Abstract Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) has the largest cultivated area among legumes. It not only provides a cheap protein diet, but also can improve soil fertility due to its nitrogen fixation ability. Kermanshah province is one of the top provinces in the country in terms of chickpea cultivation area as this crop is considered the second crop of most rainfed farmers in the province. Therefore, conducting applied research in the field of chickpea cultivation is of great importance. This field experiment was conducted in Sarbekuh village, Homeyl district, West Eslamabad-e Gharb county, in split plots in a randomized complete block design. The land was divided into 4 blocks and each block had 28 plots. The main plots included the control (without zinc sulfate and humic acid), soil application of zinc sulfate at a rate of 20 kg/ha, soil application of humic acid at a rate of 5 kg/ha, and soil application of zinc sulfate +   humic acid at a rate of 20 and 5 kg/ha, respectively, and the subplots included the control (without foliar application), foliar application of zinc sulfate at a concentration of 2 kg in 1000 L at podding time and before and after flowering, foliar application of humic acid at a concentration of 2 kg in 1000 L at podding time and before and after flowering, and foliar application of zinc sulfate + humic acid at concentrations of 2 + 2 kg in 1000 L at podding time and before and after flowering. The results indicated that the highest 100-grain weight was related to the soil application of zinc sulfate + humic acid at a rate of 1.42 g, which was not significantly different from the zinc sulfate treatment. Comparison of the simple effects of soil treatments showed that the highest biological yield was obtained in the zinc sulfate + humic acid treatment with an amount of 3250 kg/ha. Comparison of the simple effects of soil treatments showed that the highest biological yield among foliar treatments was related to the zinc sulfate + humic acid before and after flowering with an average of 3364 kg/ha. The highest amount of grain nitrogen (3.3%) was related to the foliar application of humic acid before and after flowering without soil application of zinc sulfate and humic acid. In general, the results showed that the foliar application of zinc sulfate + humic acid before and after flowering had the greatest effect among the treatments on the yield and yield components of chickpea. The soil and foliar applications of zinc sulfate and humic acid significantly increased the amount of nitrogen and grain protein, while they had no significant effect on the amount of phosphorus, potassium and zinc in the grain. Keywords: Rainfed chickpea, Biological yield, Seed yield, Humic acid, Foliar application

  Abstract In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and sulfur levels on the growth characteristics and quantitative and qualitative yield of nigella, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications during 2021-22 cropping year at Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. The factors include the application of nitrogen at three levels (one-third, two-thirds and equivalent to the recommended amount from the source of urea fertilizer) as the main-factor and the application of sulfur at four levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha from the source of Ammonium sulfate) were as sub-factor. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of nitrogen on harvest index, number of capsules per plant, 1000 grain weight, number of lateral branches, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant, number of days from seedling emergence to flowering, grain filling duration, grain filling rate, grain protein, grain ash, and leaf nitrogen were significant at the 1% probability level, and the biological yield and plant height were significant at 5% level. The effect of sulfur fertilizer on harvest index, 1000 grain weight, grain filling rate and grain ash was significant at the 1% probability level, and on the number of days from seedling emergence to flowering, grain filling duration and leaf nitrogen at 5% level. The nitrogen × sulfur interaction effect on grain yield, number of grains per capsule, number of grains per plant, grain weight per plant, grain oil, grain fiber and stem nitrogen at the 5% probability level and on oil yield, oil harvest index and number of days from seedling emergence to physiological maturity was significant at the 1% probability level. Interaction treatment of the recommended amount of nitrogen fertilizer x 120 kg/ha sulfur fertilizer produced the highest values of biological yield (4788 kg/ha), grain yield (1941 kg/ha), oil yield (743 kg/ha), harvest index (38/9%), oil yield index (15.3%), number of capsules per plant (34.92), number of grains per capsule (78.8), number of grains per plant (2921), 1000-grain weight (2.32 g) , grain weight per plant (7.10 g), plant height (66.9 cm), number of lateral branches (12.31), stem diameter (7.31 mm), number of leaves per plant (101.4) ), leaf area per plant (186 cm2), number of days from seedling emergence to flowering (69.8 days), number of days from seedling emergence to physiological maturity (110.6 days), grain filling duration (39.1 days), grain filling rate (163 mg/day), grain protein (28.1%), grain fiber (9.05%), grain oil (38.78%), leaf nitrogen (2.80%) and stem nitrogen (15.1%). In general, the application of the recommended amount of nitrogen with 80-100 kg/ha of sulfur fertilizer can be recommended as a suitable treatment to improve the yield of nigella. Key words: Nigella, grain oil, leaf nitrogen, grain yield, harvest index.

Abstract Soils that undergo structural changes and experience a decrease in particle resistance and cohesion with the application of minimal force are known as problematic soils. One method of rehabilitating such soils is by incorporating certain amendment materials that possess high specific surface area and porosity, along with high reactivity, to influence soil properties. This study investigated the effects of four types of organic and mineral amendment materials on selected characteristics of a clay loam soil. The experiment was conducted at Razi University using a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments consisted of zeolite, biochar, compost, each at four levels (0, 1, 2, and 5% by weight), and nano-clay at four levels (0, 0.5, 1, and 2% by weight). After amending the soil, it was subjected to alternate wetting and drying cycles for a period of two months. Subsequently, certain physical and mechanical properties of the soil, including Atterberg limits, saturated hydraulic conductivity, shear strength, compressive strength, and particle size distribution were measured. The results showed that the use of different amendment levels had a significant effect on the measured parameters. Biochar at the 5% level had a significant impact on increasing the brittleness index, resulting in a 125% increase compared to the control, indicating a higher moisture range suitable for soil cultivation. Furthermore, the addition of nano-clay led to an increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity, with the highest value (7.49 cm/h) obtained at the 2% level. Overall, the addition of amendment materials can alleviate physical and mechanical constraints of the soil. Keywords: Amendment, Biochar, Compost, Nano clay, Soil physical properties, Zeolite   

   Abstract:

آگاهي از كيفيت خاك، لازمه بهره­برداري صحيح از اين منبع مهم طبيعي، در راستاي كشاورزي پايدار است. كيفيت خاك با اندازه­گيري بعضي شاخص­هاي مهم تعيين مي­شود. اگر اين شاخص­ها در محدوده مناسب قرار داشته باشند، عملكرد محصول به حداكثر مقدار ­رسيده و تخريب خاك نيز كاهش مي­يابد. به منظور ارزيابي كيفيت فيزيكي خاك و عملكرد بيولوژيكي ذرت و گندم، مطالعه­اي در سال زراعي 98-1397 در بخشي از اراضي منطقه روانسر در استان كرمانشاه انجام شد. در اين راستا، در قالب يك شبكه منظم (ابعـاد 100 ×100 متر)، نمونه­ برداري خاك انجام و بعضي از ويژگي­هاي مهم فيزيكي موثر بر عملكرد محصولات زراعي از قبيل جرم مخصوص ظاهري، هدايت هيدروليكي، كربن آلي خاك، تخلخل غيرموئينگي و مقدار رطوبت قابل دسترس خاك تعيين گرديد. سپس، تغييرپذيري مكاني ويژگي­هاي خاك با استفاده از تكنيك­هاي زمين آمار و به كمك نرم افـزار ArcGIS انجام شد. در پايان فصول رشد نيز در هر نقطه نمونه­برداري، عملكرد بيولوژيكي دو محصول مورد نظر (ذرت و گندم) تعيين گرديد. شاخص رتبه­بندي فيزيكي خاك با حاصل­ضرب ارزش پنج پارامتر فيزيكي مورد بررسي تعيين و در نهايت، ارتباط عملكرد بيولوژيك با شاخص فيزيكي خاك مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. بررسي نقشه­هاي پهنه­بندي نشان داد كه تغييرات هدايت هيدروليكي اشباع بين 04/0 تا 69/1 سانتي متر بر ساعت و كربن­آلي بين 26/0 تا 35/1 درصد متغير بوده و در بخش شمال غربي مزرعه داراي بيشترين مقادير بودند. دامنه تغييرات جرم مخصوص ظاهري خاك نيز بين 34/1 تا 66/1 گرم بر سانتي متر مكعب، تخلخل غيرموئينگي بين 25/6 تا 92/19 درصد و رطوبت قابل دسترس نيز بين 29/6 تا 93/18 در­صد متغيير بود. ضرايب همبستگي بين شاخص فيزيكي خاك و عملكرد بيولوژيكي گندم و ذرت به ترتيب 82/0 و 77/0 بودند كه نشان­دهنده همبستگي قوي بين اين شاخص و عملكرد دو محصول در منطقه مورد مطالعه است. بطوركلي، شاخص فيزيكي خاك يك ابزار مهم در ارزيابي كمي شرايط فيزيكي خاك است كه با توجه به آن و بر اساس نقشه­هاي پهنه­بندي، مي­توان در راستاي بهبود كيفيت فيزيكي خاك در مزارع كشاورزي اقدام نمود.كليد واژه: ذرت ، زمين آمار ، كيفيت خاك، گندم

   One of the important issues in sustainable land management for optimal agricultural production and conservation of natural resources is soil quality assessment. The use of soil quality profiles is a useful tool for determining and comparing soil conditions. This research was conducted in order to investigate the quality of the top layer of soil in a part of Mahidasht region. For this purpose, according to the geological characteristics of the region and the use of topographic profiles, the position of 71 observation points was determined by applying the conditional Latin hypercube algorithm (CLHS) in the study area. According to the objectives of the research, the pattern of sampling points was designed in such a way that it includes different terrains and irrigated and rainfed agricultural lands, pasture and oak forest of Zagros. Laboratory analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of the samples was done according to standard methods. After the statistical analysis of the data, soil quality was evaluated based on the Cumulative Quality Index (IQI) and Numerical Quality Index (NQI) separately based on two sets of Total Data (TDS) and Minimum Data (MDS). MDS selection was done with the help of principal component analysis (PCA) and out of 8 TDS indicators, 6 indicators including soil reaction, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, saturation percentage, clay and silt were selected. Among the different characteristics of calcium carbonate equivalent and soil reaction, they were the most limiting for soil quality in the region. The average soil quality in IQITDS, NQITDS, IQIMDS and NQIMDS indexes was 0.815, 0.760, 0.717 and 0.857, respectively, for all indexes except IQIMDS in good class and for IQIMDS in It was an average class. The correlation coefficient between IQITDS and IQIMDS was equal to 0.93 and between NQITDS and NQIMDS was equal to 0.74, which was significant at the 1% level. The highest values of soil quality indexes are respectively in forest, pasture and agricultural land with an average of 0.844, 0.831 and 0.804 in the IQITDS index and an average of 0.833, 0.779 and 0.744 in the index It was NQITDS. Spatial change of soil quality was investigated by calculating and fitting the experimental variogram spherical model on IQITDS and NQITDS profiles. According to the normal kriging maps, the values of both IQITDS and NQITDS indices are higher in forest and pasture land use, which are mostly located at the edge of the study area, and in the middle parts of the area where the land use is agricultural. It was lower.

  كربن آلي خاك به دليل نقش مهمي كه بر ويژگي‌هاي فيزيكي و شيميايي خاك مي گذارد، شاخص مهمي براي ارزيابي وضعيت حاصلخيزي خاك بوده و نيز ازشاخص‌هاي مهم تعيين كيفيت خاك بشمار مي‌رود. به طور كلي محتواي كربن آلي خاك تحت تأثير عواملي چون اقليممنطقه، پوشش گياهي، ويژگي‌هاي خاك، كاربري سرزمين، پستي و بلندي و نوع مديريت قراردارد. منطقه ماهيدشت از مهم­ترين پهنه­هاي كشاورزي در استانكرمانشاه و حتي باختر ايران است كه در حالت طبيعي از نظر مؤلفه‌هاي مربوط به پستيو بلندي (متغيرهاي توپوگرافيك چون ارتفاع، درصد، جهت، شكل شيب، و ...) از تغييراتچشمگير برخوردار است. از سوي ديگر در مناطق كشاورزي عمده مانند ماهيدشت، كاربري‌هايمتفاوت جنگل، مرتع و كشاورزي فارياب و ديم ديده مي‌‌شود كه بي‌گمان در پي چندين سده بهره‌برداري،بر ويژگي‌هاي خاك و از آن ميان كربن آلي اثر گذارده است. اين پژوهش براي بررسي كربن آليلايه رويين خاك در بخش گسترده‌اي از منطقه­يماهيدشت انجام شد. براي اين منظور با توجه به ويژگي‌هاي ريخت‌شناسيمنطقه و استفاده از نقشه متغيرهاي توپوگرافي، موقعيت 70 نقطه مشاهداتي با كاربستالگوريتم ابرمكعب لاتين مشروط (CLHS) در منطقه مورد مطالعه مشخص شد. با توجه به اهداف پژوهش، الگوي نقاط نمونه‌برداري به‌گونه‌اي طراحي شد كه زمين­چهرهايمختلف و زمين‌هاي كشاورزي آبي و ديم، مرتع و جنگل بلوط زاگرس را در برگيرد. تجزيه ويژگي‌هاي فيزيكي و شيميايي نمونه‌هامطابق روش‌هاي استاندارد انجام شد. پس از تحليل آماري داده‌ها، همبستگي كربن آليبا برخي از ويژگي­هاي خاك و همچنين شاخص­هاي پستي و بلندي بررسي شد و سپس تغييراتمكاني مقدار كربن آلي به روش زمين‌آمار مدل گرديد.بيشترين مقدار كربنآلي به­ترتيب در جنگل، مرتع و زمين­هاي كشاورزي با ميانگين 90/1، 72/1 و 18/1 درصدبود. بين مقدار كربن آلي با برخي از شاخص­هاي پستي و بلندي از جمله ارتفاع، شيب،شاخص تندي و درازي شيب، موقعيت نسبي شيب، ارتفاع از سطح شبكه آبراهه، فاصله تا شبكه آبراهه، ژرفايدره و شاخص ديد آسمان   همبستگي معني­داريداشت كه بيشترين همبستگي با شاخص ژرفاي دره (53= r) بود.در نقاط مرتفع و شيب­دار مقدار كربن آلي  بيشتر بود. الگوي تغيير مكاني كربن آلي  با محاسبه و برازش مدل كروي واريوگرام تجربي بررسي شد . وابستگي مكاني   كربن آلي در منطقه­يمطالعاتي متوسط بود. با توجه به نقشه­هاي كريجينگ معمولي،مقدار كربن آلي در كاربري جنگل و مرتع كه بيشتر در حاشيه­ي منطقه­ي مطالعاتي قراردارند، بالاتر و در قسمت­هاي مياني منطقه كه كاربري زمين­ها كشاورزياست،   پايين‌تر بود. بنابراين فعاليت­هايمختلف كشاورزي ازجمله استفاده   از ادواتكشاورزي سنگين براي عمليات شخم، سوزاندن  بقاياي گياهي و استفاده از كودهاي مختلف شيميايي نقش مهمي در كاهش مقداركربن آلي در زمين­هاي كشاورزي دارد.

2). One-way ANOVA was used to compare mean of soil properties for Tape-Gole, Sorkhak and their relevant control and T-test was used to compare soil properties for Gheshlagh and its relevant control. The results showed that there was no statistically significant changes of soil EC, PH, TNV in all the studied area. The amoughnt of OC%, P, K and BD in Sorkhak was significantly higher compare to its relevant control area. Among the measured soil microbial properties there was no significant changes in soil BR in all the studied area. However, soil carbon biomass (Cmic) and qCO2 was significantly higher in Sorkhak compared to control and Tape-Gole. The results showe that none of the measured soil properties was affected by the implementation of Sianat plans in Gheshlagh compared to its relevant control. It was concluded that the quality of the implementation of Sianat plans is very important issue to improve the soil properties.  

  Humic acid is the active ingredient in humus, which is gray to dark brown in color. Humic acid macromolecules have a predominant aromatic characteristic and have a high content of functional groups such as phenolic, carboxyl and quinone, which leads to the surface charge and reactivity of this compound.This factorial experiment will be performed in a completely randomized design with three replications. Initially, humic acids will be extracted from five different organic sources (bovine manure, municipal waste compost, vermicompost, sheep manure, poultry manure) with 0.1 M NaOH. Extraction with distilled water will also be performed to compare the extraction with NaOH and to calculate the extraction efficiency. In the next step, the properties of the extracted humic acids such as spectroscopic absorption at different wavelengths, ash percentage, carbon content, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and total sulfur with the elemental analyzer (Elemental Analyzer) and groups The factor will be determined with the FTIR device and the results will be compared. Then, a sample of surface layer calcareous soil (depth 0 to 20 cm) is prepared and after applying different concentrations of humic acids (four concentration levels, 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 g of humic acid per kg of soil) extracted from various sources, and will be incubated for 70 days. Finally, the availability of the three main consuming elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) will be determined at the end of the incubation period. After collecting the results, they will be analyzed using    software.Keywords: humic acid, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

Abstract With the advancement of science and technology, human needs for food and energy are increasing. This has led to the uncontrolled use of land, which has severely reduced soil quality. Frequent sowing, non-compliance with management principles and cultivation frequency have intensified soil compaction. We see soil density in almost all agricultural fields. In many areas, at a depth of 10-30 cm, the soil is usually hard, which is due to poor management of agriculture and specifically plowing, hence it is called plow. Mahidasht located in Kermanshah province is one of the important agricultural hubs that field observations in October 1397 show the expansion of plowing in this area. Therefore, identifying and ranking important factors in the development of plowing is of particular importance. For this purpose, after specifying the study area, the coordinates of the points were selected by Google Earth. Deep excavations were excavated and dissected for all points and information such as: color, structure, amount of organic matter by boiling with oxygen water, amount of lime by boiling of acid, soil resistance and amount of clay for each horizon were recorded. Intact samples from each soil surface were transferred to the laboratory for chemical and physical analysis (EC, pH, potassium, sodium, lime, specific gravity, etc).) align="right" dir="RTL" >  According to the ST align="right" dir="RTL" >Overall, with increasing depth, the specific gravity of the soil increased, which was very significant in the plow layer. The main reasons for the increase in specific gravity with depth are the decrease in organic carbon and the increase in clay in the deep soil layers. The bulk density in Entisols, Inceptisols and Vertisols soils was 1.2, 1.80 and 1.93 g / cm3, respectively. The higher clay percentage in Vertisols soils increased the bulk density and soil compaction. The highest specific gravity was observed in    horizons in Vertisols soils, in all of which the specific gravity was more than 2 g / cm3. The high amount of clay increases the adhesion and ductility of the soil, which shows that under equal conditions in Vertisols soils, the density of the plow layer in these soils is higher compared to other soils.    Abstract With the advancement of science and technology, human needs for food and energy are increasing. This has led to the uncontrolled use of land, which has severely reduced soil quality. Frequent sowing, non-compliance with management principles and cultivation frequency have intensified soil compaction. We see soil density in almost all agricultural fields. In many areas, at a depth of 10-30 cm, the soil is usually hard, which is due to poor management of agriculture and specifically plowing, hence it is called plow. Mahidasht located in Kermanshah province is one of the important agricultural hubs that field observations in October 1397 show the expansion of plowing in this area. Therefore, identifying and ranking important factors in the development of plowing is of particular importance. For this purpose, after specifying the study area, the coordinates of the points were selected by Google Earth. Deep excavations were excavated and dissected for all points and information such as: color, structure, amount of organic matter by boiling with oxygen water, amount of lime by boiling of acid, soil resistance and amount of clay for each horizon were recorded. Intact samples from each soil surface were transferred to the laboratory for chemical and physical analysis (EC, pH, potassium, sodium, lime, specific gravity, etc).)

Abstract One of the important issues in human health and agricultural products is soil health and quality that soil quality. Soil quality can be affected by inherent soil characteristics and human management factors. Mahidasht plain in Kermanshah province due to the importance of crop production with different land uses of rainfed and irrigated agriculture in this study was studied to calculate soil quality. soil quality in this study, the soil quality of the region was calculated using two indicators of cumulative soil quality and soil quality. Soil sodium,   potassium, SAR, EC, pH, texture, organic carbon, equivalent calcium carbonate, bulk density and   phosphorus measured to determine soil quality and measured soil quality calculations Using PCA was converted to the minimum data set and the characteristics of total soil sodium, total soil potassium, sand, bulk density, EC organic carbon and phosphorus were selected as the minimum effective sets in PCA. were plotted both linearly and nonlinearly. Finally, the quality of cumulative soil with linear weighting more reliably showed the quality of soil in the region and total sodium was selected as the most important factor affecting soil quality. Key Word: Soil health, Soil Compression, Soil physical Character, Soil quality, PCA, Soil quality index, Minimum data set.   

   Detecting and representing spatial distribution of soil properties is a prerequisite of modern sustainable land management. Advancing problem solving algorithms along with GIS systems in the recent decades have strengthened our ability in processing spatial data. In this work, efficiency of artificial neural networks (ANN) in classification of some physico-chemical soil properties into predefined fuzzy soil classes evaluated and compared with the results of geostatistical analysis. Whole area of agricultural college selected as the study area with 120 surface (0-20 cm) soil samples which were taken at nodes of a number-coverage optimized equilateral systematic grid. Routine physico-chemical soil properties of all samples were determined and analyzed geostatistically. Most variables showed a clear spatial dependence. Silt and P data divided into two separate subsets for variography, more likely because sampling pattern was not dense enough to detect their variability. Ordinary kriging maps revealed various patterns of distribution over the study area according to either natural or management processes. For fuzzy classification, whole dataset along with its two subsets including textural and chemical features (all mentioned ‘datasets’ afterwards) were classified into 2-10 fuzzy classes using “fuzzy c-means with extragrades” (FCMEx) algorithm through minimization of the objective function for classification error. Chemical dataset showed most fuzziness with a fuzziness exponent of 1.95, while the whole and texture datasets took the second and third places of fuzziness with 1.45 and 1.3, respectively. Optimal number of classes for each dataset determined using two related functions, resulted in 9, 8 and 8 regular fuzzy classes at the above-mentioned fuzzy exponents, which considering the extragrade class, final number of fuzzy classes were 10, 9 and 9 in the same order. ANN analyses were conducted through adopting multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and radial-based function (RBF) algorithms on three datasets, separately. MLP resulted in perfect performance (zero error) at education step for all datasets. It is discovered that capabilities of ANN was far beyond the size and magnitude of variability inhered in the soil features measured in this study. It was furthermore, a consequence of similar measuring scales of most features. Results for the whole dataset were the same as two other at education stage. However, since there was less similarity of scale and uniformity in the whole data, though not much, prediction accuracy of both algorithms reduced at the test stage for the dataset. But by comparison, MLP performed better than RBF, since the former just misclassified some individuals of whole dataset, while the latter showed errors in allocation of new individuals into texture and chemical classes as well. Though results confirmed vast potentials of ANN in spatial prediction of soil properties or classes, geostatistical procedure showed that can keep its role in doing same jobs at local scale in a computationally cheaper and more feasible price. To consider pragmatic aspects, feeding ANN, other proper machine learning algorithms and geostatistical methods with data from denser sampling patterns and also soil profile data to construct maps of farm-scale application value, proposed.

لازم به ذكر است كه علاوه بر باكتري­ها، قارچ­ها و مخمر ها نيز داراي توانايي متابوليك استفاده از كربن موجود در تركيبات هيدروكربني براي سنتز سلولي خود مي­باشند. در واقع متوسط ميزان تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي نفتي به وسيله قارچ­ها مي­تواند از باكتري­ها بيشتر باشد. در اين بررسي به منظور بررسي اثر برهم­كنش باكتري و مخمر در تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي موجود در نفت خام در محيط مايع M9 حاوي 2 درصد نفت خام چهار سويه باكتري كه داراي بيشترين توان رشد و تحمل در محيط­هاي آلوده به هيدروكربن نفتي بودند، از كلكسيون ميكروب­هاي آزمايشگاه بيولوژي دانشكده كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي استان كرمانشاه به دست آمد، كه قبلا كارايي آن­ها در حذف آلاينده­هاي نفتي اثبات شده بود، سويه هاي باكتري شامل Bacillus.thuringiensis،   taphylococcus.gallinarum،Arthrobacter.citreus و   aenarthrobacter.nitroguajacolisبود. هم­چنين باتوجه به مطالعات قبلي و توانايي مخمر Candida.catenulata در تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي نفتي اين گونه مخمر از دانشكده نفت و پتروشيمي دانشگاه رازي تهيه و جز تيمارهاي مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. توئين 80 به ميزان 10 درصد نفت خام، به عنوان سورفكتانت استفاده شد. آزمايش­هاي تجزيه زيستي در محيط مايع M9 حاوي 2 درصد نفت خام به عنوان تنها منبع كربن و با در نظر گرفتن فاكتورهاي باكتري و مخمر و سورفكتانت در دو بازه زماني 7 و 14 روز انجام شد. در مرحله اول آزمايش ابتدا توانايي تجزيه زيستي نفت خام توسط كشت خالص سويه­هاي باكتري و مخمر كانديدا كاتنولاتا در مدت زمان 7 و 14 روز مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.   نتايج حاصل از تجزيه زيستي نشان داد هركدام از جدايه هاي باكتريايي و مخمر كاتنولاتا قادر به حذف به ترتيب 21 ، 48، 53 ، 35   و 65 درصد نفت خام در مدت زمان 7 روز بوده­اند. براي بررســي تأثيــر ســورفكتانت در تجزيــه نفت خام از بيوســورفكتانت توئين80 (1/0%)استفاده شد كه به طور متوسط عملكرد جدايه­هاي باكتري را 10% افزايش داد.   به منظور بررسي اثر بر هم كنش باكتري-مخمردر محيط كشت، تلقيح همزمان هركدام از سويه هاي باكتريايي و مخمر در محيط كشت انجام شد. مقدار تجزيه نفت خام در محيط حاوي كنسرسيوم­هاي ميكروبي   برابر با 55،58،72 و 64 بود كه به ترتيب   متعلق به كنسرسيوم هاي + C.catenulata B.thuringiensis،   S.gallinarum+C.catenulata،A.citreus + C.catenulata   و   P.nitroguajacolis+ C.catenulataبود. بيشترين مقدار حذف هيدروكربن در محيط مربوط به تلقيح همزمان همه چهار جدايه باكتريايي و مخمر در حضور سورفكتانت بود كه برابر با 95 درصد در مدت زمان 7 روز بوداين نتايج نشان داد زمان بهينه براي تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي موجود در نفت خام برابر با 7 روز است و استفاده از كنسرسيوم هاي ميكروبي نسبت به كشت خالص آن­ها عملكرد بهتري در تجزيه نفت خام دارد. كليدواژه: آلاينده­هاي نفتي، باكتري، نفت شهر، هيدروكربن، مخمر كانديدا كاتنولاتا

AbstractThe rapid growth of the world's population in recent decades and the increasing pressure on the irreplaceable source of soil. In addition to intensive cultivation and apart from geological factors, today anthropogenic factors such as irrigation with industrial effluents and excessive use of agricultural chemicals pollute the soil. such a situation makes sustainable land management necessary from both the point of view of soil quality protection and improvement. On the other hand, at least in most cases, access to practical information for land management requires the study of a large data set. One way to get soil information with you less examples is to look at the theory of regional variables. In this study, with the general aim of achieving the scale (s) of variability in the concentration of zinc, nickel, cadmium, phosphorus and rapid soil properties in Miyandarband region as a concentrated agricultural area in Kermanshah province, this view was used. To investigate the spatial variations of the mentioned variables, a five-stage nested sampling design with sampling intervals of 1000, 267, 71, 19 and 5 meters was designed within the framework of a consistent pattern and two dissimilar patterns. Pattern analysis consistent with 372 samples showed a variability range of 267 m for nickel and close to 19 m for zinc and phosphorus. Despite the intensity of cultivation and the high rate of application of agricultural chemicals in the region, the findings of this study did not show significant contamination in terms of heavy elements, although in some samples the concentrations of nickel, zinc and phosphorus were close to the contamination threshold. Based on the findings of the nested sampling design, the three groups of soil particle sizes in the study area showed several spatial correlation scales. The diversity of variability ranges is not unexpected due to the alluvial origin of the region, centralized agriculture and management factors. While the highest scale of variability of organic carbon and calcium carbonate was estimated at the first level, also for other characteristics, the scale has a wide range of variability as a function of distance, which are the scales estimated in two The heterogeneous design was in most cases consistent with the results obtained from the heterogeneous design, which indicates the optimal selection of the distances mentioned in the sampling and sampling method.Keywords: Heavy Elements, Spatial Variations, Mineral Fertilizer, Nested Sampling  

چكيده هدف: به منظور بررسي اثر كودهاي سرك نيتروژن و گوگرد بر عملكرد كمي و كيفي كلزا (.Brassica napus L)   آزمايشي به صورت مزرعه‌اي در سال زراعي   1397-1396   در شهرستان كنگاور، استان كرمانشاه   انجام شد. روش‏شناسي پژوهش: آزمايش به صورت فاكتوريل با دو عامل كود نيتروژن و گوگرد در قالب طرح بلوك‌هاي كامل تصادفي در سه تكرار انجام شد. تيمارهاي آزمايشي شامل كود نيتروژن از منبع اوره در سه سطح   (60، 120 و 180 كيلوگرم در هكتار) و كود گوگرد از منبع سولفات آمونيوم در چهار سطح (صفر، 25 ،50 و 75 كيلوگرم) بودند. اعمال تيمارهاي آزمايشي در دو مرحله قبل از شروع ساقه دهي و غنچه‌دهي كلزا صورت گرفت. يافته‌ها: نتايج آزمايش نشان داد كه صفات كمي و كيفي كلزا   شامل ارتفاع بوته، وزن خشك و سطح برگ، عملكرد دانه، عملكرد بيولوژيك، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در غلاف، وزن هزار دانه، شاخص SPAD، كارايي فتوسيستم II، درصد نيتروژن شاخساره، درصد نيتروژن دانه، محتواي فيبر دانه و درصد اسيدهاي چرب اشباع بصورت معني‌داري تحت تاثير تيمارهاي آزمايشي قرار گرفتند. با اين حال تاثير تيمارهاي آزمايشي بر صفات وزن خشك ساقه، محتواي اسيدهاي چرب غيراشباع، ميزان كلروفيل‌هاي a و b، كاروتنوئيد و پروتئين‌هاي محلول معني‌دار نبود. مقايسه ميانگين برهمكنش تيمارها نشان داد بيشترين عملكرد دانه، عملكرد بيولوژيك، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در غلاف، وزن هزار دانه، ارتفاع بوته، وزن خشك   و سطح برگ، محتواي اسيد چرب اشباع، محتواي نيتروژن دانه، محتواي نيتروژن شاخساره، حداكثر كارايي فتوسيستم II   و درصد فيبر دانه در سطح سوم كود نيتروژن و گوگرد (180 كيلوگرم نيتروژن   و 75 كيلوگرم گوگرد) مشاهده شد. برهمكنش تيمارها بر شاخص SPAD و درصد روغن دانه معني‌دار نبود. اما شاخص SPAD تنها تحت تاثير كود نيتروژن قرار گرفت بطوري كه بيشترين ميزان اين شاخص با مصرف 180 كيلوگرم اوره در هكتار مشاهده شد. اثرات ساده تيمارهاي آزمايشي بر درصد روغن دانه معني‌دار بود و در بين سطوح كود نيتروژن بيشترين درصد روغن دانه با مصرف 180 كيلوگرم اوره در هكتار و در بين سطوح كود گوگرد بيشترين درصد روغن   دانه با مصرف   75 كيلوگرم سولفات آمونيوم در هكتار مشاهده شد.

Correct identification and proper management of soil resources to efficiency principles, goals and programs for providing agricultural areas of the country, is very important. The main factor in agriculture as soil quality has a key role and elderly. Recognizing soil physical properties can be properly managed in order to exploit the right of the soil, and this is not possible unless the impact of soil properties and quality on the crops is recognized. In this regard, in the cropping year of 2018, a study was conducted in Bilavar- Kermanshah Province as a Spatial variation of soil physical quality in a farm Rapeseed, with the aim of investigating the effect of soil physical properties on rapeseed yield. For this purpose, physical properties (soil texture, bulk density, electrical conductivity, moisture content and porosity) and chemical properties (organic matter, EC, pH and percent of lime) of soil were determined Then, according to the geographical location of the sampling points on the map and to determine their geographic locations using GPS on the ground, using the ArcGIS maps, soil characteristics were drawn. Finally, after harvest, the relationship between Rapeseed yield and soil physical index was investigated. The results showed that the values of bulk density ranged from 1.24 to 1.65 g / cm3 in the field, which is related to the amount of clay and sand. The porosity was between 42 and 53% and was correlated with the bulk density. Saturation was between 32.1% to 53.3% and compare zoning maps with maps of the spatial variation of moisture content soil bulk density showed that the highest percentage of saturated water content located in areas with the lowest bulk density. Saturated hydraulic conductivity range was between 0.27 and 0.33 cm/h, which is classified in the class of soils with low saturated hydraulic conductivity. The highest amount of organic carbon is located in the northern part of the field and the soil of the region with 0.7% to 1.27% of organic carbon is classified in the class of soils with low organic carbon. Physical indicators of the health of the soil, there was good correlation with Rapeseed yield and the correlation coefficient in the surface soil was 0.68. Overall, the physical index of soil health can be used to determine the yield potential of crops.  

  In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of micronutrient fertilizers, iron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, boron and copper at different stages of development including: initial vegetative growth (vn), flowering time (R1) and pod time (R4) on agronomic characteristics , Physiological and morphological characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in field conditions, an experiment was carried out in the 98-97 crop year in Kangavar city as a split plot with a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three developmental stages of initial vegetative growth = A1, flowering stage = A2 and pod stage = A3 and foliar application of micronutrients in seven levels including: iron fertilizers one and a half per thousand = B1, manganese one and a half per thousand = B2, One and a half per thousand = B3, molybdenum per thousand = B4, copper one per thousand = B5, boron two per thousand = B6 and water spraying control = B7 as sub-factors. The results of analysis of variance and comparison of means showed that foliar application of iron and manganese nanofertilizers at the time of branching on significant traits such as grain yield, biological yield, number of grains per pod, leaf area index, grain protein were significant. Also, application of iron (1577 kg / ha), zinc (1549 kg / ha) and molybdenum (1553 kg / ha) fertilizers on grain yield had the highest values. The micronutrient fertilizer factor was significant on traits such as superoxide dismutase, leaf soluble protein, and grain protein, and the foliar application time factor was significant on the trait of peroxidase superoxide dismutase.

از جمله مشكلاتي كهدر قرن حاضر وجود دارد، مسئله فرسايش خاك و اثرات زيست محيطي ناشي از آن است كه نهتنها باعث كاهش كربن آلي، تخريب ساختمان خاك و باروري خاك شده بلكه كشاورزي پايداررا نيز تهديد مي­كند.بر همين اساس اصلاح­كننده­هاي آلي خاك با تأثيري كه در نفوذآب به خاك، ضريب آبگذري و زهكشي خاك دارند، به عنوان يك راهكار مناسب در كاهشفرسايش خاك شناخته شده است. در اين راستا پلات­هايي با ابعاد2در1متر مربع در قالبطرح بلوك كاملاً تصادفي و با سه تكرار در دو كاربري(مرتع و كشاورزي) مستقر گرديد.مقايسه خصوصيات رواناب و رسوب بين كاربري زراعي و مرتع و تأثير دو اصلاح­كننده­ ­آليخاك (كودگوسفندي و كمپوست زباله شهري) به منظور كاهش ميزان توليد رواناب و رسوب بااستفاده از باران طبيعي در دو مقطع زماني مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. همچنين مقايسهتأثير اصلاح كننده ها بر خصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي و بيولوژيك خاك و فعاليت سهآنزيم اوره آز، اينورتاز و فسفاتاز قليايي مورد بررسي قرار گفت. نتايج درسال اول(قبلاز اضافه نمودن مواد اصلاحي) طي 5 رخداد بارندگي نشان داد كه تغيير كاربري از مرتعبه زراعي منجر به افزايش رواناب و رسوب در كاربري زراعي شد. مقايسه كاربري مرتع وزراعي در 4 رخداد بارندگي سال دوم نيز همانند سال اول نشان دهنده افزايش حجم روانابو رسوب در كاربري زراعي بود. همچنين اصلاح كننده هاي آلي منجر به كاهش حجم روانابو رسوب در كرت هاي حاوي اين كودها شدند. تأثير اصلاح كننده هاي آلي بر تمامخصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي و بيولوژيك خاك در سال دوم نشان داد كه كود هاي آلي سبببهبود خصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي و بيولوژيك خاك و همچنين فعاليت آنزيم ها در خاكحاوي اين كودها مي شود. نتايج مقايسه بين كود گوسفندي و كمپوست حاكي از تأثير بيشتركود گوسفندي نسبت به كمپوست زباله شهري در بهبود خصوصيات خاك و كاهش حجم رواناب ورسوب بود.  

  This study investigates the relationship between the structure of Iranian oak forests and its effect on soil properties around the crown and also the diversity of soil macrofauna affected by the structure of Iranian oak forests in Kermanshah province (Ravansar area). For this purpose, 4 transects were considered in the study area at intervals of 50 m and then due to different structures of branching trees, 8 treatments with three replications were carried out from under their canopy. A total of 96 sections of 50 × 50 cm profiles with 15 cm depth were cut and macrofauna were collected manually. Soil moisture and organic matter content increased significantly in the soil under the canopy of these shrubs due to shading and accumulation of nutrients, so-called "fertile islands". Statistical comparison results showed that the abundance and diversity of soil macrofauna and also Some soil properties within the group and outside the group had a significant difference at the 95% probability level. Increase in macrofauna abundance and diversity within the group showed a significant correlation with litter depth and crown area, due to increased organic matter, nutrient concentration, and organisms' access to food resources in the litter and also outside the group. It was. According to the results of the present study, the effect of the group as a habitat micro-habitat with suitable living conditions and presence of soil organisms can be pointed out. Soil passes through or into surface debris and their populations are highly dependent on ecosystem management practices. In many ecosystems of semiarid regions, shrubs play a key and complex role in providing soil moisture and nutrients.

  Abstract Tillage is an important component of soil management that affects crop production. In addition, tillage can contribute to agricultural sustainability and improve soil quality by altering the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. One of the most useful tools for assessing soil management status in different tillage systems is soil quality assessment and the use of quantitative indices is one of the most appropriate methods for determining and comparing soil quality. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of different tillage systems on chemical, physical and biological quality. Accordingly, in order to investigate the effects of tillage systems on some of the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils in the Campus Agriculture and Experimental Natural Resources factorial in a randomized complete block design at two depths of 0-25 and Physical, chemical and biological properties of soil such as bulk density, diffusible clay, calcium carbonate equivalent, pH, EC, respiration, microbial biomass and urease and invertase enzymes measured in soil. Were. The results showed that tillage system affected all the studied traits with different intensities. By changing the tillage system from traditional to more conservative, the soil properties had a positive change which resulted in improved quality. It was dirt. So that the apparent bulk density in the conservation tillage system in the surface and deep layer was 18.86% and 18.02%, respectively, compared to the traditional tillage system and soil organic carbon was 21.74% and 18.87%, respectively. The percentage of increase and the highest variation among the biological characteristics of microbial biomass carbon was 53.49% and 42.45% respectively. Cumulative and developmental indices had the highest values in conservation, reduction and traditional tillage systems, respectively. Overall, the cumulative quality index was more accurate in determining soil quality.

   ABSTRACT Introduction: Nowadays, growing population and extending urbanism has led to various social, economic, and environmental inconsistencies around the world. One of the major problems of –especially large- cities is waste management. Improper location of landfill sites in many places has resulted in harmful environmental consequences, thus locating the sites through a scientific approach is of prime importance. In Iran, most landfill sites were located traditionally, where waste is build up, burn or burry improperly. Current landfill site of Kermanshah city also has not been located suitably, that has and will impose frequent environmental problems. Pollution with organic compounds and heavy elements are majors among them. Objectives: This work carried out to find one or more areas proper for Kermanshah landfill site using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Fuzzy logic (FL) in environment of geographical information system (GIS). Materials and methods: Based on recommendations by experts, most important criteria extracted, which furthermore considered along with standards defined by Environmental Conservation Organization (ECO). In addition, minimum required landfill site area -assuming no recycling and composting- estimated conservatively some 158 ha. for 20 years ahead. A buffer of 32 km (32buffer) around the city considered for the study. Layers of information including geology, soil, land use, precipitation, slope, prevailing winds, etc. were calculated with GIS, and all pixels in each of which weighted according to AHP results. To find most proper areas inside 32buffer in form of membership values, all the weighted layers of information overlaid through application of AND, OR, SUM, PRODUCT, and GAMMA fuzzy operators in GIS environment. Outputs of AND and GAMMA produced acceptable results, however, by comparison the latter selected for further studies. To make the locating results more compatible with common legal limits of the city, a 20 km buffer (20buffer) masked within the 32buffer. Considering a range of (and not just the highest) membership values, six areas (named 1 through 6) in GAMMA output for 20buffer were selected, delineated, and evaluated. Results: Findings showed GAMMA=0.9 as the best operator for locating landfill site in this study. Based on ECO criteria, selected areas examined and areas No. 1 and 3 were diagnosed as best among others. However, due to some advantages area No. 3 of some 1255 ha. was chosen, which showed high levels of the majority of criteria. Some surprising features were: surrounded with high mountai   reachable trough a strait; no water (surface or ground) water resource; close to the city (10km); far enough from airport, historical monuments, and faults; scarce agricultural lands; low land price; sufficient (and much more) area for estimated twenty-year solid waste of the city; etc. Considering the advantages, study of soils and clay mineralogy of the area were also conducted, which were suited as well. Soils were generally young with no or little horizonation, but enough depth to provide cover for fillings. Clay fraction was dominated with 2:1 minerals of Smectite and Illite groups with traces of Kaolinite and chlorite and perhaps Palygorskite/Sepiolite, which was in accordance to landfill site requirements largely. In addition to landfill site, the area provided a good potential to locate recycling and composting stations, for which an exploratorymap prepared.

   Municipal solid waste compost is a rich source of organic matter, macro and micro elements, but increasing the concentration of   trace elements in soil and plant is one of the possible side effects of long term using of compost in agricultural soils.Then this research was done with the purpose of evaluating the residence health risk arising from trace elements in Kermanshah municipal solid waste compost that is used in agricultural lands in Kermanshah. 64 soil samples, 30wheat samples, 14onion samples, 16corn samples, 10potato samples, 16sugar beet samples, 10 leek samples, 15cress samples, 32 samples of water and livestock fertilizers applied in the studied agricultural lands were collected   from different areas of the province. the concentration of chromium, cobalt, cadmium, lead and nickel in the composted soil increased significantly at 1% level. Also the   Arsenic concentration increased significantly in composted wheat, cress, onion, potato, leek and corn. Concentration of lead in   the composted Onion, cress, sugar beet and corn increased significantly compared to the control. The results also showed that the effect of compost on the chromium concentration in onion, potato, cress, and sugar beet was significantly higher than the control at 1% level. The increase of cadmium concentration in the composted leek, onion and potato was significant compared to control. Concentrations of cadmium in   control corn and sugar beet was higher than composted samples. Concentration of cobalt increased not significantly, in the composted leek and wheat. nickel concentration in composted potato, leek, cress, corn and sugar beet Increased significantly at 1% level , . Non-cancerous HQ was calculated more than one for arsenic, lead and cobalt. The most important pathway for intake of arsenic was drinking water, while the highest risk for lead and cobalt was observed via ingeation   of wheat. Non-cancerous HQ in children was more than adults. Cancerous HQ was within the acceptable range for all the studied elements. The cancerous HQ for middle-aged men and women was higher than for other receptor groups. Keywords: trace elements, soil, risk assessment, municipal solid waste compost

  oil as a part of the biosphere plays an important role in food production and environmental sustainability. Environmental and soil pollution to petroleum compounds is one of the problems facing developing and industrialized countries. Today, extraction, transfer, refinement, leakage of oil from pipes during displacement, bursting of tubes and oil wells, industrial waste water distillation and chemical industry into water and soil, the world with Has a serious threat. In oil producing countries such as Iran, about 4 million barrels of oil per day are produced, these problems are more serious. The same goes for the necessity of applying effective methods to clean up pollution, but it is inevitable that it is environmentally friendly and suitable for every area. The dispossessing of waste products from oil wells in Kermanshah oilfield region has contaminated the soils around these wells. In recent years, a lot of efforts have been made to eliminate the pollution of oil compounds from the soil. In this study, four plant species were used as petroleum refineries to improve the contaminated lands of oil compounds. Festuca, flax, cantaloupe and perry plants were selected for planting. Plant morphological traits and percentage of oil pollution reduction at different levels of low, moderate, high and very high contamination were investigated (2, 4, 6 and 8 wt% respectively). After the end of vegetative period, the morphological traits of plants were measured. The rhizosphere soil of each plant was collected to determine the amount of remaining oil compounds by Soxhlet apparatus. Data analysis and drawing of charts were done with SAS software versions 9.1 and Excel, respectively.  Laboratory analysis of soils showed that soil samples had 4% high salinity and sodium contamination, which had a negative effect on plant productivity. The presence of oil hydrocarbons in the soil decreases the growth and yield of aerial parts of root and root in all plant treatments compared to the control treatment. Reduction of germination and growth along with increasing concentrations of petroleum compounds. No plant was grown in the concentration of pollution of 8% by weight. The highest rate of contamination reduction was observed in the rhizosphere of festuca and flax in the level of six percent contamination, which decreased by about 66.43 and 55.38%, respectively. According to the results of this study, Festokha plant is recommended for planting of polluted soils in the studied area, although additional studies are needed to find better plant deployment strategies and increase plant productivity.

soil pattern prediction using artificial neural network

  چكيدهآلودگي محيط زيست نتيجه فعاليت هاي صنعتي اجتماعات بشري است. يكي از آلاينده هاي مهم خاك فلزات سنگين بوده كه در سال هاي اخير به شدت مورد توجه قرار گرفته اند. روش هاي مختلفي براي مقابله با آلودگي فلزات سنگين به كار گرفته شده كه از آن جمله مي توان به تثبيت فلزت توسط بيوجار اشاره كرد. اين تحقيق با كاشت گياه ماش و به صورت طرح فاكتوريل در قالب طرح بلوك هاي تصادفي در سه تكرار انجام شد. تيمارها شامل بيوچار چوب آفتابگردان در سه سطح (صفر، 1 و 3 درصد)، سرب در سه سطح غلظت (صفر،100 و200   ميلي گرم بر كيلو گرم خاك) و كادميوم در سه سطح غلظت (صفر، 10و 20 ميلي گرم بر كيلو گرم خاك) بودند. نتايج نشان داد كه افزايش سطوح كادميوم و سرب موجب كاهش عومل رشد در گياه ماش شد، در حالي­كه كاربرد بايوچار ضمن كاهش اثرات سوء كادميوم و سرب، باعث افزايش رشد گياه ماش گرديد. اثر سطوح بيوچار بر پارامتر هاي وزن خشك اندام هوايي، تعداد گره، تعداد شاخه هاي جانبي، تعداد گره فعال، ارتفاع ساقه، قطر ساقه، تعداد برگ، سطح برگ، وزن خشك ريشه، سطح ريشه،   حجم ريشه، طول ريشه، هدايت الكتريكي (EC) خاك،pH   خاك،كربن آلي خاك و غلظت سرب و پرولين در سطح يك درصد معني دار شد. تاثير سطوح مختلف سرب و كادميوم نيز بروزن خشك اندام هوايي، تعداد كل گره و تعداد گره فعال، ارتفاع ساقه، قطر ساقه، تعداد برگ، سطح برگ، وزن خشك ريشه، سطح ريشه، حجم ريشه، طول ريشه، مقدار پرولين و غلظت سرب و كادميوم در گياه ماش در سطح يك درصد و برتعداد گره غير فعال؛ هدايت الكتريكي و pH   خاك در سطح 5 درصد معني دار بود. اثر متقابل سطوح مختلف بيوچار و هر دو فلز سنگين بر وزن خشك اندام هوايي، تعداد گره، تعداد گره فعال، قطر ساقه، وزن خشك ريشه، حجم ريشه، هدايت الكتريكي خاك، غلظت پرولين و سرب اندام هوايي گياه ماش در سطح يك درصدمعني دار بوده و بر تعداد برگ، در سطح 5 درصد، اما بر تعداد گره غير فعال، ارتفاع و سطح برگ، سطح و طول ريشه،كربن آلي ، pH   خاك و غلظت كادميوم اندام هوايي تاثير معني داري نداشت. بطوركلي مي توان گفت كه استفاده از بيوچار، با توجه به طرفيت بالاي آن براي جذب و تثبيت سرب و كادميوم، مي­تواند به عنوان يك راهكار مناسب و ارزان در جهت كاهش آلودگي خاك و محيط زيست از اين فلزات باشد.واژگان كليدي: بيوچار، كادميوم، سرب، ماش.

  Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world that has an inhibitory effect on plant growth and yield. In this regard, growth regulators such as salicylic acid play a vital role during the growth and development stages of plants, and therefore their proper application can improve plant yield and increase plant resistance in coping with drought stress. Adding superabsorbent polymers to the soil also acts as a reservoir for water storage and thus, when they are added to the soil, they absorb irrigation water and prevent it from subsiding. This feature is important for coping with drought and reducing the effects of drought stress on the crops. In this research, the effects of drought stress, superabsorbent polymer and salicylic acid on growth and yield of Mung bean (Vigna radiata) investigated. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete design with three replications in the greenhouse of agricultural and natural resources campus of Razi University. The treatments included drought stress at three levels (soil moisture equivalent at 30, 60 and 100% field capacity), superabsorbent in three levels (0, 0.3 and 0.5 wt. %) and salicylic acid at four levels (250, 500 and 750 ?M in the spray application). The results showed that drought stress caused a significant reduction in many of vegetative and reproductive characteristics of Mung bean such as; stem length, root volume, leaf area, stem and leaf dry weight, protein yield, leaf relative water content and yield components at 1% level, while the use of salicylic acid and superabsorbent polymer significantly increased these characteristics compared to the control. Also, the interaction of drought and superabsorbent stress caused a significant difference in the number of seeds per plant, harvest index, stem and leaf dry weight, grain yield, biological yield, proline content, leaf relative water content, fresh and dry weight of the root, root area and volume. The interaction of drought stress and salicylic acid also significantly affected the number of seeds per plant, harvest index, stem length, grain yield, proline content, fresh and dry weight of root and root surface, and interaction of salicylic acid and superabsorbent significantly affected the number of seeds per plant, harvest index, proline content, relative water content of leaves, fresh and dry weight of root and root volume and surface. In addition, the interactions of all three factors, drought stress, superabsorbent and salicylic acid, also caused a significant difference between all the experimental parameters, except seed number per pod, 100 seed weight, stem length and root length. In general, under drought conditions, the different plant characteristics are affected by drought stress, and conversely, the use of 500 ?m salicylic acid or 0.3% by weight of superabsorbent has a positive role to reduce significantly the effects of extreme drought stress (30% FC) on the most traits than the control.Keywords: Drought stress, growth parameters, Mung bean, salicylic acid, superabsorbent.

  In the present study, a computer code is developed that will examine several issues in a complementary and interrelated way. Initially, hydraulic flow simulation for normal river sections is performed in tree-shaped systems of open channels under the program. In a tree system, the total flow of input to the system is known, and it is necessary to determine with the special algorithm that is considered in this study the discharge of each of the channels branched out from the main channel. Also, due to the fact that normal transverse sections have several different roughness coefficients on the flood and main channels, and in order to calculate hydraulic factors such as depth and flow velocity, it is necessary to determine the hydraulic equivalent roughness coefficient. In this subprogram, the values ??of the equivalent roughness coefficient The natural compound sections are calculated using different methods. In the present model, we examine 26 existing equations for calculating the equivalent roughness coefficient in normal periods and are evaluated in comparison with the previous measurement results and known commercial models of existing relationships. After hydraulic simulation, the flow of results, including the depth and flow velocity in different sections in each branch, is sent under the program of pollution. The surface water that flows in the form of rivers is the place where the waste water from the agricultural, industrial and urban wastewaters is discharged. These issues affect the quality of water resources for human consumption. Even sometimes, the amount and type of contamination are in a way that leads to irreparable damage to the environment and animal life. Therefore, adequate utilization of rivers requires adequate information on the amount and type of pollutants present in it. During this research, the pollution program is carried out using the numerical solution of the transmission and distribution equation.

  Today, heavy metalspollution has become a serious environmental problem. Due to the importance of human health andenvironmental protection, the problem of toxic metals must be solved. However, due to thehigh cost of clean-up in the way of the current technology, the interest inrefining contaminated sites is increasing with the use of the phytoremediation.phytoremediation is a low-cost and relatively quick solution to pollution. Compared tophysical and chemical methods, this method has many benefits, such asincreasing biodiversity and reducing soil erosion. Due to the importance ofthis issue, hence, in this study, the exploration of heavy metals of lead andcadmium in rapeseed and Camelina plants was investigated. Experiments wereconducted in a completely randomized design with cadmium (control, 3, 5 and 10mg / kg), and lead (control, 100, 300 and 600 mg / kg) with three replicationsin a research greenhouse of agricultural campus of Razi University. After the end ofexperiments and harvesting of plants, the stem and root parts were separatedand the rate of accumulation of metals in root, aerial part and transfer factorfor cadmium and plant lead and soil biological quality indices were calculated. The results of thisstudy showed that in the stress condition of lead. The concentration of this element at alllevels was higher in the root of the rapeseed than in the Camelina. Also, under conditions ofcadmium stress, the concentration of this element was applied at all levels, inthe root of the Camelina was more than rapeseed. Most biological indices ofsoil quality measured under stress conditions of cadmium were significantlyreduced in cultivated soil at the highest concentration (10 mg / kg of cadmium)in the control soil compared to the soil under rapeseed cultivation. While under stress conditions, thebiodegradation indices of soil under cultivation of rapeseed plants decreased. High concentrationsof cadmium and lead in the root of rapeseed plants and Camelina, and the lowerrate of these two metals in the shoot and the lower transfer coefficientobtained for both metals showed that none of the two plants studied in thistest typically had the capability It is not suitable for the extraction ofheavy metal cadmium and lead from contaminated High concentrations of lead androot cadmium in studied plants and the low transfer factor in them indicate thehigher efficiency of these plants for use in plant fixation technique.Therefore, rapeseed plants and Camelina are able to grow completely in soilcontaminated with cadmium and lead, so that the plant absorbs more cadmium thanrapeseed without significantly reducing its yield. The rapeseed plant also has more lead thancompletely absorbed. Therefore, it can be concluded that rapeseed plants andCamelina are perfectly suitable for the stabilization of cadmium and lead fromsoil.

  Abstract :  In order to assess triple superphosphate application and compound of proline and lysine on Broomrape control and effect   on tomato and as well as   response of tomato variates to this treats, the experiment was conducted factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors contains: 1- Broomrape in two levels (infested and no  hy;infested), 2- variate in three levels (Eden, 3402, Pill ztp3), 3- compound of proline and lysine in four levels (zero, 10, 20 and 30 mM), 4- triple superphosphate fertilizer in four levels (zero, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha). The results showed that usage compound of proline and lysine in each three concentration in intraction with zero and 100 kg/ha triple superphosphate fertilizer, have most inhibition efficacy on Broomrape. Nonetheless for some traits as dry and fresh matter weight of Broomrape branched and tubercle, inhibition 20 mM concentration was most than remnant. Also, this concentration hadnt negative effect on majority traite of tomato. Assess of variate and triple superphosphate fertilizer intraction shown that 300 kg/ha have most inhibition efficacy on Broomrape, in each three variate increase of dry and fresh matter weight of Broomrape tubercle observated in 200 kg/ha toward control. Intraction variate and triple superphosphate fertilizer significant for majority traite of tomato. Variate Pill ztp3 was slightly different than another variates in response to triple superphosphate fertilizer. Generally, in each three variate, both environmental situation (infected and no  hy;infected) with increasing amount of triple superphosphate fertilizer, increased important traites of tomato as dry and fresh matter weight of root and branche. Nonetheless, this increasing toward control, in infested condition was more than no  hy;infested condition. Moreover intraction of variate and compound of proline and lysine significant only for physiological traits as chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid, also significant for some morphological traits as medium stem diagonal, fresh matter weight root and branch of tomato. Hereon Variate Pill ztp3 in response to compound of proline and lysine was slightly different than another variates. Also as for traits as single fruit weight, number of fruit per plant and medium yield per plant, respectively variate 3402 and Variate Pill ztp3 had least and most yield decrease in competition with Broomrape.   Key words : tomato, Broomrape, triple superphosphate fertilizer, proline, lysine  

  Environmental pollution is a barrier to sustainable development and the implementation of any development projects to ensure sustainability of the environment. Any change in the characteristics of the components of the soil so that the soil contamination it is impossible called (secretary in 1393). Environmental pollution, especially pollution of chemical elements is one of the main factors in the destruction of the biosphere. Soil pollution is one of the main complications is in the balance and harmony of nature. One of the most important soil contaminants include heavy metals, due to non-biodegradable properties, toxicity and having Zyan¬Bar physiological effects on organisms at low concentrations, cumulative effects and are considered carcinogenic (Karami et al. 1387, Alloway et al. 1990, Mikko et al. 2006). ) As well as its impact on the soil physicochemical properties can be increased up pollutants. In addition to all this, is efficient and economical. greenhouse conditions was conducted in a completely randomized design. Soil physicochemical properties in terms of absorption and desorption Khak¬Ha very close and also were similar. It also stems and roots of wheat than the maximum concentration of cadmium in the metal (1/0 to 2/0 mg kg) more.

Soil maps, common sources of soil information for land evaluation and land use programs and providing them always of the most important sectors in this research studies for numerous soil Rayanamvkhty support vector machine method for predicting the map Kermanshah province with an area of ??more than 33,000 hectares of lowland soil Myandrbnd both large and soil reference group was used. Systematic random sampling method was used to determine the location profiles 78. Each of pedons carefully followed, sampling and analysis and then according to the new edition classification system were ranked American and global reference system. 8 covariate environment such as height, smooth profile with a high-resolution Valley, the valley, the total solar radiation, slope, wetness index, lateral and vertical distance to the channel networks with parameters derived from satellite images as predictive variables for process modeling were used. The results showed that environmental Kvvarythay smooth profile of the valley, the valley and the height of the utmost importance in predicting the class of the soil. Validation results showed that the accuracy of SVM model to predict large group and reference group respectively 92% and 96%, respectively soil.

بطور كلي، فاضلاب شهري از 9/99 درصد آب و 1/0 درصد مخلوطي از مواد معلق معدني و آلي تشكيل شده و سرشار از مواد مغذي مورد نياز گياهان (مثل نيتروزن و فسفر) است. لذا مي تواند اثرات مثبتي بر عملكرد گياهان و خصوصيات فيزيكي و شيميايي خاك داشته باشد .(Kilbride., 2006) در سالهاي اخير مطالعات نسبتاً جامعي در زمينه تاثير لجن فاضلاب بر خواص شيميايي و آلودگي خاك انجام پديرفته است ((Afyuni.1987, Giusquianni et al., 1995. لجن فاضلاب به علت دارا بودن مقدار زياد مواد آلي، مي­تواند بر برخي خواص فيزيكي خاك از قبيل جرم مخصوص ظاهري خاك، پايداري خاكدانه­ها، هدايت هيدروليكي، تهويه و ظرفيت رطوبت خاك تاثير مطلوب داشته باشد (Felton., 1995, Glauser et al., 1988, Tester., 1990). از آنجا كه تاثير تجمعي فاضلاب شهري بر خواص و كيفيت فيزيكي خاك كمتر مورد بررسي قرار گرفته، بررسي پيامدهاي كاربرد فاضلاب شهري بر روي اين ويژگيها، در چارچوب كشاورزي پايدار امري ضروري است. در شهرستان هرسين سالهاست كه از فاضلاب شهري براي آبياري در اراضي كشاورزي   استفاده شده و تا به حال تاثير طولاني مدت اين آبياري بر ويژگيها و كيفيت فيزيكي خاك و عملكرد گياهان زراعي تحت كشت بررسي نشده است. بنابراين، اين پژوهش سعي دارد تا اين عوامل و شرايط به صورت علمي و ميداني مورد تحقيق و بررسي قرار دهد.  

In most scientific disciplines learn about the scale and size (volume) changes in the distribution of properties in geographical space environment is a prerequisite for rational decisions Soil and knowledge are not excluded from this rule. There are natural changes in soil properties and understand these changes, particularly in agricultural areas and sustainable planning and careful management, is inevitable. systematic way, and the number of nested sampling in the first three methods, each consisting of 50 samples which features pH, electrical conductivity, lime and .... the specimens were measured. The results of these three methods to model variability, interpolation and mapping was used. The results Azanalyz·hay nested sampling was used in determining the optimum distance. The results showed that spatial variation occurred within 100 meters

  Dust Storm as climatic phenomenon occurs in all climatic conditions. But as a typical phenomenon in arid and semi-arid region, is an obstacle to human activities, agriculture, social infrastructure, tra  ort and industry. Also by the large size of the particles tra  orted to the troposphere, the Earths energy balance is affected, followed weather conditions and climate of this region is also affected. In this study, the subsidence rate and spatial distribution of atmospheric dust and some associated heavy metals, also relationship between dust subsidence rate with some climatic factors, were studied in a one-year period in the Javanroud city. Random sampling of dust in 35 urban and rural spot with good distribution was carried out. The average rate of subsidence dust in the study area was 3.77 kilograms per hectare per day, which is more than defined standards for most parts of the world. Average concentrations of metals chromium, zinc, copper and nickel in the dust samples was, 117.9, 220.5, 46.3 and 85.6 milligrams per kilogram respectively. According to the authorized rate of heavy metals entering the soil, the large amounts of these metals are entered into the soils of the region via atmospheric subsidence, yearly. Given the limits of heavy metals in soils for environmental protection, region dust samples have been infected to the metal chromium, zinc and nickel. The dangers of large amounts of dust and associated heavy metals in studying area where much more, due to the direct effect of dust on the respiratory and immune systems of humans. Strong correlation between the concentration of some heavy metals in the region dust samples that show the common origin of these metals, have been observed. Also the strong correlation between the rate of subsidence dust with some climatic factors show the direct influence of climatic factors on the occurrence of Dust Storms and the amount of atmospheric subsidence in studying area.

  Soil properties, such as micromorphology characteristic can be affected by climate. In the presented study, selected and profiles in three different climate were studied. Micromorphological study of these soils showed the effects of different climate on the formation of micromorphological features. In addition to soil physical and chemichal studies which lead to recognition of soil, soil micromorphology caused to better judge me soil condition. For this purpose, 11 soil profiles were selected and undisturbed soil samples were collectes, soil samples were impregnated and soil thin section were described and interpreted after grinding. Micromorphological studies showed that with reduction of rainfall and increase in temperature, soil microstructure changed from angular blocky and sub-angular blocky with strong separation to massive and blocky microstructure with weakly separation. Organic coatings were seen as black colored films on peds and in some cases mixed with groundmass of soils. Calcium carbonate accumulation as nodules and coatings and nodules and coatings of iron and Mn oxides were seen in soils. Thin sections investigation of some horizons showed that complex packing voids, channel, vagh and vesicles of these profiles. The observed b-fabric in all horizons was crystallitic and soil structure was granular angular blocky. Due to semi-arid climate with little leaching and weathering, soil clay mineral were mainly affected by parent material mineralogy. Clay mineral were not affected by different climate. Illite was found as the dominate clay mineral in all the soils. Smectite has formed ontogenetically, and also inherited from parent material, whereas in the other sections inherited from parent materials and by transformation of illite. According to the result, the origin of mineral Keolinaite is inheritance from parent material.