and chemical pesticides on health, understanding of the effects of fertilizers and pesticides There is a significant relationship between chemical effects on useful farm organisms and the understanding of the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on the environment with the dependent variable (tendency to use natural fertilizers and pesticides with a higher price). Also, the findings showed that the understanding of the effects on health and the understanding of the effects on the environment had a significant negative effect, and the understanding of the effects on the beneficial organisms of the farm had a significant positive effect on the willingness of farmers to use natural fertilizers and pesticides at a reasonable price. have higher In general, these 3 variables are predictors of farmers' willingness to use natural fertilizers and pesticides with higher prices. Conclusion: The results of this study can provide positive achievements for the development of healthy and organic agriculture and culturalization of this type of products among farmers. Keywords: perception, natural pesticides, organic agriculture, healthy agriculture, biological fertilizers.

  Abstract Forest ecosystems, as a large part of renewable natural resources, in addition to being national capital, play an essential role as the foundation of economic and social development. In recent decades, problems related to forest fires have increased. The bad condition of the fire and its consequences indicate the need to solve it. The current research has used the basic theory approach with the aim of providing a model of the fire phenomenon in the forests of Chavar city. The research community includes key informants in the beneficiary communities, including experts from the natural resources and water management departments of Ilam and Chavar cities, trained forces of the protection unit of the General Directorate of Natural Resources and Water Management of Ilam province and Ilam and Chavar cities, local communities of Bankhshak and Ganjvan villages, and active semens. They were in the field of forest management and protection at the level of this city. The participants were selected by purposeful sampling and snowball approach. Deep interview (individual and group discussion) was the data collection tool. The result of applying the foundational theory was a conceptual model that showed human, cooperative, managerial and motivational factors as causal conditions, cultural-social, economic and natural factors as background conditions and legal-policy-making, educational-informational, supervisory and infrastructural factors. As intervening conditions, they have caused the occurrence of fires in the forests of Chavar city. The findings showed that appropriate legislation and supervision, promoting the culture of natural resources, educational-promotional, managerial, cooperative strategies and economic measures were the most important strategies to deal with the studied phenomenon. Finally, the social, economic and environmental consequences were raised as consequences of the implementation of strategies.

      Abstract:    Due to the occurrence of drought in the country and the indiscriminate use of groundwater resources in agriculture, especially in Mahidasht plain of Kermanshah province, which has recently been recognized as a forbidden plain due to high water consumption and inappropriate utilization of water wells, it is important to manage groundwater resources in this region. For this purpose, installation of smart water gauge for optimal use of water wells in Mahidasht plain seems necessary. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the acceptance of smart meters among farmers in Mahidasht plain. In this study, survey method was used to collect the information of the questionnaire. To determine the sample size, random cluster sampling method was used and 185 farmers were selected. The questionnaire was given to experts of Kermanshah Regional Water Company and professors of agricultural extension and education department in order to confirm the validity. To determine the reliability, Kronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated by 30 questionnaires, according to which all the scales designed in the questionnaire had high reliability. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed using    and AMOS statistical softwares. In the descriptive statistics section, the percentage of frequency and relative frequency percentage were used to describe the variables, and in the inferential statistics section, path analysis method was used to investigate the causal relationship between the variables of the conceptual framework of the research, and also the method of averaging and using z test, Man-whitney and Wilcoxon were analyzed and interpreted. The results showed that perceived usefulness, readiness of perceived use and attitude toward using smart meter had a positive and significant effect on tendency to use meters. The results also showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the underlying factors of perceived usefulness and the ease of perceived use. Based on the overall results, farmers' attitudes had the greatest impact on the tendency to use smart meters and thus accept it. According to the results of this study, which should be considered by relevant planners, it is suggested that programs be considered to increase farmers' attitudes toward accepting smart water gauge to manage optimal water consumption in Mahidasht plain.

كارآفريني معلولان يكي از راهكارهايي است   كه در طي دو دهه گذشته جهت مقابله با بيكاري و كم­كاري افراد داراي معلوليت مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. از اين­رو پژوهش حاضر با هدف شناسايي عوامل مؤثر بر كارآفريني معلولان روستايي بخش كوزران در استان كرمانشاه به   روش آميخته (كيفي- كمي) انجام شد. مشاركت­كنندگان در بخش كيفي 21 نفر از معلولان روستايي و 15 نفر از مديران و كارشناسان سازمان بهزيستي بودند. ابزار گردآوري داده­ها در اين بخش مصاحبه­نيمه ساختارمند بود كه تا مرحله اشباع نظري ادامه يافت. تجزيه و تحليل داده­هاي گردآوري شده به روش تحليل محتوي و با استفاده از نرم­افزار Maxqda12 منجر به شناسايي 58 مفهوم مرتبط با عوامل مؤثر بر كارآفريني معلولان روستايي شد كه اين مفاهيم در قالب 15 سازه و 4 مقوله اصلي شامل شايستگي­هاي كارآفرينانه معلولان روستايي؛ عوامل فردي مؤثر بر كارآفريني معلولان روستايي؛ عوامل زمينه­اي مؤثر بر كارآفريني معلولان روستايي و عوامل ساختاري مرتبط با كارآفريني معلولان روستايي دسته­بندي شدند. همچنين تحليل داده­ها منجر به شناسايي 27 مفهوم مرتبط با راهكارهاي توسعه كارآفريني معلولان روستايي شد كه در قالب 5 راهكار آموزشي- توانمندسازي؛ فرهنگ­سازي و تغيير نگرش عمومي به كارآفريني معلولان؛ حمايت و پشتيباني مادي- معنوي؛ تنوع­بخشي زمينه اشتغال و برندسازي محصولات معلولان و بهبود كمي و كيفي نيروي انساني دسته­بندي شدند. در مرحله كمي برپايه يافته­هاي بخش كيفي ابزار پژوهش تدوين شد. جامعه آماري اين بخش معلولان روستايي داراي قابليت اشتغال در بخش كوزران بودند (130N =) كه با توجه به محدوديت جامعه آماري همه آنها به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند و در نهايت تحليل داده­ها با 118 پرسشنامه و به كمك نرم­افزارهاي   V25 و Smart PLS انجام شد. در بخش كمي عوامل مؤثر بر كارآفريني معلولان روستايي و همچنين راهكارهاي توسعه كارآفريني معلولان روستايي كه در بخش كيفي شناسايي شده بود توسط داده­هاي تجربي تأييد شد. از اين رو پيشنهاد مي­گردد در راستاي توسعه كارآفريني معلولان روستايي نتايج اين پژوهش مورد توجه سازمان­ها و نهادهاي مرتبط با كارآفريني معلولان روستايي قرار گيرد.

   Abstract    Access to shared water resources, especially in the agricultural sector, has always been a source of conflict and tension. This conflict can be examined from various angles. Understanding the nature of local water conflict behaviors and factors affecting it, is one of the basic prerequisites for efficient management of water resources through conflict management. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the surface water conflict behaviors of farmers and the factors affecting this behavior. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate water conflict behaviors among the agricultural surface users in the basinthe Nazlian diversion dam basin with New Ecological Paradigm (NEP). The statistical population of this study is 1388 agricultural surface water users which300 of them were selected as a sample and surveyed using a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using a panel of experts. The results of this study showed that attitudes, mental norms and perceived behavioral control affect the intention of conflict. Intention is the main predictor of conflict behavior and has a positive and significant relationship with conflict behavior. In addition, the results of this study confirmed the moderating role of environmental values ??in the formation of conflict behaviors. Based on the results of this study, suggestions were made to reduce conflict behavior among farmers. Keywords: Water Conflict, Planned Behavior Theory, New Ecological Paradigm, Farmers, Nazliani Deviation Dam.

  AbstractClimate change and increasing uncertainty aboutclimate change have seriously challenged the sustainable management of waterresources. There is no doubt that technical solutions are available andnecessary, but these solutions alone are not enough. Researchers believe thatthe key to solving water problems lies in water governance. The watershedcovered by springhead Harsin in Kermanshah province is one of the areas thatface problems of weakness and inefficiency in water governance. Therefore, inthis mixed research, an attempt has been made to evaluate the status of goodwater governance while examining the existing structures and relationshipsbetween water actors in this region. The participants in the study are theagricultural water elites of the region who were surveyed using the censusmethod. The data were analyzed using    and Nvivo software. The results ofthe study showed that water management in the watershed covered by springheadHersin faces many challenges in different dimensions. These challenges areparticularly related to the effectiveness of government activities at the basinscale, the efficiency of the existing statistics and information system andsustainable financial resources, and finally the lack of trust of farmers dueto lack of tra  arency in water decisions in the region. Finally, long-termstrategies based on these challenges were proposed. The main strategy is tocreate a strong catchment organization that can replace the water management ofHarsin city, which is responsible for holding the government in the region.  Keywords: goodgovernance, sustainable water management, agricultural surface water, Hersin springhead.AbstractClimate change and increasing uncertainty aboutclimate change have seriously challenged the sustainable management of waterresources. There is no doubt that technical solutions are available andnecessary, but these solutions alone are not enough. Researchers believe thatthe key to solving water problems lies in water governance. The watershedcovered by springhead Harsin in Kermanshah province is one of the areas thatface problems of weakness and inefficiency in water governance. Therefore, inthis mixed research, an attempt has been made to evaluate the status of goodwater governance while examining the existing structures and relationshipsbetween water actors in this region. The participants in the study are theagricultural water elites of the region who were surveyed using the censusmethod. The data were analyzed using    and Nvivo software. The results ofthe study showed that water management in the watershed covered by springheadHersin faces many challenges in different dimensions. These challenges areparticularly related to the effectiveness of government activities at the basinscale, the efficiency of the existing statistics and information system andsustainable financial resources, and finally the lack of trust of farmers dueto lack of tra  arency in water decisions in the region. Finally, long-termstrategies based on these challenges were proposed. The main strategy is tocreate a strong catchment organization that can replace the water management ofHarsin city, which is responsible for holding the government in the region.  

   The presentstudy was conducted for a systematic review and subsequent meta-analysis toestimate the genetic parameters for growth traits in sheep across three breedgrou   meat, wool and dual-purpose breeds. The results from 221 articlespublished between 1371 and 1399 in and international databases were obtained.The investigated parameters were direct and maternal heritability as well asgenetic and phenotypic correlations between growth traits (birth, weaning, six-month,nine-month and twelve-month weights). After checking the quality of the extracted data, meta-analysiswas performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version2) software package anda random-effects model. The mean, standard error and 95% confidence limit of heritabilityas well as, genetic and phenotypic correlations between growth traits were estimated.The results showed that the mean of direct heritability for growth traits in meatbreeds ranged from 0.190 ± 0.004 (for birth weight) to 0.264 ± 0.01 (for12-month weight), in wool breeds ranged from 0.198±0.033 (for birth weight) to0.304 ± 0.005 (for 12-month weight), and in dual-purpose breeds   ranged from 0.196 ± 0.004 (for birthweight) to 0.285 ±0.020 (for 9-month weight). Mean of maternal heritability in meat breeds ranged from 0.085 ± 0.003 (for12-month weight) to 0.122 ±0.008 (for birth weight), in wool sheep ranged from0.055 ± 0.002 (for 12-month weight) to 0.164 ±0.002 (for 6-month weight), andin dual-purpose sheep ranged from 0.052 ± 0.005 (for 12-month weight) to 0.162± 0.04 (for 6-month weight).Weighted average of genetic and phenotypiccorrelations between growth traits in meat breeds were in the range of 0.320 to0.847 and of 0.225 to 0.809, respectively. For wool breeds, the genetic andphenotypic correlations between growth traits were in the range of 0.290 to0.755, and 0.232 to 0.711 respectively. For dual-purpose breeds, the geneticcorrelation ranged from 0.329 to 0.879 and the phenotypic correlation rangedfrom 0.240 to 0.820. Considering the 95% confidence interval of the estimated geneticparameters in meta-analysis and the differences in the reported parameters acrossthe articles, it was obvious that aggregation of the results of the studies couldrestrict the range of parameters. Further, the standard error of parameters in meta-analysiswas sharply reduced compared to each of the studies which could be associatedwith the increase in sample size. In conclusion, combining the results of multiple studies could reducethe standard error and increase the accuracy of the estimates. Hence, theresults of meta-analysis studies could be more reliable and useful for breeding

  the aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of educational training courses and olive treatment at the beneficiaries of the olive orchards of dalaho countythe research method: this research was done by the type of research and descriptive - survey method. the questionnaire was made and its reliability validity was investigated. in order to evaluate the courses from two statistical population باغداران to 320 persons and experts and مروجان facilitator, 10 people were used in questionnaire. the questionnaire consisted of 14 questions to determine individual and professional characteristics of باغداران and the second part includes 19 گويه for determining the response from the viewpoint of people participating in the period; and the fourth part includes 34 گويه in the learning area. It is to be mentioned that the items on the questionnaire were designed in the questionnaire on a 3 - level Likert scale within the framework of the كرك كرك model

   Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyze the financial literacy of farmers in Mahidasht district in the academic year 1399. The approach of this research has been quantitative and descriptive-analytical in terms of applied purpose and in terms of achieving facts and data processing. The statistical population of this study consists of 202 farmers in Mahidasht district. The Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size. Sampling was performed using two-stage cluster random sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 6 sections was used to collect data. In the first part, the individual and professional characteristics of farmers were examined. In the second part of the dimensions of farmers' literacy, In the third part, farmers' attitudes toward financial literacy, In the fourth section, farmers' behavior regarding financial literacy, In the fifth section, farmers' knowledge about financial literacy, In the sixth and final section, farmers' challenges to achieving financial literacy were examined. The content validity and reliability of the questionnaire were also confirmed by the professors of the Department of Agricultural Extension and Education of Razi University, and Cronbach's alpha test.    and Smart software were used to analyze the data. The results of data analysis showed that There is a significant relationship between personal characteristics and professions of farmers with their knowledge, attitude, behavior and financial literacy. In general, farmers' financial literacy is a function of their personal and professional characteristics, as well as their knowledge, attitude and financial behavior. Keywords: investment, Literacy,   financial literacy, Financial self-efficacy, Mahidasht,   agricultural development

   Abstract The overall purpose of this study was to explain the strategies of establishing green management in Razi University that all dimensions and factors affecting green management in the university were examined. The statistical population of the research in the first phase includes 247 experts (staff) and faculty members There were secrets that were selected by random sampling method (based on job discipline). Of these, 69 were experts and the rest were faculty (178). In the next phases, in order to validate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the university's progress in implementing green management and forming research matrices, 32 university experts were selected. The sampling method in this section was sampling of special or special cases. The quantitative phase data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire In the qualitative section, in order to obtain the available information about identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, the necessary information was received from the interviewees in three stages through interviews and by asking open-ended questions. According to the results, in a small phase, among the 6 dimensions of green management in the university, the education dimension was given higher priority and the tra  ortation dimension was given lower priority than other dimensions. Also, in order to prioritize the factors affecting green management, the attitude and awareness of some faculty members and staff of Razi University were given a higher priority and the factor of cooperation and empowerment of university actors were given a lower priority than other factors. In terms of quality, the results showed that Razi University is faced with more promotional factors than deterrents and in terms of internal factors, has a good position to implement activities related to green management in its structure. Razi University is also in a good position in terms of external factors to implement activities related to green management in its structure, and to implement green management in its structure should use external opportunities to eliminate internal weaknesses. In general, the main purpose of this study was to develop and select superior strategies for integrating green management in the structure of Razi University, and the results of the present study can help to develop green management processes in universities.   Key words: Green management, sustainable development, environmental problems, strategy formulation, green universit

The occurrence of climate change and its effects on the flow of surface water and groundwater resources along with improper management of water resources leads to increased vulnerability of communities to these changes. This has led to various strategies and strategies to reduce the effects of drought. Therefore, in addition to improving water resources management methods, improving the resilience of agroforestry systems has been proposed as a new and successful solution to reduce the harmful effects of drought. There are also many reasons that agroforestry systems can help farmers maintain their land productivity under changing climatic conditions, including drought, and observations of agricultural performance after severe weather events (storms). Droughts over the past two decades have shown that climate disaster resilience is closely linked to increasing biodiversity. One of the areas that needs further evaluation and study in terms of resilience of agroforestry system in the face of drought is Oramanat region. This study helps to evaluate the resilience of Oramanat region in the face of drought and its favorable situation, and finally the resilience in the region can be increased by using agroforestry activities. As mentioned, the quantitative-qualitative blending method will be used according to the research objectives and, if necessary, in steps. Keywords: agroforestry, oramanate, resilience, drought  

Abstract Drought is one of the most important factors in reducing production in arid and semi-arid regions. It is important to study the response of plants to drought stress to reduce water consumption in areas facing water shortages. Among the wild relatives of wheat, diploid species with desirable characteristics have high potential in crop modification. One of the important epigenetic changes that is associated with the pattern of gene expression and causes genetic instability is DNA methylation. In this study, the Coupled Restriction Enzyme Digestion-Random Amplification (CRED-RA) technique and five RAPD primers were used to identify changes in genome methylation in two einkorn wheat genotypes (H9 and S10) collected from Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces in four moisture stress regimes (irrigation at 100%, 75%, 50% and 25 % of field capacity) in two stages including 14 days after application of drought stress and 14 days after re-irrigation. A  factorial experiment  wa  conducted  ased on a  completely randomized desig  with  three replications in the greenhouse of Razi University, College of Agriculture. Physiological traits measured included relative leaf water content, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and stomatal conductance. The results of analysis of variance after moisture stress showed the effect of stress on the measured traits. The most changes in methylation pattern were observed as a result of severe moisture stress in irrigation treatment at 25% of field capacity in both genotypes. Most of the fragments that showed a change in methylation pattern due to moisture stress, returned to the pre-stress state after stress removal, which indicates the reversibility of methylation changes in the genome. Fragments with similar methylation pattern variability in the three replications can be used after recovering and sequencing to study the genomic regions involved in response to drought stress in einkorn wheat. Keywords: CRED-RA technique, DNA methylation, einkorn wheat, moisture stress   

Zagros forests are ecologically and economically one of the most important forest ecosystems in the country. Forest ecosystems, like other ecosystems, have three components: composition, function and structure. Structure is the most important characteristic that results from the establishment of the mass and is often influenced by management issues; Therefore, in order to a better understanding of forest ecosystems and optimal management of these areas, as well as to study the dynamics of these ecosystems, it is necessary to study the structure of the forest and the order of its components. Forest structure is one of the most important key components in describing forest ecosystems and biodiversity. Biodiversity is a key issue in the conservation of nature and biodiversity is one of its most important component. Species diversity, One of the important characteristics of biological communities and functional diversity of the species and size of the populations represented by the species in a region. In fact, it can be said that tree species diversity is the basis of biodiversity in the whole forest, because trees provide resources and habitat for all other forest species. In fact, resilience and stability in forest ecosystems are directly related to species diversity and structure in forest. In the meantime, to examine the relationship between forest structure and species diversity of trees should be an efficient tool to use. According to this issue, geoscience can be used. Research ahead aiming at the relationship between the structural characteristics and diversity of tree in zagros forests. Using 100% statistics, 606 plots were harvested. The normality of the data was checked using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Then the important structural characteristics of the trees including species, crown diameter, diameter at breast height, height, average diameter stem, number stem were measured. Using the measured data, the indices of Shannon, Sheldone and Menhinick for all trees were estimated. In the study, no anisotropy was observed between the data. Therefore, due to the isotropicity of the studied variables, their all-way variograms were prepared and the appropriate model was fitted. The results of this study showed that the average diameter of the crown is about 26 cm, the diameter at breast height is 8.59 cm, the height is 3.400 m, the average diameter stem is 4.52, and the number stem is 9.63. Also, the crown diameter and the average number stem followed the exponential model, the diamete at breast height, the height and the average diameter stem of tree followed the spherical model. The study of variograms showed the presence of spatial correlation in the indices of (Shannon), (Sheldon) and (Menhinick) of trees. The parameters obtained from the variograms and the models fitted to them showed strong spatial correlation indices for all three indices. Also, spatial changes in the structure and diversity of trees around 4 tree species including Prunus cerasus,   Quercus brantii, Quercus infectoria and Crataegus were studied. In this research, it seems that the relationship between the structure and diversity of trees is depending on the scale that requires to be more investigated.

  ReviewIn this descriptive survey, we tried to analyze urban agricultural mechanisms in primary schools of Kermanshah city. Three steps were designed to achieve the research objectives. In the first step, using quasi-experimental method and post-test pretest design with control group, the role of practical vegetable training in knowledge, attitude and skills of sixth grade elementary students in the academic year 2018-2019 was investigated. For this purpose, two groups of 55 students were studied using a researcher-made questionnaire. The results showed that after implementing practical vegetable training, there was a significant difference between the post-test and pre-test scores of the experimental group in terms of knowledge and attitude compared to the< control group (p In the next step, using descriptive phenomenology method, students' skills and practical experiences during the cultivation process were investigated. In this regard, purposive sampling method (N=30) data analysis using Colaysi method showed that students gained experiences such as conflict over product protection and providing facilities, learning with pleasure and competition during the cultivation process. In the last step, targeted field interviews were conducted with experts from the Education Organization, managers and parents. The results of data analysis using content analysis method showed that implementing farm school programs has advantages such as learning through practice, promoting agricultural jobs, learning with sheet pleasure, improving learning space, fostering students' creativity, increasing social capital, changing students' behavior, increasing valuation and promoting healthy eating culture, accelerating learning process, promoting urban agriculture, increasing parental interactions and students' income for school. In addition, the implementation of the farm school plan can be faced with challenges such as being costly and lack of credit, lack of necessary facilities in schools, need for specialized and skilled staff, time limits on cultivation and in schools, legal and administrative problems, opposing some parents with cultivation and work, resistance of the late educational staff against the complete implementation of the plan and negative attitude of the society towards agriculture.Keywords: Agricultural Development, Farm School, Urban Agriculture, Agriculture in Institutions, Elementary Students.

  AbsteractIn today's world, the quality and health of food is one of the issues and challenges facing human society. Due to their economic benefits, vegetable farmers are always looking to maximize production per unit area by using a variety of chemical inputs and in cases of water shortages and crises, the use of unconventional water. This behavior of vegetable farmers is explained by several structures. The aim of this study was to investigate the position and role of values of vegetable farmers in Kermanshah in the production of healthy vegetables in 10 rural areas of the city. The present study was descriptive and exploratory. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire which was designed and compiled by examining the research background and using the standard questionnaire of Allport et al. (1970). Based on the results, there is a significant difference in socio-economic and theoretical values between the two groups of men and women. The results also showed that the level of literacy and adherence to values have an inverse and significant relationship (p = 0.015, rs = -0.151). Also, the results of comparison between different groups of vegetable growers in terms of age showed that there is a negative relationship between the age of the farmer and his values, and as he gets older, some values decrease (p = -0.3, rs = -. 0065). The results showed that attitude alone can not be effective in controlling the behavior of farmers in the production of healthy vegetables. But values can be effective in explaining the behavior of healthy vegetable production by influencing attitudes that act as an intermediate variable. There is also a positive and significant relationship between the farmer's attitude and his behavior and the farmer's attitude can affect his behavior. According to the research results, we found that there is always a direct relationship between the values of vegetable growers, their attitudes and behaviors, and values as the most important influential structure in the attitude of farmers can both directly and indirectly through the attitudes of individual thoughts in behavior. Guide healthy vegetable production and explain the results, the role and position of value in healthy vegetable production.  Keywords: ethics, value, agriculture, vegetable growing, development, sustainability, Kermanshah city.

   Abstract: Job empowerment( employability) has been proposed as one of the key strategies for the development of entrepreneurial activities in rural areas. However, the empowerment and development of job skills of rural youth depends on various factors, among which teamwork skills have a special place. In this regard, the present study was conducted to investigate the role of teamwork skills on the job empowerment of rural youth in rural communities, sanjabi rural Districtin in Kermanshah. The present research method was descriptive-analytical in terms of quantitative intellectual orientation. The statistical population of the study consisted of rural youth (15-35 years) (N = 4288). The sample size was determined using 351 multi-stage cluster sampling method. The data required for the research were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed through face and content validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed using   23 software. Based on the results, there was a significant relationship between teamwork­ skills, job empowerment   and psychological empowerment with demographic characteristics such as education level, job status and type of employment of rural youth. Findings from correlation analysis showed that teamwork­ skills and its components (except communication) have a direct and significant effect on the job employment of rural youth in Sanjabi rural district. The findings also showed a direct and significant effect of psychological empowerment and its components (except autonomy) on the teamwork skills of rural youth studied. The direct and significant effect of psychological empowerment and its components (except competency) on the job empowerment of rural youth in Sanjabi rural district was also confirmed. Finally, the findings of Teamwork skills (except for its components of communication, coordination and interpersonal communication) and psychological empowerment (except for its components of competence and Feeling effective) have affected the job empowerment of rural youth in sanjabi rural Districtin. The results of the present study indicate that the collective and Team skills and psychological readiness of young people are the motor and dynamics in the fields of team and group entrepreneurship to create employment, self-employment and income generation.    Keywords: Skill, Teamwork, Employability(Employment,Job), Rural Youth, Sanjabi Rural District.

  Drought has numerous negative effects on the agricultural sector, and farmers, as the largest group of water consumers in the agricultural sector, are more exposed to the effects of drought. Therefore, in recent decades, various management strategies have been proposed to reduce the dimensions and effects of drought. One of the main strategies in the face of drought is the protection of water resources and in this regard, understanding the desire and behavior of farmers in the protection of water resources is one of the main components of demand management. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the structures affecting the water conservation behavior of farmers in the face of drought using conservation motivation theory. To achieve this goal, the specific objectives of analyzing the perception of farmers in the Mosian plain region of drought, explaining the pattern of water protection behavior of agricultural operators in the region, examining the factors affecting water protection behavior of agricultural operators and 4.69 and standard deviation = 0.54) and based on their experiences, surface water has decreased compared to the past (average = 4.67 and deviation). Criterion = 59/0).They also expect a quick solution for the region due to water conditions (mean = 4.56 and standard deviation = 0.77). The loss of blessings from the earth and the sky due to non-payment of zakat on agricultural products is also the most important memory of farmers in relation to drought (average = 3.80 and standard deviation = 1.09). According to the correlation coefficient test, the age and education of farmers have a significant relationship with their water conservation behaviors at the error level of one percent. There is also a significant difference in farmers' water conservation behaviors based on gender, marital status, participation in training 0.19, t = 3.77); The latent variable of perception of water crisis has a positive and significant effect on the level of error of one percent directly on water protection behavior among respondents (? = 0.41, t = 9.48); The latent variable of response effectiveness has a positive and significant effect on the level of one percent error indirectly on water protection behavior among respondents (? = 0.49, t = 10.92); And the latent variable of self-efficacy has a positive and significant effect on the level of error of one percent indirectly on the behavior of water protection among respondents (? = 0.41, t = 8.46).However, the significant effect of perceived variables of perceived vulnerability (? = 0.11, t = 1.95) and response cost (? = 0.10, t = 1.90) on water protection behavior among respondents has not been confirmed.

Abstract To evaluate of drought tolerance in 23 durum wheat different genotype, two field experiments were carried out at Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah in 2017-2018, Under stress replications. Genetic diversity of some morphological traits, yield and yieldand non-stress conditions, -- two completely randomized blocks designs with three components, and qualitative traits have been studied. The findings of simple differences in most of the studied traits. Based on mean comparisons,   the quantitative traits studied in all variance analysis (both rain-fed conditions and supplementary irrigation) and combined analysis of variance showed that genotypes had significant genotypes were reduced by applying drought stress in rain-fed conditions, and the percentage of reduction in total greatest effect of stress was on biological yield and afterwards on grain yield   was recorded for genotypes 1 and 16 which decreased their performance by 47.72 and 31.78 percent genotypes was not the same. Stress intevsity was 0.1. By growing wheat in the drought environment, the amount of protein and gluten in the grain increased while the amount of starch, moisture and energy produced decreased. The grain yield was 5190 and 5140 respectively. Based on the results of mean comparisons over the two environments, the highest kg / ha, respectively, for Genotype 12. The lowest grain yield was observed in the non-stress environment in genotype 18 and in the rain-fed environment in genotype 9. According to the results of by-plot chart in supplement arirrigation gluten, but in drought conditions, the percentage of grain gluten had a conditions, grain yield was not related to the percentage of protein and genotype 17 had the highest protein and gluten content, and genotype 12 negative correlation with grain yield. In both water and drought conditions,analysis in both irrigated and drought conditions, the number of spikes per square meter (Khorramabad landrace) had the highest grain yield. According to the results of path were identified, which justified 80.70% and 79.27% of the total variation, respectively. Evaluation of had the most direct and positive effect on grain yield. By factor analysis in both environments, 4 factors drought tolerance indices showed that MP, GMP and STI indices due to high conditions were as the best indices for selection and determination of drought tolerant genotypes for 23 different durum wheat accessions. Genotype 12 with the highest correlation with grain yield in both drought and supplementary irrigation amount of these three indices was identified as the drought tolerant genotype in this study   key words: Biplot chart, Causal analysis, Ideal Genotype Selection Index,Quantity and quality of grain, wheat genotype   

AbstractAgronomic biofortification is one of the new methods of combating zinc deficiency that allows the use of this element for the plant by changing the status of zinc in the soil. In this regard, application of organic fertilizers can improve soil nutritional status by affecting soil physical and chemical properties and effects on nutrient cycling. This study was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications in a greenhouse study of Razi University was investigated during 2017-2018. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of organic fertilizers on zinc concentration and phytic acid-zinc ratio in wheat grain, grain yield and different forms of zinc in soil. Morphological characteristics, yield and yield components were also evaluated. The treatments were wood and straw rice   biochars and active biochar in four levels: 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5 % (w/w), compost at two levels 0 and 2 % (w/w) and integrated treatments (compost + wood biochar , compost + straw rice biochar, compost + wood active biochar   and compost + straw rice   active biochar with   1% w/w of each treatment). The results showed that Zn concentration in all treatments significantly increased (P <0.05) except all levels of biochar straw rice and 0.5% biochar wood the highest increase in zinc concentration was obtained in the active biochar straw rice treatments at 0.5% (59.76 mg / kg). Phytic acid concentration and the ratio of phytic acid to zinc in grain did not show any significant effect, but the molar ratio of phytic acid to zinc was less than 25 in all treatments. Grain protein percentage increased significantly (P <0.01) in most treatments the highest percentage of protein was related to wood biochar treatment (16.16%). Grain yield increased significantly (P <0.01) in compost and combined treatments (compost + biofuels activated wood) compared to the control treatment. Biological yield in active Biochar wood and straw rice treatments of at 2.5% (1.04% and 3.85%), compost (8.06%) and combined treatments (compost + biochar active wood) (20 (24%) significantly increased (P <0.01) compared to control. Also, organic treatments had significant effect on plant length, spike length, number of grains per spike, straw yield and harvest index (P <0.01). Organic treatments had an influence on soil chemicals the most effect of organic treatments on concentration Zn-CFeOX and Zn-Res. Correlation relationships showed that there was a significant positive correlation between Zn-car and Zn-CFeOX with uptake zinc grain (r = 0.40 ** and r = 0.36 **, respectively). Keywords: Biochar,Active Biochar, Compost, Integrated application, concentration of zinc grain wheat, Zinc fractionation in soil solid phase.

  هدف: آموزش عالي نيروي محركه و عامل پيشرفت هر جامعه­اي است. اعضاي هيات علمي دانشگاه­ها به عنوان افرادي كه مسئول تعليم و تربيت دانشجويان هستند، بايد نسبت به اخلاق حرفه­اي آگاهي داشته و با پايبندي به آن، سلامت فرآيند ياددهي – يادگيري را تضمين نمايند. عليرغم نقش بي بديل اعضاي هيات علمي در فرايند تعليم و تربيت در دانشگاه­ها و اهميت رعايت اخلاق از سوي آنها پژوهش­هاي چنداني در راستاي ساخت مدل­هاي مفهومي اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي انجام نشده است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسي اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي رشته هاي كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي از ديدگاه دانشجويان انجام شده است. روش‌شناسي پژوهش: رويكرد اين پژوهش، كمي بوده است. جامعه آماري شامل كليه دانشجويان (زن و مرد) رشته­هاي كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي (ترويج و آموزش كشاورزي، زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، گياهپزشكي، علوم دامي ، مهندسي آب، خاكشناسي، ماشين‌‌‌هاي كشاورزي و باغباني) بين مقاطع تحصيلي (كارشناسي، ارشد و دكترا) بود. تعداد دانشجويان رشته‌هاي كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي بالغ بر 1360 نفر بود كه از اين جامعه آماري، 302 دانشجو به عنوان نمونه انتخاب شده بودند. روش نمونه گيري طبقه­اي تصادفي بوده است. ابزار مورد استفاده در اين مطالعه شامل پرسشنامه محقق ساخته اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي دانشگاه و پرسشنامه جمعيت شناختي بوده است. ابعاد اخلاق حرفه­اي از تحقيقات پيشين گردآوري شده است. ابعاد پنج گانه اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي شامل: بعد آموزش، بعد پژوهش، بعد منش، بعد روابط انساني و بعد سازماني مي باشد. براي تجزيه و تحليل داده­ها در اين پژوهش، از نرم افزار   .22 استفاده شده است.يافته‌ها: نتايج پژوهش نشان داد كه ميانگين كلي ابعاد اخلاق حرفه­اي پايين تر از حد متوسط است. نظر دانشجويان نسبت به ابعاد اخلاق حرفه­اي يكسان نبود و اختلاف معنا داري بيان نظر دانشجويان وجود داشت. ميانگين ابعاد آموزش و روابط انساني به صورت جداگانه پايين تر از حد متوسط بود اما ميانگين ابعاد پژوهش، منش و سازماني بالاتر از حد متوسط بود. مقاطع تحصيلي، جنسيت، سن، گرايش رشته تحصيلي و وضعيت اشتغال در نظر دانشجويان نسبت به ابعاد اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي تاثيرگذار بودند اما محل سكونت، نوع پذيرش در دانشگاه، ميزان تحصيلات پدر و ميزان تحصيلات مادر تاثيري در نظر دانشجويان نسبت به ابعاد اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي نداشتند. نتيجه‌گيري: هرچند وضعيت اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي در سه بعد پژوهش، منش و سازماني بالاتر از حد متوسط بود ولي هنوز فاصله زيادي (بخصوص در دو بعد آموزش و روابط انساني) با وضعيت مطلوب دارد. متغير هاي دموگرافيك تاثير بسزايي بر ديدگاه دانشجويان نسبت به اخلاق حرفه­اي اعضاي هيات علمي دارند.كليد واژه­ها: آموزش عالي، اخلاق حرفه­اي، اعضاي هيات علمي

  Abstract Climate change is one of the most important factors that can have a significant effect on natural, social and economic resources. Today, these changes have become a concrete and objective phenomenon all over the globe and there is less point in the world that can not experience these changes. Mahedasht district in Kermanshah province has been experiencing severe fluctuations in recent years due to the fact that the livelihood of people is the agricultural area and during the years when the region has been affected by climate change, farmers have suffered a lot of damage. It is necessary to consider the livelihood of farmers in the area with great attention. The general objective of this research is to evaluate the livelihood resilience of farmers in Mahidasht district against climate change and fluctuations. Achieving the overall research objective requires the following specific objectives: 1. An analysis of the constructive dimensions of livelihood resiliaion of farmers in Mahidasht 2. Prioritizing the Dimensions of Productive Livelihoods of Farmers in Mahidshat 3. Investigating the factors affecting the constructive dimensions of livelihoods of arable farmers in Mahidasht district 4. Measuring the level of livelihood resiliance of farmers in Mahidasht This is an applied study and the research paradigm is descriptive and quantitative. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to survey the validity of the questionnaire. The validity of this study was carried out by the professors of the Agricultural extension and education department of Razi University of Kermanshah. The reliability of different parts was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test And the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.85, 0.91 and 0.6. The statistical population of Mahidshast rural farmers is sampling. The sampling method is simple random sampling. The total population of the population is 2800 farmers. Based on the Morgan table, the sample population is 331 people. The data analysis tool was    software. Assessing the level of livelihood hedge of arable farmers in Mahdasht has determined a moderate level of resilience of about 53% for the aforementioned owners. Comparison of male and female resiliency showed that men had a higher level of resilience than women, and the comparison of married and single married women showed a higher salary for married women.    Correlation between different aspects of survival alleviation showed that the highest correlation between resilience with the dimension of impulsivity and the least correlation with residual self-organizing dimension was. key words: Resilience - Climate change - Climate fluctuations – Vulnerability

  Abstract

  In recent years, farmers in Mahidasht district of the city have leased their agricultural land, This has led to problems such as excessive use of water and the risk of water resources, the use of inappropriate poisons and soil contamination, and in the future, not too long-term pollution of groundwater, Rising unemployment and increasing immigration from village to city. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate the causes and consequences of renting out in the Mahesht area.In this study, Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) technique was used to investigate the reasons for the development of the rental phenomenon in the region and The event analysis technique (ETA) was used to examine the consequences of extending this exploitation system. The research data were collected through a non-structured, in-depth individual interview, focused groups, group discussions with 32 individuals from the Mahidasht waveguide in Kermanshah province and direct observations.The results showed that the main reasons for creating incentives among farmers are mostly organizational, economic, An individual is a social and environmental climate. Reasons include the adoption of inappropriate agricultural policies, the lack of proper government support from farmers, lack of capital and enough money to supply equipment and inputs, Lack of skills for performing lucrative cultivations, not stocking and storage, lack of cooperation and trust among indigenous people, high aged farmer The small size of households and ... has led landowners to lease their lands to non-indigenous people, mainly from Isfahan, Hamedan and Lorestan.This study, by identifying the causes and consequences of expanding the rental system and providing practical solutions, could lead to achievements for rural development officials in the province. By adopting measures such as promotion training to owners and introducing new cultivation practices, financing and facilitating loan conditions, creating appropriate insurance, establishing a mutually acceptable relationship between the university and agricultural jihad with farmers and gaining their trust Providing amenities and health services for the villagers, the owners to stay in the village and the occupation of agriculture.