Abstract Bread wheat is one of the important crops in the world and plays an important role in food security. Silicon is not an essential element for plant growth. However, the results of recent researchs showed that silicon has been effective in increasing the resistance of plants against environmental stresses. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to comparing of silicon oxide (SiO2) with different diameters, sodium and potassium silicate in reducing drought stress damage in dryland bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was conducted as of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and the Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. The test treatments include different forms of silicon (without silicon consumption (control), potassium silicate (K2SiO3), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), nano-SiO2Ps 8nm, nano- SiO2Ps 12±1 nm, nano- SiO2Ps 25±5 nm, nano- SiO2Ps 65±5 nm, SiO2Ps 1000 nm, SiO2Ps 5000 nm, SiO2Ps 10,000 nm and SiO2Ps 100,000 nm. The results showed that the use of different forms of silicon improved the growth and yield of bread wheat. So that the maximum leaf diameter (2.77 mm), spike length (11.38 cm) and the number of spikelets per spike (15.19) were obtained from foliar spraying of Nano-SiO2Ps 8 nm. In addition, the mean comparisons showed that the treatment of nano- SiO2Ps 12±1 nm and Na2SiO3 increases the number of grains in the spike by by 35.11% and 32.93% compared to the control. Also, the highest of 1000 grain weight was observed in potassium silicate treatment, SiO2Ps 10000 nm and nano-SiO2Ps 25 and 8 nm. Foliar spraying of nano-SiO2Ps 25 and 8 nm increased grain yield, biological yield, and straw yield by 38.23%, 49.20% and 57.60% compared to the control, respectively. Plants sprayed with nano-SiO2Ps 8 and 12 nm had significantly more chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll than other forms of silicon. On the other hand, the highest levels of proline, protein and soluble sugars in leaves were observed with the use of nano-SiO2Ps 8, 12, 25 and 65 nm. It was found that the use of different forms of silicon decreased the content of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in leaves compared to the control. In general, treatments of silicon oxide nanoparticles increased the yield, yield components and biochemical traits of wheat more effectively compared to the non-nano form, which indicates the better ability of nanoparticles due to their smaller dimensions and greater surface area. Therefore, it is recommended to use the form of silicon dioxide nanoparticles to increase the growth and yield of bread wheat and reduce the damage of drought stress. Key words: Antioxidant enzyme, Grain yield, Nanoparticle, Silicon, Wheat

  Abstract In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen and sulfur levels on the growth characteristics and quantitative and qualitative yield of nigella, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications during 2021-22 cropping year at Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. The factors include the application of nitrogen at three levels (one-third, two-thirds and equivalent to the recommended amount from the source of urea fertilizer) as the main-factor and the application of sulfur at four levels (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha from the source of Ammonium sulfate) were as sub-factor. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of nitrogen on harvest index, number of capsules per plant, 1000 grain weight, number of lateral branches, stem diameter, number of leaves per plant, leaf area per plant, number of days from seedling emergence to flowering, grain filling duration, grain filling rate, grain protein, grain ash, and leaf nitrogen were significant at the 1% probability level, and the biological yield and plant height were significant at 5% level. The effect of sulfur fertilizer on harvest index, 1000 grain weight, grain filling rate and grain ash was significant at the 1% probability level, and on the number of days from seedling emergence to flowering, grain filling duration and leaf nitrogen at 5% level. The nitrogen × sulfur interaction effect on grain yield, number of grains per capsule, number of grains per plant, grain weight per plant, grain oil, grain fiber and stem nitrogen at the 5% probability level and on oil yield, oil harvest index and number of days from seedling emergence to physiological maturity was significant at the 1% probability level. Interaction treatment of the recommended amount of nitrogen fertilizer x 120 kg/ha sulfur fertilizer produced the highest values of biological yield (4788 kg/ha), grain yield (1941 kg/ha), oil yield (743 kg/ha), harvest index (38/9%), oil yield index (15.3%), number of capsules per plant (34.92), number of grains per capsule (78.8), number of grains per plant (2921), 1000-grain weight (2.32 g) , grain weight per plant (7.10 g), plant height (66.9 cm), number of lateral branches (12.31), stem diameter (7.31 mm), number of leaves per plant (101.4) ), leaf area per plant (186 cm2), number of days from seedling emergence to flowering (69.8 days), number of days from seedling emergence to physiological maturity (110.6 days), grain filling duration (39.1 days), grain filling rate (163 mg/day), grain protein (28.1%), grain fiber (9.05%), grain oil (38.78%), leaf nitrogen (2.80%) and stem nitrogen (15.1%). In general, the application of the recommended amount of nitrogen with 80-100 kg/ha of sulfur fertilizer can be recommended as a suitable treatment to improve the yield of nigella. Key words: Nigella, grain oil, leaf nitrogen, grain yield, harvest index.

Abstract Introduction: The continuous use of antibiotics in the broiler production process is considered a great risk for the general health of society due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Because in recent years, chicken meat has become one of the most important sources of protein in the consumption basket of households. Undoubtedly, it is necessary to pay attention to the quality and health of chicken meat in the production process to improve the health and hygiene of the society. Objective: The research was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of social and cognitive factors on the use of antibiotics in industrial meat poultry farms of Kermanshah city based on Bandura's social cognitive theory. Methodology: This study was done by descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population of this study included the operators of industrial meat poultry farms active in Kermanshah city (N = 85), 70 of them were randomly selected for the study using Karjesi and Morgan's table. The measuring instrument of the research was a researcher-made questionnaire based on Bandura's theory of social cognition, whose validity was checked and confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliability coefficient (all sections above 0.7). The data were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive and inferential statistics and structural equation modeling in    and SmartPLS software. Results: The results showed that sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim, colistin, erythromycin, enrofloxacin and salinomycin were the most widely used antibiotic drugs used in poultry units in Kermanshah. Intent, outcome expectations and self-efficacy of poultry farmers in using antibiotics were at a low level, and social structural factors (facilitators and barriers) affecting the use of antibiotics among poultry farmers were in good condition. In general, the poultry farmers got a passing grade in the way of using antibiotics. Also, the reported values ??of fit indices indicate that the structural equation model of relationships between poultry farmers has a suitable and acceptable fit and the components used in the research show the correctness and compatibility of the proposed model with the theoretical model and the relationships between the behavior of poultry farmers in using anti- Biotics in Kermanshah city (result expectations, intention, self-efficacy, social structure) confirms. Discussion: Based on this, it can be said that Bandura's theory of social cognition was a suitable theoretical framework for predicting the behavior of antibiotic use among chicken farmers, and in order to expand the activity of antibiotic-free chicken breeding, the government supported by giving subsidies, free loans, monitoring and evaluating organizations. related, implementation of educational plans, etc., to support chicken producers.   

  Tribenuron methyl is widely used in Iran's grain cultivation systems under rainfed conditions. However, there is little information about its persistence in soil and transfer of this herbicide and its toxicity to subsequent crops in the rotation. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the sensitivity of different chickpea cultivars to tribenuron methyl and also to find alternative products. In a field experiment, chickpea fields located in Ravansar city, Kermanshah province, were monitored during the 1402-1401 crop season, and chickpea growth was evaluated in response to tribenuron methyl residues used in the previous wheat crop. Also, in a greenhouse experiment, the effect of different concentrations of tribenuron methyl on the growth of chickpeas, lentils, and vetiver was investigated. In all species examined in this study, the presence of tribenuron methyl decreased plant growth. In general, among the studied crop species, lentils were more tolerant to tribenuron methyl, followed by common vetch and chickpeas. Compared to other two cultivars, namely Mansour and Adel, Beonij chickpea variety was more sensitive to tribenuron methyl residues in the soil (30% decrease in grain yield). Based on the results of this study, tribenuron methyl residues used in wheat fields are the main factor in the reduction of chickpea height in rainfed cultivation systems in western Iran. It is recommended to replace common lentil and vetiver with chickpeas in rotation with wheat in soils that are heavily contaminated with TBN residues.

Purslane is a valuable medicinal plant that has useful compounds and properties, which include omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, etc. Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that always has many negative effects on the productivity of agricultural products. In drought conditions, the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer consumption can affect the growth and yield. For this purpose, the effects of drought and nitrogen stress on the growth and some agronomic and physiological traits of purslane were carried out in the research greenhouse of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in the crop year of 2022-2021. The experiment was designed as a factorial in base of a completely randomized design (CRD) in three replications. The treatments included drought stress levels (irrigation at 35, 50, 65 and 80% moisture depletion) and amounts of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 from urea source). The examined traits included biomass, seed weight, harvest index, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of seeds per plant, 1000-weight seeds, plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, stem dry weight, leaf and stem weight ratio, seed nitrogen, leaf nitrogen, stem nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen economic efficiency, nitrogen harvesting index, water use efficiency, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoid , chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal conductance etc. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress were significant on the traits of biomass, seed weight per plant, harvest index, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of seeds per plant, 1000-weight seed, plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, leaf dry weight, leaf weight ratio, stem weight ratio, seed nitrogen, leaf nitrogen, stem nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen economic efficiency, nitrogen removal index, water use efficiency, amount of water used, chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels was significant on plant dry weight, seed weight per plant, harvest index, number of seeds per capsule, number of seeds per plant, thousand seed weight, plant height, leaf dry weight, seed nitrogen, leaf nitrogen, stem nitrogen, nitrogen harvest index, Chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance. The interaction of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer was significant on stem dry weight, chlorophyll a, b and total, and also carotenoid. The treatment of 35% moisture depletion and of 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer had the highest values on plant dry weight (2.82 g), seed weight per plant (1.13 g), harvest index (40.04%), the number of capsules per plant (62/66), the number of seeds per capsule (72/33), the number of seeds per plant (4548/4), the weight of 1000-weight seeds (0.50 g), the dry weight of leaves (0.16 g), the dry weight of stems ( 2.37 g), seed nitrogen (11.02 %), leaf nitrogen (6.2 %), stem nitrogen (7.86 %), nitrogen harvesting index (57.75%). The 80% moisture depletion treatment increased the efficiency of water consumption (11.83 g kg-1). In general, the results showed that, in the treatment of 35% moisture depletion and 100 kgha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer was obtained the highest yield of purslane seeds. Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence, seed protein, water use efficiency, photosynthetic pigment  

تغيير اقليم و افزايش جمعيت موجب افزايش مصرف در شبكه‌هاي توزيع آب و به دنيال آن افزايش سرعت جريان در لوله‌ها و كاهش فشار در گره‌ها شده است. در اين حالت برخي مشتركين امكان دريافت آب موردنياز را نخواهند داشت. تعويض لوله‌ها با لوله‌ها با قطر بزرگتر يكي از راهكارها مي‌باشد. اما نيازمند صرف زمان و هزينه قابل توجه است. تحويل نوبتي آب مي‌تواند در شبكه‌هاي موجود براي حل مشكل به كار رود. تحويل آب براي 6 ناحيه شبكه توزيع آب شهر تازه‌آباد به صورت 12، 8 و 6 ساعته با هدف تامين آب مورد نياز و يكنواختي توزيع بالا با استفاده از الگوريتم جستجوي هماهنگ تك هدفه و دو هدفه بهينه شد. در مدل هيدروليكي از روش تحليل هيدروليكي مبتني بر فشار و روش گسيلنده براي تعيين دبي گره‌ها استفاده و نتايج باهم مقايسه شدند. در سناريوهاي مختلف امكان تحويل آب در 4، 3 و 2 نوبت بررسي شد. مقايسه نتايج نشان داد كه در الگوريتم تك هدفه نسبت آب تامين شده به آب مورد نياز بيش از الگوريتم دو هدفه است. اما يكنواختي توزيع در الگوريتم دو هدفه افزايش پيدا كرده است. در تمام سناريوها جواب‌هاي روش تحليل هيدروليكي مبتني بر فشار در تمامي نواحي شهر تازه‌آباد در ساعات اوج مصرف قرار گرفته است. به عبارتي نمي‌توان به صورت نوبتي آب را به نواحي مختلف تحويل داد. اما در روش گسيلنده معمولا در 2 بازه زماني آب تحويل داده شده است. در شبكه تازه آباد چنانچه در 2 نوبت آب تحويل داده شود، حداكثر دبي در شبكه بيش از حداكثر دبي شرايط موجود شبكه است. اما در صورت تحويل آب در 3 و 4 نوبت حداكثر دبي به حداكثر دبي شبكه نزديكتر خواهد شد. اختلاف حداكثر و حداقل دبي شبكه در الگوريتم دو هدفه كمتر از الگوريتم تك هدفه بوده است. تحويل آب در 4 نوبت كمترين تغييرات دبي و ضرايب مصرف را داشته است. با توجه به سناريوهاي بررسي شده در شبكه تازه آباد، تحويل آب در 8 ساعت به عنوان بهترين گزينه انتخاب شد. در اين حالت نسبت آب تامين شده به آب موردنياز حدود 70 درصد و يكنواختي توزيع حدود 87 درصد خواهد بود. حداكثر دبي در شبكه توزيع آب تقريبا برابر حداكثر دبي در شرايط فعلي است. همچنين محدوده تغييرات دبي و ضرايب مصرف كمتر از شرايط فعلي است. به عبارتي در شبكه تغييرات فشار كمتر از شرايط فعلي خواهد بود.   

In the soils of Iran, the deficiency of essential nutrients and the low efficiency of their absorption are considered important factors contributing to the reduction in quantity and quality of agricultural products. Therefore, by implementing proper plant nutrition methods, the efficiency of nutrients can be enhanced. Based on this premise, to investigate the effect of foliar application of nano micronutrient fertilizers on morphophysiological traits and performance of black cumin (Nigella sativa), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the agricultural year of 1401-1400 at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University in Kermanshah Province. Experimental treatments included foliar application of six nano chelated micronutrient fertilizers: iron and boron (2 ppm), zinc and manganese (1.5 ppm), copper and molybdenum (1 ppm), at the early vegetative growth stage; foliar application of the same six nano chelated micronutrient fertilizers at the early seed filling stage; and a control treatment (foliar application with water). In this experiment, traits related to plant growth characteristics, yield and yield components, physiological traits, biochemical traits, percentage of black cumin oil, and oil yield were measured.The results of variance analysis showed that the application of nano micronutrient fertilizers at the branching and seed filling stages separately had a significant effect on most traits (except for the number of seeds per plant and the maximum efficiency of photosystem II). A comparative analysis of the effect of foliar application of nano micronutrient fertilizers between the two stages of branching and seed filling showed significant differences in most traits (except for seed filling rate, stem height, plant dry weight, capsule weight ratio, catalase, and superoxide dismutase). Foliar application of nano iron fertilizer in the branching and seed filling stages (yielding 1679 and 1772 kg/ha, respectively) produced the highest seed yield compared to the control treatment (1414 kg/ha). Additionally, the highest oil yield was observed, firstly with the application of iron and zinc at the seed filling stage (640 and 606 kg/ha, respectively), and then at the branching stage (569 and 561 kg/ha, respectively). The highest response in morphological and physiological traits was initially achieved with iron application, followed by foliar application of zinc. Overall, the results of this experiment suggest that foliar application of nano chelated micronutrient fertilizers, especially iron and zinc, appears to be effective in enhancing both quantitative and qualitative yield of black cumin.   

اين آزمايش به منظور بررسي اثر غلظت و مقادير مختلف محلول‏پاشي دودآب بر روي عملكرد و اجزاي عملكرد و همچنين برخي از عناصر غذايي غده سيب‏زميني در سال زراعي 1399-1400 در مزرعه تحقيقاتي پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي دانشگاه رازي اجرا شد. آزمايش به صورت فاكتوريل به اضافه شاهد در قالب طرح بلوك‏هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار اجرا شد. تيمارهاي آزمايش شامل مقادير مختلف دودآب (1 ،5/1و 2 ليتر در هكتار) و دفعات محلول‏پاشي دود‏آب (1، 2 و 3 بار) و تيمار شاهد بودند. نتايج نشان داد اثر تيمار غلظت محلول‏پاشي بر صفات چگالي غده، تعداد غده در يك بوته، عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده هوايي، آهن، روي و منيزيم غده در سطح يك درصد معني‏دار گرديد. اثر تيمار تعداد محلول‏پاشي نيز بر صفات عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده ، ميزان نيتروژن، پتاسيم، آهن، روي و منيزيم غده در سطح احتمال يك درصد معني‏دار گرديد. اثر متقابل غلظت و تعداد محلول‏پاشي نيز بر صفات عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده، پتاسيم، آهن، روي و منيزيم غده در سطح احتمال يك درصد معني‏دار گرديد. همچنين اثر تيمار در مقابل شاهد براي صفات عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده، فسفر، آهن و روي غده معني دار گرديد. نتايج مقايسه ميانگين‏ها نشان داد بالاترين چگالي غده به ميزان 987/0 گرم بر سانتي‏متر مكعب مربوط به سطح محلول‏پاشي دودآب 5/37 سي‏سي بود.

Abstract:  Legumes are of high nutritional importance due to their high protein content. Chickpea is one of the important plants of this family. In order to evaluate the effect of planting arrangement and Mycorrhiza inoculation on the growth and yield of spring pea "Cicer arietinum L." Under different tillage methods, an experiment in the crop year 1399-400 in a research farm located in the campus of agriculture and natural resources of Razi University of Kermanshah at the longitude of 47 degrees and 9 minutes, latitude of 34 degrees and 21 minutes and the height of 1319 meters above sea level. With an average annual rainfall of 445 mm, it was done in the form of a factorial split plot based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The experimental factors include tillage in three levels (no plowing, minimum plowing and Conventional plowing) as the main factor and inoculation with mycorrhizae in two levels (seed inoculation with Mycorrhiza biological fertilizer and no inoculation) and planting arrangement in two ways (25 row spacing) and 50 cm and distance on the row 10 and 5 cm) were applied as sub-factors. In this experiment, Bivanij variety was used. The evaluated traits are the number of green plants, plant height, the number of sub-branches, the distance of the first node from the soil surface, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, green cover and greenness index, sample weight and seed yield, biological yield. hundred seed weight and harvest index. Based on the results of analysis of variance, the effect of tillage type was significant only on the sample weight trait at the probability level of 5% and did not affect other functional traits. Mycorrhiza inoculation was significant on grain yield traits and harvest index at one percent probability level and on hundred seed weight at five percent probability level. The effect of planting arrangement on the characteristics of seed weight and biological performance was significant at the probability level of one and five percent, respectively. In this study, the number of pods per plant trait was more affected by tillage type. The number of seeds in pods and seed yield were also more affected by planting arrangement and Mycorrhiza inoculation. Three treatments of inoculation with mycorrhiza and row spacing of 50 cm (682.6 kg/ha), no inoculation and row spacing of 25 cm (625.5 kg/ha) and inoculation with mycorrhiza and row spacing of 25 cm (611/2 kg/ha) showed the highest seed yield. In total, the results of this research showed the positive effect of the use of biofertilizers on most of the morphological and functional characteristics of the chickpea plant.  Key words: no-tillage, yield, low-tillage, mycorrhiza, chickpea                                                                                      

   اثر   تيمارهاي پيش كاشت بذر با ساليسيليك اسيد، هيوميك اسيد و روي بر عملكرد و كيفيت ارقام گندم دوروم در شرايط ديم چكيده به­ منظور بررسي تأثير تيمار بذر با اسيد هيوميك، اسيد ساليسيليك و روي بر عملكرد و برخي صفات مربوط به ريشه گندم دوروم (Triticum durum Desf.) دو آزمايش گلداني و مزرعه اي در پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي دانشگاه رازي كرمانشاه در سال زراعي 99-1398 اجرا شد. فاكتورها در هر دو آزمايش شامل اسيد هيوميك، اسيدساليسيليك، روي، اسيد ساليسيليك+ اسيد هيوميك، اسيد ساليسيليك + روي، اسيدهيوميك+ روي، اسيد ساليسيليك+ اسيدهيوميك+ روي و شاهد (عدم مصرف) بر روي ارقام گندم دوروم ساجي و ذهاب بودند. در طرح گلداني، آزمايش از نوع فاكتوريل در قالب طرح كامل تصادفي در سه تكرار اجرا گرديده و صفات سطح برگ، وزن خشك ساقه، وزن خشك ريشه، وزن خشك كل، ارتفاع بوته، طول و تراكم ريشه اندازه­ گيري شدند. در طرح مزرعه اي، آزمايش از نوع فاكتوريل و در قالب طرح بلوك كاملاً تصادفي و با سه تكرار و صفات   عملكرد بيولوژيك، عملكرد دانه، تعداد سنبله در متر مربع، تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن هزار دانه، شاخص برداشت، ، ميزان پروتئين دانه، ارتفاع بوته، ميزان كلروفيل a ، b و كاروتنوئيدها مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. نتايج تجزيه واريانس در شرايط گلخانه نشان داد كه رقم، بذرمال نمودن تيمارها و اثرات متقابل آن ­ها بر تمام صفات مورد مطالعه   اثر معني ­دار در سطح احتمال 5 درصد داشتند. در بيشتر صفات عملكردي تيمار اسيد هيوميك+ اسيد ساليسيليك+ عنصر روي بالاترين مقدار را نشان داد و بيشترين ميزان وزن خشك ريشه، طول، تراكم و حجم ريشه در تيمارهاي اسيد هيوميك و اسيد ساليسيليك مشاهده شد. در شرايط مزرعه نيز اثرات متقابل تيمارها بر اكثر صفات مورد بررسي اثر معني ­داري نشان داد. در آزمايش گلخانه­ اي بيشترين ميزان براي تمام صفات در رقم ساجي مشاهده شد. در شرايط مزرعه بر خلاف گلخانه، اكثر صفات به‌ ويژه صفات عملكردي در رقم ذهاب مقادير بالاتري داشتند. به ­طوري كه تقريباً همه­ تيمارهاي مورد بررسي بدون اختلاف معني دار با يكديگر، بالاترين عملكرد دانه (510 گرم) را نشان دادند. بيشترين تعداد دانه در سنبله (46) نيز در تيمارهاي روي در رقم ذهاب مشاهده شد. در مجموع مي­توان چنين بيان كرد كه كاربرد كودهاي آلي و تنظيم كننده­ هاي رشد گياهي موجب افزايش عملكرد و اجزاي عملكرد مي ­گردد.       واژه­ هاي كليدي: رنگيزه هاي فتوسنتزي، وزن خشك ريشه، پروتئين دانه، ذهاب ، ساجي

با توجه به اينكه دود آب حاصل از سوختن بقاياي گياهي ضمن دارا بودن مواد غذايي مورد نياز گياه ، اخيرا در دسته تنظيم كننده هاي رشد قرار گرفته است و نتايج برخي پژوهش ها مويد افزايش كميت و كيفيت برخي محصولات پس از محلول پاشي با دود آب   شده است ،اين تحقيق به منظور بررسي اثر محلول پاشي دود آب بر برخي خصوصيات اگرولوژيك كتان روغني در مزرعه پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي دانشگاه رازي در سال زراعي 1399-1398 به صورت طرح بلوكهاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار اجرا گرديد. تيمارهاي مورد بررسي در اين تحقيق عبارت از محلول پاشي با غلضت هاي يك ، دو و صفر(شاهد)   ليتر در هكتار در سه زمان غنچه دهي ،گلدهي كامل و تشكيل كامل كپسول و همچنين تيمارهاي تركيبي غلضت و زمان محلول پاشي مي باشد . نتايج حاصله از اين تحقيق نشان داد كه محلول پاشي با غلضت هاي يك و دو ليتر در هكتار بر عملكرد زيست توده ،عملكرد دانه ،عملكرد كلش ،تعداد دانه در كپسول، تعداد دانه در بوته، وزن هزار دانه ،ارتفاع بوته ،عملكرد پروتيين ،درصد روغن دانه ،عملكرد روغن،فعاليت آنزيم آنتي اكسيدان پراكسيداز ،فعاليت آنزيم آنتي اكسيدان كاتالاز ،   فعاليت آنزيم آنتي اكسيدان سوپر اكسيد ديسوتاز ، پروتيين هاي محلول ، محتوي كلروفيل برگ ، محتوي كارتنوييدهاي برگ و درصد رطوبت دانه   معني دار بوده ولي بر صفات تعدادكپسول ، درصد پروتيين دانه و شاخص برداشت تاثير معني دار نداشته است . . بيشترين تاثير بر عملكرد دانه مربوط به   تيمار محلول پاشي دودآب با غلضت دو ليتر در هكتار و در زمان غنچه دهي و گلدهي كامل و تيمار محلول پاشي با غلضت يك ليتر در هكتار در سه زمان غنچه دهي ،گلدهي كامل و تشكيل كامل كپسول ها بود   كه به ترتيب سبب افزايش   56.4و52.9 درصد عملكرد شدند و كمترين عملكرد در تيمار شاهد مشاهده گرديد.. به طور كلي بيشترين اثر مثبت بر عملكرد دانه به ترتيب مربوط به كاربرد سه زمانه ،دوزمانه و يك زمانه محلول پاشي بود .  

  itter melon or Carla, scientifically known as Momordica charantia, is a tropical and subtropical squash family that is grown entirely as a plant in Asia, Africa and South America for its fruits. Due to the high medicinal value, low level of processing in the country, high price of the product and the amount of demand, Carla is considered a medicinal plant and the production of this product as a crop can play an important role in the country's economy. In order to investigate the effect of different levels of urea and poultry manure and two different cultivation methods on yield, harvest index, dry matter and yield components of Carla, an experiment in the form of a random split plot in the research farm of Razi University of Kermanshah in spring . 1400 were executed. In this experiment, the main plots include the type and composition of urea and poultry manure in 5 levels (100% urea), (75% urea + 25% poultry), (50% poultry + 50% urea), (25% urea + 75% poultry) , (100% poultry) and sub-plot included two types of scaffolding and plume cultivation methods, type strip irrigation system was used in this study. In this study, fruit fresh weight, fruit dry weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, plant height, plant dry weight and indices were measured. The results showed that the effect of poultry manure level and the effect of cultivation method on most of the measured parameters were significant. Increased performance in Carla. Among the cultivation methods, the highest yield was obtained in the Cretan cultivation pattern. The interaction of cultivation pattern and fertilizer level was also insignificant in most traits. According to the test results, the use of poultry manure and scaffolding cultivation method is recommended for Carla cultivation. Keywords: Bitter melon, Cretan cultivation, Scaffold cultivation, Carla, Nitrogen

به منظور بررسي اثرات نيتروژن و رژيم هاي آبياري بر عملكرد، اجزاي عملكرد و برخي صفات فيزيولوژيكي كينوارقم سانتاماريا، آزمايشي به صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرح پايه كاملاً تصادفي در پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي،دانشگاه رازي، در سال 1399 اجرا گرديد. فاكتورها شامل رژيم هاي آبياري )بدون تنش خشكي )در زمان 50 درصد7تخليه رطوبت قابل استفاده گياه(، تنش ملايم )در زمان 65 درصد تخليه رطوبت قابل استفاده گياه( و تنش شديد خشكي)در زمان 80 درصد تخليه رطوبت قابل استفاده گياه(( و مقادير نيتروژن )شاهد، ?? ، ??? ، ??? ، ??? و ???كيلوگرم در هكتا ر( از منبع اوره در چند نوبت بودند. اندازه گلدانها 50 × 50 × 50 سانتيمتر )طول، عرض و ارتفاع( واز جنس سيمان بودند. تاريخ كاشت 12 ارديبهشت و برداشت 9 مرداد بود. نتايج نشان داد كه عملكردهاي زيست تودهو دانه در شرايط بدون تنش و مصرف 200 كيلوگ رم در هكتار نيتروژن در بيشترين مقدار و در شرايط تنش شديد ومصرف 250 كيلوگرم در هكتار نيتروژن در كمترين مقدار بودند. ميزان كاهش عملكرد دانه در شرايط تنش ملايم درسطوح نيتروژن بين 1 / 80 - 9 / 32 درصد و در تنش شديد در سطوح نيتروژن در دامنه بين 9 / 87 – 0 / 73 درصد نسبتبه تيمار بدون تنش خشكي )شاهد( و 200 كيلوگرم در هكتار نيتروژن بودند. با افزايش تنش خشكي ساير صفات ازجمله وزن هزار دانه، شاخص برداشت، ارتفاع بوته، محتواي نسبي آب برگ و آنتي اكسيدان سوپراكسيداز كاهش وليآنتي اكسيدان پراكسيداز افزايش يافت. با افزايش نيتروژن محتواي نسبي آب برگ )تا 100 كيلوگرم در هكتار(،پراكسيداز و سوپراكسيداز و كاتالاز افزايش داشت. با افزايش نيتروژن، ميزان كلروفيل a ، b، كاروتنوئيدها، پروتئينهاي محلول، عملكرد كوانتومي و هدايت روزنه اي در شرايط بدون تنش خشكي افزايش ولي در شرايط تنش خشكي)ملايم و شديد( كاهش داشتند. در نهايت نتايج اين آزمايش نشان داد كه، اثر تنش خشكي بيشتر از اثر ميزان نيتروژنبر صفات مورد بررسي بود، بگونه اي كه در شرايط تنش خشكي ملايم و بخصوص شديد، مصرف نيتروژن چنداناهميتي نداشت.

Abstract: The Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is one of the most important polyphagous stored product pests, which causes quantitative, qualitative, and hygienic damages to strategically stored cereals, including wheat. This study’s goal was the investigation of three harmless control agents’ efficiency against this pest, including the local isolate entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), and two commercial formulations of diatomaceous earth (DE), respectively named Sayan and Celite 610, alone and combined application. For this purpose, first, the bioassay test was conducted to determine the insecticidal activity of the fungus and DEs against adult pests by impregnation of wheat seeds for 14 days. Next, the LD25 dose of DEs was combined with different doses of fungus in a ratio of 1:1, and the interaction type against the pest was determined. Then, a two-sex life table studied the sublethal effects of mixtures that had a synergistic interaction, the highest lethal activity toward the Khapra beetle, and the individual components of these mixtures.   ased on the results, LD50 values for B. bassiana, Sayan, and Celite were obtained 295.32, 4439.49, and 992.25 ppm, respectively, indicating that Celite was more toxic than Sayan. The type of fungus interaction with each of the DEs was synergistic in most combinations and additive in some cases. As a result, two combinations of LD50 of fungus+ LD25 Sayan and LD75 of fungus+ LD25 of Celite were selected for the life table study. According to results, total pre-adult period was increased in all treatments and most of all in fungus+celite due to prolongation of the growth period of some stages and the production of additional larval instars compared to the control. Accordingly, mean generation time (T) was increased in all treatments, but the adult longevity of females and males was decreased in all treatments. However, the survival rate reduced in all stages of all treatments which females of Celite+fungus treatment by a 61.81% reduction compared to the control group showed the most diminution. The mean oviposition in offspring showed a sharp decrease in all treatments and reached 28.15 ± 2.46 eggs/female in control to 2.39 ± 0.89 eggs/female in Celite+fungus treatment. The most important parameter determining population growth, the intrinsic rate of increase (r), was severely reduced by all lethal agents studied. The most decrease of r was related to mixture treatments (Sayan+fungus: 0.0096 ± 0.0048, and Celite+fungus: -0.0004 ± 0.059 day-1) compared to the control population (0.0474 ± 0.0022 day-1), which indicates that the population is declining. The other life table parameters, including net reproductive rate (R0), gross reproduction rate (GRR), and finite rate of increase (?), also decreased in all treatments compared to control. Finally, it was concluded that the local isolate of B. bassiana DE and both formulations of diatomaceous earth, Sayan and Celite, especially Celite, have a high insecticidal potential against T. granarium. Synergistic interactions between them can also be used to reduce consumption rate and at the same time increase their efficiency in pest control, which is both economically valuable and overcomes the limitation of using large amounts of diatomaceous earth. The present study can help production and commercialization of powder formulations consisting of B. bassiana and two commercial formulations of diatomaceous earth. Keywords: The Khapra beetle, Entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana

   Abstract: In order to Evaluation of the factors affecting yield grain and herbages of 16 genotypes Vicia ervilia Under stre   and non-stress conditions, experiments in the research farm of Razi University of Kermanshah, in years 2016-2017 and 2017-2017 in tow Completely randomized block   design with three replications . Each year, diversity terms of morphological traits, yield and yield components. have been studied. The results of combined analysis of each year in both stre   and non-stress conditions as well as combined analysis of traits in two years in both conditions showed that the genotypes were significantly different from most of the studied traits. Based on the results of comparison of means, yield and yield components in all genotypes were reduced by applying water shortage stress in stress conditions and the percentage of reduction was not the same in all genotypes. The results showed that in the non-stress place of genotype 4 with the highest number of pods per plant, the number of seedlings per plant and 1000-seed weight had the highest grain yield (922.4 kg / ha) and in the dryland genotype 6 had the highest grain yield.According to the results of biplot chart in stre   and non-stress conditions, grain yield had a positive and high correlation with plant height, yield components, harvest index and negative correlation with the number of days to flowering. according to the results of Causal analysis in both years, in non-stress conditions, the number of seeds per plant and in stress conditions, biological yield had the most direct and positive effect By factor analysis, three factors were identified in both environments that explained 71.62 and 71.74% of the data diversity, respectively. Based on the evaluation of drought tolerance indices, stress intensity (SI) was equal to 0.34. Grain yield in non-stress conditions had a high correlation with SSI, TOL, MP, GMP and STI indices but grain yield in stress conditions showed a significant negative correlation with SSI and a positive correlation with GMP and STI. Therefore, due to the correlation of grain yield in both non-stre   and stress conditions with GMP and STI indices, these two were the best indices for selecting and determining drought tolerant cultivars for 16 Vicia ervilia genotypes. Genotype 15 with the highest value of these two indices was identified as a drought tolerant genotype in this study. Keywords: Causal analysis, Drought, Vicia genotypes, Yield and yield components, Biplot chart..   

  In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of micronutrient fertilizers, iron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, boron and copper at different stages of development including: initial vegetative growth (vn), flowering time (R1) and pod time (R4) on agronomic characteristics , Physiological and morphological characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in field conditions, an experiment was carried out in the 98-97 crop year in Kangavar city as a split plot with a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three developmental stages of initial vegetative growth = A1, flowering stage = A2 and pod stage = A3 and foliar application of micronutrients in seven levels including: iron fertilizers one and a half per thousand = B1, manganese one and a half per thousand = B2, One and a half per thousand = B3, molybdenum per thousand = B4, copper one per thousand = B5, boron two per thousand = B6 and water spraying control = B7 as sub-factors. The results of analysis of variance and comparison of means showed that foliar application of iron and manganese nanofertilizers at the time of branching on significant traits such as grain yield, biological yield, number of grains per pod, leaf area index, grain protein were significant. Also, application of iron (1577 kg / ha), zinc (1549 kg / ha) and molybdenum (1553 kg / ha) fertilizers on grain yield had the highest values. The micronutrient fertilizer factor was significant on traits such as superoxide dismutase, leaf soluble protein, and grain protein, and the foliar application time factor was significant on the trait of peroxidase superoxide dismutase.

   Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies is dependent on continuous monitoring of the pest population, this is not only time-consuming, but also highly dependent on human judgment and costly.On the other hand, traditional methods for identifying insects are time consuming and costly. Due to the expansion of the industry and its rapid growth, human beings have always sought to accelerate their work with greater accuracy. The use of artificial intelligence techniques instead of manual and human decision-making, in addition to increasing productivity, also has a high degree of accuracy. Pistachio is a commercial product, and many manufacturers of this product, are damaged by the insects each year. A group of pistachio's pests mainly feed on pistachio, which Idiocerus stali Fieber, 1868 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is very important for this group. In this research, I. stali was selected as target insect for identification using image processing algorithm. Sticky yellow cards were used for collecting samples. To prepare the image processing algorithm, the color and shape characteristics of the objects were used.A total of 357 color properties and 20 shape's features for identification of I. stali were extracted by image processing algorithm. Color properties were divided into two categories of mean and standard deviation and characteristics related to vegetation indices. The mean and standard deviations are the average of the first, the second and the third component, the mean of the components of the first, second and third, the standard deviation of the first, the second   and the third component of 17 Color spaces such as RGB, HSV, YIQ, YCbCr, CMY, HSI, Improved YCbCr, L*a*b*, JPEG-YCbCr, YDbDr, Y  r, YUV, HSL, XYZ, Luv, LCH and CAT02 LMS. The characteristics of the vegetation indices are including the first component of the normalized RGB, the second component of the normalized RGB, the third component of the normalized RGB, the gray channel, the Excess Green, the Excess Red, Color index for vegetation cover extraction, the difference between the excess green and excess red parameters, Normalized Difference Index, Green Minus Blue Indicator, Red-Blue Contrast, Excess Red Index, Excess Green Indicator, and Excess Blue Indicator. shape's Characteristics used are also including length, width, area, perimeter, logarithm of length to width ratio, Ratio of the object's perimeter to the object surrounded by the rectangle's perimeter, width to length ratio, Area to length ratio, eccentricity, Orientation, Convex Area, Filled Area, Equivalent Diameter, Euler Number, Solidity, Extent, Elongation, Compression, Aspect Ratio and length to perimeter ratio. Artificial Neural Network hybrid method - Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (ANN-PSO) was used to select the effective features. The selected effective characteristicscolor space, normalized difference index for LCH color space, gray channel for color space YCbCr, second component index minus third component for color space YCbCr, area and mean of the first, The second and third components of color space Luv. The detection rate of the designed image processing algorithm is 99.72%. Artificial neural networks of multilayer perceptron have the ability to classify insects into two classes of I. stali and Anthaxia Sp. Eschscholtz, 1829 with a precision of 99.59 percent. The results showed the feasibility of the new method for identifying the pest insects without destroying them in the farm and in natural light conditions and in the shortest time and with very high accuracy.

   Arsenic as a semi metalloid and chemical pollution contaminate which absorbed by plants and entering the food chain. Therefore As poisoning events of the human being and livestock occur frequently. As has been shown to cause many morphological, physiological, biochemical and structural changes in growing plants. Meanwhile, some plant species can grow in arsenic contaminated soil and they are able to reduce arsenic toxicity by applying two mechanism including avoidance and tolerance. Nowadays, phytoremediation as a new and friendly environmental technique employs the use of plants to remediate contaminated soil. Previous studies showed that Isatis cappadocica is a arsenic hyperaccumulator plant. Seed of this hyperaccumulator species were collected frome arsenic contaminated area (zarshuran, West Azerbaijan, Iran). Accordingly, we conducted thise study to compare the interaction of arsenat, arsenite and silicon on some physiological and biochemical parameters of Isatis to better understanding the mechanisms applied for resistance of Isatis cappadocica. Therfore, the plants were grown for 6 weeks in a medium, embedded with combinations of 0, 5, 25, 125 & 625 ?M arsenat, 0, 5, 25, 125 & 625 ?M arsenit and 1 and 2 mM silicon respectively. The physiological and biochemical parameters and the arsenic and silicon concentration of harvested plants were measured. The results of arsenate and arsenite treatments on growth parameters showed that higher levels of both types of arsenic resulted in decreased growth parameters and the effect of this growth decline, especially on the biomass of the plant was observed. The decreasing of these parameters was significant for arsenite treatments, while for plants under arsenate treatments it was not significant at most levels, that indicates high resistance of I. cappadocica to arsenate. In general, the results of this study showed that in spite of high plant resistance to both types of arsenic in different treatments, 650 ?M treatment had a toxic effect on plant growth, which was more pronounced in arsenite treatments and caused the plant to die. The highest concentration of arsenic was obtained in plants treated with 625 ?M As. Increased levels of phosphate in the nutrient solution caused a significant reduction in arsenic concentration. Increasing arsenic concentration in the medium lead to increase of proteins, proline, hydrogen ­peroxide and the most antioxidant compounds such as carotenoids, flavonoids and anthocyanins content. The increase of these parameters was significant for arsenite treatments. Increasing the concentration of arsenate and arsenite leads to a decrease in the absorption of sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus by the plant, with the use of silicon, this reduction process is relatively improved. Furthermore the overall increase in arsenat, arsenite and silicon treatments lead to activation of antioxidant enzymes. High efficient antioxidant system and enhancement of compatible solutes are mechanisms which prevent oxidative damage and improve I. cappadocica against arsenic toxicity.    Keywords: Arsenate, Arsenite, Silicon, Isatis cappadocica, Hyperaccumulator      

study of Intraction between Selenium and sulfur on physyologcal  responses, Micro and Macro Nutreinte density and Arsenic Acumulation in Isatis Cappadocica. 

  چكيدهآلودگي محيط زيست نتيجه فعاليت هاي صنعتي اجتماعات بشري است. يكي از آلاينده هاي مهم خاك فلزات سنگين بوده كه در سال هاي اخير به شدت مورد توجه قرار گرفته اند. روش هاي مختلفي براي مقابله با آلودگي فلزات سنگين به كار گرفته شده كه از آن جمله مي توان به تثبيت فلزت توسط بيوجار اشاره كرد. اين تحقيق با كاشت گياه ماش و به صورت طرح فاكتوريل در قالب طرح بلوك هاي تصادفي در سه تكرار انجام شد. تيمارها شامل بيوچار چوب آفتابگردان در سه سطح (صفر، 1 و 3 درصد)، سرب در سه سطح غلظت (صفر،100 و200   ميلي گرم بر كيلو گرم خاك) و كادميوم در سه سطح غلظت (صفر، 10و 20 ميلي گرم بر كيلو گرم خاك) بودند. نتايج نشان داد كه افزايش سطوح كادميوم و سرب موجب كاهش عومل رشد در گياه ماش شد، در حالي­كه كاربرد بايوچار ضمن كاهش اثرات سوء كادميوم و سرب، باعث افزايش رشد گياه ماش گرديد. اثر سطوح بيوچار بر پارامتر هاي وزن خشك اندام هوايي، تعداد گره، تعداد شاخه هاي جانبي، تعداد گره فعال، ارتفاع ساقه، قطر ساقه، تعداد برگ، سطح برگ، وزن خشك ريشه، سطح ريشه،   حجم ريشه، طول ريشه، هدايت الكتريكي (EC) خاك،pH   خاك،كربن آلي خاك و غلظت سرب و پرولين در سطح يك درصد معني دار شد. تاثير سطوح مختلف سرب و كادميوم نيز بروزن خشك اندام هوايي، تعداد كل گره و تعداد گره فعال، ارتفاع ساقه، قطر ساقه، تعداد برگ، سطح برگ، وزن خشك ريشه، سطح ريشه، حجم ريشه، طول ريشه، مقدار پرولين و غلظت سرب و كادميوم در گياه ماش در سطح يك درصد و برتعداد گره غير فعال؛ هدايت الكتريكي و pH   خاك در سطح 5 درصد معني دار بود. اثر متقابل سطوح مختلف بيوچار و هر دو فلز سنگين بر وزن خشك اندام هوايي، تعداد گره، تعداد گره فعال، قطر ساقه، وزن خشك ريشه، حجم ريشه، هدايت الكتريكي خاك، غلظت پرولين و سرب اندام هوايي گياه ماش در سطح يك درصدمعني دار بوده و بر تعداد برگ، در سطح 5 درصد، اما بر تعداد گره غير فعال، ارتفاع و سطح برگ، سطح و طول ريشه،كربن آلي ، pH   خاك و غلظت كادميوم اندام هوايي تاثير معني داري نداشت. بطوركلي مي توان گفت كه استفاده از بيوچار، با توجه به طرفيت بالاي آن براي جذب و تثبيت سرب و كادميوم، مي­تواند به عنوان يك راهكار مناسب و ارزان در جهت كاهش آلودگي خاك و محيط زيست از اين فلزات باشد.واژگان كليدي: بيوچار، كادميوم، سرب، ماش.

  Effect of bentonite sulfur and nitrogen on yield and yield components and some qualitative characteristics and root growth of  wheat cultivar Sirvan

  In Iran, due to arid and semi-arid areas, lentil cultivation is mainly rainfed and in this areas, lentil grain yield is much lower than in the world. The main cause for loss of grain yield in these areas is drought stress at the end of plant growth period. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) exploit several mechanisms such as improving nutrient solubility and uptake as well as modulating plant growth hormones to stimulate plant growth and helping them to absorb more water and nutrient under drought stress condition. Therefore, in this study, the effects of different strains of PGPRs on yield quality and quantity and growth characteristics of three lentil cultivars in dryland conditions were evaluated. This research was conduct in research farm of campus of agriculture and natural resources, Razi University in 2015-2016. Two separate studies was conducted in greenhouse and farm in factorial experiment. In both studies, the first factor was cultivar in three levels (landrace of Kermanshah, Bilesavar, Kimia) and second factor was PGPRs. PGPRs in greenhouse experiment had 10 levels include: B12, B40, E10, E3, P6, D4, D1, B19 and D3. After running of greenhouse experiment top 6 strains of bacteria include: Acromobacter sp.،Bacillus sp. ،Bacillus licheniformis ،Pseudomonas putida، Bacillus cereus، Bacillus megaterium were used in farm. With respect to the results, the effect of PGPR treatment on grain yield, biomass yield, 1000 grain weight, number of grains in pod and stem height was significant. Treated plants with Bacillus licheniformis had the highest grain yield and treated plants with Pseudomonas putida had the highest biomass yield. The cultivars had significant differences in grain yield, biomass yield, harvest index, number of empty pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of branches, number of sub branches. Among the lentil cultivars, the Kimia cultivar had the highest and the Kermanshah landrace had the lowest grain yield. The Kimia cultivar was superior to the Bilesavar cultivar and the Kermanshah landrace cultivar in terms of biomass yield, harvest index, 1000 grain weight and plant height. Interaction between cultivars and PGPRs had significant effect on number of grains per plant, number of pod per plant, number of full pod per plant, percentage of stem protein, percentage of grain protein, protein yield, thermal requirement for flowering and for physiological maturity. Acromobacter sp. and Pseudomonas putida strains had the highest effect on number of grain per plant, number of pod per plant and number of full pod per plant. Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus licheniformis strains had the highest effect on protein percentage of grain and protein yield, respectively. Furthermore, Pseudomonas putida had the highest effect on thermal requirement for flowering and for physiological maturity of lentil cultivars. With respect to the results, application of different plant growth promoting rhizobacteria is promising method to increase the grain yield of lentils cultivars in rainfed areas.

    Seed deterioration is one of the factors reducing seed vigor and germination.Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the seed priming ability with some plant growth regulators to prevent or improve flax seed deterioration in Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University.This experiment was conducted in two separate sections to study the possibility of prevention and improvement of seed deterioration.In the first section, the seeds were first primed with hormones and then were deteriorated.In the second section, the seeds were first deteriorated and then were primed with hormones.For testing of each hormone, three factors including seed deterioration (on three levels: no deterioration, mild and severe deterioration), priming with hormone (in four concentrations) and two flax varieties (Indian and Hungarian) were considered.Hormones include: salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, cytokinin, gibberellin and auxin.Hydropriming experiment included three levels of seed deterioration, two flax cultivars and two seed priming levels (without and with hydropriming).The evaluated traits included the percentage of germination, germination rate, mean time to germination,mean daily germination, normal seedlings, shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, length and weight seedling vigor indices.The results showed that the Indian cultivar had superiority in both of the section of improvement and prevention to seed deterioration than the Hungarian cultivar.This superiority, however, was not significant in some traits.With increasing seed deterioration, a decrease was observed in germination characteristics.The results showed that seed priming withauxin at concentrations of 50 and 100 mgL-1 and gibberellin at concentrations of 50 and 100 mgL-1 preventedto seed deterioration.Other treatments did not have significant effects on prevention of seed deterioration.Seed priming with gibberellin at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg.L-1 and salicylic acid at concentration of 50 mgL-1 improved the germination characteristics of deteriorated seeds.In general, seed priming with auxinorgibberellinto prevent and with gibberellin or salicylic acid to improvement of flax seed deterioration can be used

  The use of academic research results over the last few centuries has provided the underlying foundation for advancement and development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the barriers to the application of academic research by students and to provide guidelines for applying academic research on the campus of agriculture and natural resources of Razi University with a quantitative and qualitative combination approach. The study population was in the qualitative section including faculty members of Agricultural Campus, Agricultural Jihad Experts and Agricultural Research Center of Kermanshah. The data collection tool was semi-structured interview in qualitative method. The statistical population of the study in the quantitative section included graduate students (N = 360). 202 students were selected using Cochran formula and stratified sampling was used for sampling. The results of the qualitative section data showed that the barriers to the non-application of academic research to the two general categories are factors outside the university based on the economic, social, cultural and macroeconomic structures of the country and the Ministry of Science, and the second group is the factors of the university. Which includes manpower, equipment and facilities, university environment and education. The findings of the quantitative section showed that students were not at the desired level in terms of individual characteristics, literacy and faculty and, on the other hand, students acknowledged that the economic, social, educational, and structural factors were as high as 75% in the non-application of research Have a role. Given the identification of barriers to the application of research, suggestions and strategies have been presented by the studied community and the researcher.

This study was carried out to determine the effect of adding Ferulago angulata on growth performance, carcass characteristics and some blood parameters in broiler chickens. A completely randomized design with 4 treatments, 6 replications and 10 broiler chicks in each replication were used. Experimental groups were consisted of 1- Basal diet without any additives (Control-), 2- Basal diet + 0.5% g/Kg Ferulago angulata, 3- Basal diet + 1% Ferulago angulata, 4- Basal diet + 1.5% Ferulago angulata. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly and reported as 1-21 and 1-42 days. At the end of growing period, two birds were slaughtered from each replicate, and parameters related to carcass characteristics, pH of the thigh and breast meat were measured. As well as samples of thigh and breast meat stored for meat quality experiments. On day 42, blood samples were taken from two birds to measure some blood parameters. At the age of 21, chicks fed 0.05% had more weight gain than the control group and 1.5% Ferulago angulata (P?0.05).Birds fed 1 and 1.5% Ferulago angulata decreased feed intake compared to control diet (P?0.05). However, chickens receiving different levels of Ferulago angulata compared to the control group had a lower feed conversion ratio (P?0.05). At 42 days of age, weight gain and feed intake were not affected by experiment treatment (P?0.05). However, the lowest (P?0.05) feed conversion ratio was observed in the birds receiving 0.5% Ferulago angulata in comparison with control and 1% Ferulago angulata, which was not significant with 1.5%. None of the parameters related to carcass characteristics, pH of the thigh and breast meat, drop less and cooking less were not significant by experimental treatments (P?0.05). The concentration of malondialdehyde in breast meat at 90 days after slaughter was lower in diets containing 1 and 1.5% Ferulago angulata than control diet (P?0.05). Significant decrease (P<0.05) in concentration of blood triglyceride and cholesterol in diets contain levels of Ferulago angulata was observed than control. Blood glucose concentration was not affected (P?0.05). The results of the data showed that the use of Ferulago angulata powder as an additive in the level of 0.5% had a positive effect on the performance of broiler chicks, also using up to 1.5% increase perdurability and health of the meat.    Key words: performance, Ferulago angulata, carcass characteristics, malondialdehyde concentration.   

  Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world that has an inhibitory effect on plant growth and yield. In this regard, growth regulators such as salicylic acid play a vital role during the growth and development stages of plants, and therefore their proper application can improve plant yield and increase plant resistance in coping with drought stress. Adding superabsorbent polymers to the soil also acts as a reservoir for water storage and thus, when they are added to the soil, they absorb irrigation water and prevent it from subsiding. This feature is important for coping with drought and reducing the effects of drought stress on the crops. In this research, the effects of drought stress, superabsorbent polymer and salicylic acid on growth and yield of Mung bean (Vigna radiata) investigated. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete design with three replications in the greenhouse of agricultural and natural resources campus of Razi University. The treatments included drought stress at three levels (soil moisture equivalent at 30, 60 and 100% field capacity), superabsorbent in three levels (0, 0.3 and 0.5 wt. %) and salicylic acid at four levels (250, 500 and 750 ?M in the spray application). The results showed that drought stress caused a significant reduction in many of vegetative and reproductive characteristics of Mung bean such as; stem length, root volume, leaf area, stem and leaf dry weight, protein yield, leaf relative water content and yield components at 1% level, while the use of salicylic acid and superabsorbent polymer significantly increased these characteristics compared to the control. Also, the interaction of drought and superabsorbent stress caused a significant difference in the number of seeds per plant, harvest index, stem and leaf dry weight, grain yield, biological yield, proline content, leaf relative water content, fresh and dry weight of the root, root area and volume. The interaction of drought stress and salicylic acid also significantly affected the number of seeds per plant, harvest index, stem length, grain yield, proline content, fresh and dry weight of root and root surface, and interaction of salicylic acid and superabsorbent significantly affected the number of seeds per plant, harvest index, proline content, relative water content of leaves, fresh and dry weight of root and root volume and surface. In addition, the interactions of all three factors, drought stress, superabsorbent and salicylic acid, also caused a significant difference between all the experimental parameters, except seed number per pod, 100 seed weight, stem length and root length. In general, under drought conditions, the different plant characteristics are affected by drought stress, and conversely, the use of 500 ?m salicylic acid or 0.3% by weight of superabsorbent has a positive role to reduce significantly the effects of extreme drought stress (30% FC) on the most traits than the control.Keywords: Drought stress, growth parameters, Mung bean, salicylic acid, superabsorbent.

  In order to investigate the effect of seed priming and inoculation with plant growth promoting bacterias on the quality and quantity of two flax cultivars in control and drought stress conditions after flowering in 2015-2016, an experiment was conducted in organic field research of Campus of Agricultural and Natural Resources of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. In this order, two factorial experiments based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The first experiment was conducted under control condition and second experiment under post anthesis drought stress condition. In both experiments, 1) two cultivars (Indian and Hungarian) and 2) seed pre-treatment factor in eight levels include: five seed bacteria innoculations (Bacillus sp, Bacillus megatrium, Bacillus amyloliquefaiens, Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas geniculata) and two levels of seed priming (Hydropriming, KNO3) and control treatment were evaluated. Based on results, in this experiment, in control treatment, Hungarian cultivar had same grain yield and more biological yield than Indian cultivar. The results also showed that post anthesis drought stress until maturity caused significant reduction in grain yield (44%), biological yield (46%), number of pod per plant, number of grain per plant, thousands grain weight, number of empty pod per plant, plant height, number of main branches, number of subsidiary branches, stem protein percentage, seed oil percentage, protein and oil yield, GDD and CGR and significant increase of seed protein percentage (17%). The use of pretreatments (seed primming and seed inocullation with plant growth promoting bacterias) under post anthesis drought stress not only caused increase in grain yield and all related traits and reducing the effects of post anthesis drought stress, but also in non post anthesis drought stress treatment, also seed primming and seed inocullation with plant growth promoting bacterias resulted in better results than control treatment. Bacillus megatrium and Bacillus amyloliqueufaciens had the best effect on evaluated traits. This finding, while preliminary, suggests that, it seems that use of appropriate strains of plant growth promoting bacterias is one of the suitable strategies for increasing the productivity of crops under drought stress conditions.Key words: Flax, growth promoting bacterias, Priming, Drought stress.  

  an adequate estimation of Manning roughness has a significant effect on hydraulic routing. So far several relationships have been proposed for calculating manning roughness coefficients in composite sections, each of which can have a different effect on the computational flood area. One can conclude that research has been carried out so far which can be very tiny differences in the determination of manning roughness values Estimated area of flood lands changed tens of thousands of square meters and thus have a significant impact on the estimated losses. this also affects river planning and management. there fore, such plans and actions directly related to the management and management of rivers require careful consideration in the choice of manning roughness determination method. the purpose of this study is to determine the irrigation channel roughness coefficient. for this purpose, for a more detailed study 420 meters from the channel of 3 km three mills Songor was selected and 15 cross sections were harvested. the velocity of the water flow was measured accurately using the molten device at the inlet and outlet sections and the level of water level in all sections before and after the dredging. In this research, a computer model was developed consisting of two sub-optimization programs using genetic and hydraulic algorithms based on standard step-by-step method for calculating flow profiles. the input of the computer model includes the geometric characteristics of the studied range, the amount of input flow and the profile of the water level measurement over the interval. after determining the number of chromosomes and the manning roughness limit, ultimately, the roughness coefficients for each section are optimized by comparing the computational water surface profile and the measurement. in order to validate the model, the genetic algorithm model is evaluated using solving linear and nonlinear optimization problems that have analytical solutions and it is shown that the results obtained from the model with the analytic solution results are completely equal. In order to verify the hydrodynamic model, its results were compared in some specific cases with the results of the HEC-RAS model. the results of the validation of the hydrodynamic model showed that there is a correlation coefficient of 0.99 between the water surface digits calculated by the present model and the HEC-RAS software. also, in this research, the manning optimum roughness coefficients were calculated in two steps before and after the dredging. the results showed that manning roughness optimized after dredging was 50% less than before dredging.  Keywords: Roughness coefficient, Three mill channel, numerical simulation, continuous flow, genetic algorithm

  Chickpea is one of the most important legumes in the west of the country. In order to study the root development and yield of chickpea varieties in different cultivars, field and field experiments were conducted at Faculty of Science and Agricultural Engineering of Razi University. A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications and a pot experiment in a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three replications in the years 1394-1393. In the field and pot experiment, seven genotypes of chickpea (Arman, Azad, Philip55-98, Adil, Native Kishcheh, Hashem and ILC 482) were planted in three planting dates, 20/8/1394, 20/9/1394 and 12/1394. Reviewed. The traits were studied in field experiment including grain yield, harvest index, biological yield, plant height, remobilization, shoot re-transfer ratio and stem efficiency in remobilization. In the pot experiment, traits such as root dry weight, root to shoot ratio, root length, total root length, root volume and root density were investigated. The results showed that Hashem cultivar and K???e native genotype had the highest amount of grain yield traits, remobilization of stored photosynthetic materials into seeds. In terms of planting date, the best date of cultivation was on the date of 20/8/94 or the same date of the first cultivar, the highest grain yield in the pea plant was realized on this date. The statistical results obtained from field experiment confirm that Hashem and Karehcheh cultivars had the highest amount in terms of the amount and ratio of remobilization of photosynthetic materials stored in the stem in the formation of grain yield.In the pot experiment, Arman and native cultivars of Kearcheh on April 20, 1994 had the highest root length, root volume, root dry weight, root to shoot ratio and root density. It seems that all traits related to root of chickpea are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, to promote and increase drought tolerance in chickpea, finding genotypes with a strong and effective root system is a priority

  افزايش جمعيت، افزايش تقاضا براي غذا را به دنبال خواهد داشت بنابراين توليدات كشاورزي بايد با سرعتي برابر با رشد جمعيت، ولي با همان زمين­ها و منابع آب ثابت، رشد كنند.   به منظور تعيين ميزان رشد و توليد ماده خشك گياه تحت تاثير آبياري با نقطه شبنم، پژوهشي گلخانه اي و مزرعه اي طراحي گرديد. تاثير آبياري با نقطه­شبنم، آبياري­معمولي و بدون آبياري بر­روي صفات كمي و كيفي گيا­هان در پژوهش­هاي گلخانه­اي و مزرعه­اي مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند كه پژوهش گلخانه­اي در دو مرحله (جوانه زني بذر و مرحله رشد رويشي گياه)   اجرا گرديد. در پژوهش در مرحله جوانه زني،   تاثير تيمار­هاي آبياري با نقطه­شبنم و بدون آبياري در قالب طرح كاملا تصادفي با سه تكرار بر درصد جوانه زني بذرنخود، گندم، خيار، كتان، چغندر، شنبليله در سال 1394 ارزيابي گرديد. كه تيمار آبياري با نقطه­شبنم باعث جوانه زني بذر در مقايسه با شاهد (بدون آبياري) گرديد. پژوهش گلخانه اي در مرحله رشد رويشي گياه در قالب طرح كاملا تصادفي با سه تكرار ­روي صفات رويشي نخود و گندم بكار رفت. تيمار­هاي آبياري شامل آبياري با نقطه­شبنم و آبياري معمولي بودند. مقايسه ميانگين داده­ها براي نخود نشان داد كه تيمارآبياري معمولي نسبت به آبياري با نقطه شبنم داراي وزن تر ساقه، وزن تر تك برگ، وزن خشك ساقه، وزن خشك تك برگ، وزن تر كل ساقه و برگ، وزن خشك كل ساقه و برگ و نسبت برگ به ساقه بيشتري بود. مقايسه ميانگين داده­هاي نشان داد كه تيمارآبياري با نقطه­شبنم نسبت به آبياري با روش معمول از نظر طول ساقه، تعداد برگ، وزن تر ساقه، وزن ترتك برگ، وزن خشك ساقه، وزن خشك تك برگ، وزن­تر كل ساقه و برگ، وزن خشك كل ساقه و برگ، سطح برگ، نسبت برگ به ساقه و وزن مخصوص برگ) تفاوتي نداشت. پژوهش مزرعه­اي در قالب طرح بلوك هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار در سال 1396-1395 اجرا گرديد. در اين بخش سه تيمارآبياري با نقطه­شبنم، آبياري معمولي و ديم روي نخود اعمال گرديدند. صفات مورد بررسي   شامل كلروفيل a،   كلروفيل b،   كارتنوييد،   كلروفيل كل،   كلروفيلa/b،   هدايت روزنه­اي،   فتوسيستم (2)،   فتوسيستم (1)،   محتواي رطوبت نسبي آب، ارتفاع ساقه،   تعداد ساقه، تعداد برگ، تعداد غلاف حاوي تك بذردر هر بوته، تعداد غلاف حاوي دو عدد بذر   در هر بوته، تعداد غلاف خالي در هر بوته، تعداد غلاف در هر بوته، طول غلاف، قطر غلاف، تعداد دانه در هر بوته،   وزن 100 دانه، عملكرد در يك هكتار، عملكرد كاه­وكلش در يك هكتار، عملكرد دانه در تك بوته، عملكرد كاه­و­كلش تك بوته، عملكرد دانه در يك متر مربع، عملكرد كاه­و­كلش يك متر مربع، وزن بيولوژيك تك بوته، وزن بيولوژيك در يك متر مربع، شاخص برداشت تك بوته، شاخص برداشت در يك متر مربع بودند. تيمارهاي آبياري اثر معني داري بر   هدايت روزنه­اي،   FV/FM، شاخص كارايي فتوسنتز و تعداد برگ   نخود در شرايط مزرعه داشتند ولي تاثير تيمارها   بر ساير صفات مزرعه اي معني دار نبود. مقايسه ميانگين داده ها نشان داد كه آبياري­با­نقطه­شبنم نسبت به شرايط ديم از نظر   هدايت روزنه¬اي،   FV/FM، برتري داشت. تيمار آبياري معمولي و ديم سطح برگ بالاتري نسبت به آبياري با نقطه شبنم داشتند. آبياري معمولي نسبت به ديمكاري شاخص كارايي فتوسنتز   بيشتري داشت. با توجه با نتايج بدست آمده مي توان گفت كه آبياري با نقطه شبنم بعلت تامين مقدار اندكي رطوبت بهتر است در مراحلي كه گياه احتياج كمتري به آب دارد مانند جوانه زني استفاده گردد، هرچند در شرايط بي آبي مي تواند تا حدي رطوبت مورد نياز گياه را تامين كند و راهكاري براي مقابله با خشكي باشد.

One of the advanced and new methods that has been common is the use of mulch. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm, Campus of Agriculture and natural Resources of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in 2016 and 2017. The plants used were corn, sunflower, lentil and chickpea. The treatments consisted of plastic mulch between rows, plastic mulch on plant (in chickpea, lentil, corn) and control treatment. Plastic mulch among rows had the highest growth and yield in all tested plants compared to other treatments. The results of the comparison of mean treatments showed that grain yield, 100 seed weight, number of pods in chickpea and lentil and in both years were higher in row treatment than control. In lentil in two years, treatment of mulch between the rows had higher number of seed per pod than the control. In chickpea, there was no significant difference in the number of seeds per pod in each two years. In corn, between row treatment had higher biological yield, harvest index, number of seeds per row, ear weight and 100 seed weight than control, but there was no significant difference between “treatmet of mulch between rows” with “treatment of mulch on plant”. There was no significant difference in number of rows per ear, pod weight, ear length and chlorophyll content. In sunflower, treatment of mulch between row had higher biological yield, head diameter, head weight and 100 seed weight than control, and there were no significant differences among treatmetns in terms of harvest index, number of seeds per head and chlorophyll content. In general, the results of this experiment showed that the application of mulch between the rows of plant led to an increase in the yield of the plants, probably due to weed growth reduction, moisture retention and improved water use.

  Abstract

  Evaluation the effect of nitric oxide on antioxidative responses of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and Camelina )Camelina sativa L.), under salt stressQuick Reply

  Cryopreservation of mouse oocyte can provide important data applicable to human oocyte cryopreservation and infertility treatment. In this manner vitrification has proven to be more effective than slow freezing methods to cryopreserve mammalian oocytes. The present study was aimed to investigate the viability and subsequent developmental ability of mouse oocytes at GV and MII stages vitrified in cryotop by single step and stepwise vitrification methods. Oocytes were collected from superovulated NMRI mice ovaries.Those oocytes with compact cumulus cells were cultured in TCM199 medium in incubator under humidified condition of 37°C and 5% CO2 for 3h. After achieving in Germinal Vesicle (GV) and metaphase II (MII), the GVs and MIIs with convenient morphology were vitrified by step-wise and single step methods. Afterwards, oocytes were loaded into 0.25 ml French straws and stored in liquid nitrogen. Then oocytes were thawed by rapid method and descending sucrose solutions, and then they were subjected to in vitro maturation and fertilization. Oocyte survival, development of 2-cell to blastocyst and in vitro maturation and fertilization rates of GV and MII oocytes in both step-wise and single step methods were assessed.   Collected data were analyzed by    statistical software. Viability rate of vitrified GV and MII oocytes in single-step group was significantly lower than that of the step-wise and control groups (P<0.05).Also, the maturation and fertilization rate and evolution to blastocyst in the step-wise group was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to single-step. But there wasn’t any significant difference between MII and GV oocytes for viability, fertility and evolution rates in both single step and stepwise methods.Conclusion: In comparison with unvitrified control oocytes, vitrification impaired viability, fertility and developmental competence of oocytes. The study also demonstrated that step wise vitrification was superior to single step vitrification.  Key words: GV, MII, NMRI mice, Oocyte, Viability, Vitrification.  Cryopreservation of mouse oocyte can provide important data applicable to human oocyte cryopreservation and infertility treatment. In this manner vitrification has proven to be more effective than slow freezing methods to cryopreserve mammalian oocytes. The present study was aimed to investigate the viability and subsequent developmental ability of mouse oocytes at GV and MII stages vitrified in cryotop by single step and stepwise vitrification methods. Oocytes were collected from superovulated NMRI mice ovaries.Those oocytes with compact cumulus cells were cultured in TCM199 medium in incubator under humidified condition of 37°C and 5% CO2 for 3h. After achieving in Germinal Vesicle (GV) and metaphase II (MII), the GVs and MIIs with convenient morphology were vitrified by step-wise and single step methods. Afterwards, oocytes were loaded into 0.25 ml French straws and stored in liquid nitrogen. Then oocytes were thawed by rapid method and descending sucrose solutions, and then they were subjected to in vitro maturation and fertilization. Oocyte survival, development of 2-cell to blastocyst and in vitro

     In order to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation and exogenous application of different growth hormones (3?indoleacetic acid [IAA], gibberellic acid [GA3], and 6?benzylaminopurine [6?BAP]) va control (distilled water) at different growth and development stages of pea (flowering, poding, flowering + poding), with rainfed conditions (control), an split-plot experiment using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was setup at Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. According to the results, the interaction effect of supplemental irrigation × hormone was significant on green pod yield, biological yield, 100-grains weight, harvest index and primary and secondary photosynthesis pigments. The number of pods per plant and grains per pod were also influenced by the effects of supplemental irrigation and hormones. The use of supplemental irrigation at two stages (flowering+ poding), and the application of hormones (IAA and 6-BAP) led to produce the highest grain yield, biological yield and 100-grain weight. The highest number of pods per plant and grains per pod was obtained under irrigation at two growth stages and exogenous application of hormones. The highest amount of chlorophyll a and b was related to the plants under supplemental irrigation at flowering + pod and application of 6-BAP and for carotenoids was obtained by application of GA3. Exogenous application of 6-BAP was increased fv/fm, performance index, soluble sugar, soluble protein and leaf relative water content. Effects of supplemental irrigation and hormone were significant on antioxidant enzymes and most of them were obtained under rainfed and application of plant hormone. In general, it can be stated that supplemental irrigation and exogenous application of growth hormones IAA and 6-BAP, can be used to prevent exposure of pea to water stress during critical stages of flowering and poding and it may be appropriate to increasing its economic performance.

High quality seed is essential factor for proper establishment of seedling in field. Percentage and rate of seed germination in the laboratory are usually different from the emergence percentage and rate in field. This study carried out to determine the most suitable seed vigor test in the laboratory to predict the seedlling emergence percentage and rate. Eight lentil seed lots belonged to four cultivars (kimia, Bilesavar, Qazvin and Kermanshah local), were selected. These seed lots were different in production year, so that were produced in 2010 and 2014 years. In laboratory, some seed tests were performed on the seed lots, such as standard germination test, cold test, electrical conductivity test, imbibition test, hiltner test, osmotic stress test (at three potential 0, -3 and -6 bar), and accelerated aging test (at three temperatures 40, 41 and 42 °C for periods of 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours). In these tests, some indices related to seed and seedling vigor were measured, such as final germination percentage, mean daily germination, average time to germination, germination rate, normal seedling percentage, abnormal seedling percentage, seedling vigor index, allometric index, the use of seed storage, the contribution of seed storage in seedling weight, root and shoot length, root and shoot dry weight. In the farm, also, above mention seed lots were planted and some traits were evaluated, such as the seedling emergence percentage, average daily emergence, average time to emergence and seedling emergence rate. The results of analysis of variance and mean comparisons showed that the lentil seed lots were different in terms of measured traits in the laboratory and the field. Orthogonal analysis for field and laboratory tests showed the superiority new v.s. old seed lots. To investigate the relation between field and laboratory tests, correlation analysis wase measured between germination characteristics in the laboratory with two traits of percentage and rate of seedling emergence in field. In relation to seedling emergence percentage in the field, the highest positive correlations were obtained with normal seedling percentage in the accelerated aging test at of 41 °C for 72 and 96 hours (0.888 and 0.861, respectively), the final germination percentage in the accelerated aging test at 41 °C for 72 and 96 hours (0.842 and 0.813, respectively), normal seedling percentage in the cold test at 2 °C (0.733) and normal seedling percentage in the standard germination test (0.724). In relation to seedling emergence rate in the field, the highest positive correlations were obsereved with germination rate in the cold test at 2 °C (0.792), shoot length in the cold test at 4 °C (0.766), germination rate in the osmotic stress test at -6 bar (0.765), average daily germination in the osmotic stress test at -6 bar (0.753), average daily germination in the standard germination test (0.733), and average daily germination in the accelerated aging test at 41 °C for 96 and 72 hours (0.718 and 0.712, respectively). So, these laboratory tests can be used to predict the rate and percentage of seedling emergence in the field.

  سن گندم(Eurigaster intergericeps ( Hem, Scutelleridae مهم­ترين آفت مزارع گندم وجو در خاورميانه است.اين حشره در ايران نيز به عنوان يك آفت كليدي، خسارت قابل ملاحظه­اي به محصولات گندم وجو وارد مي­كند. سم­پاشي­هايي كه عليه اين آفت صورت مي­گيرد نه تنها باعث آلودگي محيط زيست شده بلكه موجب آلودگي مواد غذايي نيز مي­شود. بنابراين با استفاده از قارچ­هاي بيمارگر حشرات در مديريت آفت مي­توان موجب كاهش استفاده از آفت­كش­هاي شيميايي شد. در اين بررسي بيماريزايي سه قارچ Paecillomyces lillacinus، Beuveria bassiana و Fusarium prolifreatumروي پوره سن سوم سن گندمEurigaster intergericepsدر شرايط آزمايشگاهي به مدت شش روز مورد آزمايش قرار گرفت. آزمون بيماري­زايي اثبات كرد كه هر سه قارچ بيماري­زا هستند ودر همه جدايه­ها با افزايش غلظت سوسپانسيون اسپور قارچ­ها درصد مرگ­ و مير لاروها افزايش پيدا كرده­است. غلظت   108   قارچ   euveria bassiana بعد از شش روز باعث 78% درصد تلفات در جمعييت پوره سن دوم   intergericeps. E و قارچFusarium prolifreatumدر غلظت 109   باعث68%مرگ ومير و قارچ Paecillomyces lillacinus با غلظت 1010 باعث 76% مرگ ومير جمعييت تيمارشد كه هر سه قارچ با تفاوت معني­داري نسبت به جمعييت شاهد توانايي بالايي براي كاهش جمعييت پوره­هاي سن دوم را دارد.آزمون موازي بودن توان نسبي نشان داد كه قارچ Beuveria bassianaبا تفاوت معني­داري از دو قارچ ديگر توانايي بالاتري براي بيماري­زايي دارد

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The study effect of forbidden irrigation at different growth stages on yield and yield components of corn (SC704)

  Abstract:The effect of light intensity on the physiological and morphological characteristics of chickpea, like other crops, is of crucial importance.In order, the effects of shading on vegetative and reproductive growth of peas and also the intensity of the light yield, carried out an experiment via factorial in based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications in research farm on Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran during 2012-2013.Factors were including shading (no-shading, 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent) at different growth stages (vegetative and reproductive stages and all of growth duration). The results showed thatthe intensity of shading at different growth stages, significant effect on yield and yield components, chlorophyll content, dry matter pationing, remobilization photosynthesis. As shading had the most effect of on grain yield, hundred grin weight, number of seeds per plant, number of pods per plant,biological yield and harvest index at all of growth duration, reproductive and vegetative stages respectively. Biomass in 75, 50,25 and perfect shading at all of growth duration decreused 87.0, 73.3, 53.1 and 92,3 percent, compared to control, respectively. This value ware for grain yield 95.2, 80.8, 59.9 and 100 percent, ratio to control, respectively. Key words: Shading, Light intensity, yield, growth, Chickpea.