آفتابگردان (Helianthus annuus L) يك محصول مهم دانه روغني در چندين كشور جهان است. علاوه بر آفتابگردان روغني گونه آجيلي آن نيز داراي   اهميت زيادي است. بااين‌حال، توليد آفتابگردان به دليل تأثير منفي عوامل غير زيستي و زيستي كاهش قابل‌توجهي دارد.يكي از مشكلات جدي در توليد آفتابگردان حضور علف‌هاي هرز است كه سبب كاهش عملكرد اين گياه زراعي در ايران و جهان مي‌شود. ازجمله علف‌هاي هرز جدي تهديدكننده عملكرد و رشد آفتابگردان، انگل ريشه گل جاليز است كه بدون وجود گياه ميزبان به دليل عدم وجود كلروفيل قادر به رشد و تكثير نيست. از طرفي اين انگل حدود 75 درصد از دوره زندگي خود را در زيرخاك مي‌گذراند، ازاين‌ رو روشهاي مختلف ازجمله آفتاب دهي، ضدعفوني خاك ، كشت گياهان غيرميزبان و مبارزه شيميايي پرهزينه، غيراقتصادي و در سطح وسيع قابل‌اجرا نيست. يكي از روش‌هاي كنترل علف‌هاي هرز استفاده از گياهان پوششي از خانواده لگوم   به ويژه ماشك و شبدر است. اين پژوهش در يك مزرعه آفتابگردان به­شدت آلوده به گل­جاليز به صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرح بلوك كامل تصادفي با چهار تكراربا استفاده از سه گونه گياه پوششي ماشك معمولي، شبدر ايراني و يولاف زراعي به صورت خاك پوش زنده واقع در روستاي قياس آباد در شهرستان سنقر در استان كرمانشاه انجام گرديد. نتايج تجزيه واريانس   نشان داد كه تأثير نوع گياه پوششي و مقادير مختلف كود نيتروژن بر درصد كنترل گل جاليز در سطح يك درصد معني­دار بود اما اثر متقابل اين دو باهم بر درصد كنترل گل جاليز معني­دار نبود. استفاده از گياهان پوششي سبب كنترل 17درصدي گل جاليز و كاهش 10 درصدي آلودگي گل جاليز شد. در بين گياهان پوششي، كشت ماشك از تأثير بيشتري بر كاهش درصد آلودگي آفتابگردان به گل جاليز برخوردار بود. در تمامي شرايط با افزايش نيتروژن، مقدار عملكرد دانه آفتابگردان نيز افزايش يافت و حداكثر عملكرد دانه آفتابگردان در تيمار كودي 200 كيلوگرم در هكتار مشاهده شد .      

Abstract Considering the importance of fodder beet in supplying fodder and its high adaptability to adverse environmental conditions, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the age and number of leaves of fodder beet tra  lant in the greenhouse and Research farm of Razi University's Faculty of Agriculture. The experimental design used in this research was complete randomized blocks with three replications and 10 treatments. In this research, the effect of tra  lant age (one month, 45 days, and two months) and the number of tra  lant leaves (not removing leaves, removing half leaves, and removing all leaves) were investigated. Leaves were removed before tra  lanting to the field and preserving the crown and bud of the tra  lant. Thus, the treatments include direct seed cultivation, 30-day tra  lant without leaf removal, 30-day tra  lant with half of the leaves removed, 30-day tra  lant with all leaves removed, 45-day tra  lant without leaf removal, 45-day tra  lant with half of the leaves removed, the leaves were 45-day tra  lant with the removal of all leaves, 60-day tra  lant without removal of leaves, 60-day tra  lant with the removal of half of the leaves and 60-day tra  lant with the removal of all leaves. After the tra  lants reached the desired age, all the treatments were transferred to the main field simultaneously and on the same date. The results of the analysis of variance showed that survival percentage, the relative amount of leaf water loss, relative leaf water content, SPD, stomatal conductance, specific weight of leaves, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of leaves, and aerial parts, diameter and length Root, crown length, fresh and dry weight of root, root yield, gross income, net income, and benefit-cost ratio were significant. The 45-day tra  lant with removing all leaves was superior to other treatments regarding SPD and stomatal conductance. The results of the research showed no statistical difference between the treatments of two-month and 45-day tra  lants, except for the complete removal of leaves, although the highest value was related to the 45-day tra  lant with half of the leaves removed. The highest gross income and profit-cost ratio was related to the 45-day tra  lant with half of the leaves removed. However, the 45-day tra  lant with no leaf removal and half-leaf removal and the two-month tra  lant with no leaf removal, half-leaf removal, and whole-leaf removal showed the highest net income. Considering that the 45-day planting date and removing half of the leaves had the greatest effect on root yield and income, the simultaneous use of these two methods can play a significant role in increasing early harvest and fodder beet root yield. Keywords: Direct cultivation, Fodder beet, Planting date, Removal of tra  lant leaves, Tra  lantation   

   Abstract Cover crops play an increasing role in improving soil quality, reducing agricultural inputs and improving environmental sustainability. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate some cover crops in order to find a suitable alternative for fallow in the weather conditions of Kermanshah. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design in three replications. The experimental treatments included fallow (control) and seven cover crops: barley (Hordeum vulgare), oat (Avena sativa), rapeseed (Brassica napus), rye (Secale cereal), common vetch (Vicia sativa), white clover (Trifolium repens), and Iranian clover (Trifolium resupinatum). During the experiment, samples were taken every two weeks to measure the attributes, which are:First stage (December 2022), second stage (January 2023), third stage (January 2023), fourth stage (February 2023), fifth stage (February 2023), sixth stage (March 2023), seventh stage (March 2023), eighth stage (March 2023) and ninth stage (April 2023).The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of the cover plant on all the measured traits, including the percentage of green cover, weed density, wet and dry weight of weeds, weed control, carbon and nitrogen content of the soil and the cover plant, C to N ratio of soil and cover plant, dry weight of cover plant and soil moisture content were significant. The results of the experiment indicated the superiority of barley and rye plants in controlling weeds by 68.95 and 67.56%.The highest and lowest soil carbon content was related to barley (5.54%) and fallow (3.89%) treatments, respectively.Barley (5.3%) and vetch (5.1%) cover crops showed the highest soil nitrogen content.The highest carbon content of cover crops was related to barley, followed by oat and rye.Iranian clover with 1.54% nitrogen content was superior to other treatments.The highest dry weight of the cover crop in the first stage was related to barley and oat, and in the second and ninth stages, it was related to only oat. In the third, sixth and seventh stages, it was related to the cover crop of barley. In the fourth, fifth and eighth stages, the highest dry weight of the cover crop was obtained from barley, oat, vetch and rye treatments. The highest amount of soil moisture in the first and second sampling was related to the cover crop of white clover and vetch, respectively. The lowest soil moisture content was obtained from fallow treatment. But in the third and fourth stages of sampling, the fallow treatment had the highest soil moisture content compared to other treatments. From the fifth stage to the seventh stage of sampling, soil moisture content increased in cover crop treatments (vetch, oat, rapeseed and white clover) compared to fallow.    Keywords:cover crop, green cover percentage, C/N ratio, weed control, biomass   

   Cover crops contribute to nutrient cycling and may improve soil chemical properties and, consequently, increase crop yield. Potato is the fourth most valuable plant for human nutrition.  o there is a need to develop potato cropping systems with higher yields and crop quality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cover crops planted as pure and mixed on some soil properties and potato growth and   yield. Experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and the Natural Resources، Razi University of Kermanshah. Experimental treatments include barley, vetch and clover cover crops in pure and mixed form at 10 levels, pure clover, pure barley, pure vetch, 50% barley + 50% clover, 50% barley + 50% vetch, 50% vetch + 50% clover, 30% barley + 70% clover, 30% vetch + 70% barley and 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley. The results showed that the height of cover plants was affected by the type of cover crops, so that the tallest barley plants (58 cm) in the treatment of 50% barley + 50% vetch and the shortest clover crops (25 cm) in planting density of 50% vetch + 50% clover was observed. In addition, the use of cover crops compared to the control treatment caused an increase in soil properties including pH, organic carbon, N, P and K in the stage before planting potatoes compared to the before starting experiment stage. In the post-harvest of potato, the use of cover crops decrease pH soil   and increases soil organic carbon, N, P and K compared to the control. On the other hand, the use of cover crops in both stages 20 and 40 days after potato cultivation reduced the density of weeds, and pure barley cover crops was more successful in controlling weeds than other treatments. Among the investigated cover crops, the planting density of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley was more favorable than other treatments. So that the highest plant height, leaf area index, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and the number of main stem in all stages of measurement were obtained from this treatment. In addition, the comparison of averages showed that the maximum number of tubers, fresh weight of tubers and dry weight of potato tubers were obtained by using the mentioned treatment. It was found that cover crops had a positive effect on the diameter grading of the tubers in the maturity stage, and in the treatment of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley, the most small tubers (95 per m2), medium tubers (329 per m2) and large tubers (211 per m2) were seen. On the other hand, it was observed that this treatment increased the tuber yield by 7.98 tons/ha compared to the control treatment. In all four stages of vegetative growth, tuber formation, tuber bulking stage and potato tuber maturity, the treatment of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley caused an increase of 43.35, 53.37, 42.17 and 50.43% respectively, RWC was compared to the control without cover crops. In general, the results of this research showed that the cultivation of cover crops can be used as a strategy to improve the growth traits, yield and yield components of potatoes.

  To investigate the effect of tillage systems on the yield and yield

Abstract The use of conservation tillage methods to preserve soil health has received attention in recent years. On the other hand, evaluating the effects of these methods on crop yield and weed control can lead to selecting the appropriate method and obtaining the maximum benefit of it. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of a five-year history of conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage during the 2022 in the Ravansar district, Kermanshah. For this purpose, 65 dryland wheat fields were selected, where tillage was performed using one of three methods of no-tillage, reduced tillage (using a disk), and conventional tillage (using a moldboard plow). The farms were divided into four groups based on their five-year tillage history: 1) no-till with direct seeding, 2) reduced tillage using a disk, 3) conventional tillage using a moldboard plow, and 4) a combination of no- tillage, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage over the past five years. Sampling was done using two methods: 1) direct sampling from the farms, and 2) obtaining information from the farms and farmers using a questionnaire. In the direct sampling method, weed density was recorded by species in two stages, before and after herbicide application, using a random sampling method. Furthermore the Simpson's Dominance Index and the Smith and Wilson Evenness Index of weed communities were calculated. Information related to land management, including soil preparation method over the past five years, type of chemical fertilizer used, seed variety, seed rate, planting date and method, as well as farmers' experience, education level, farm area, occupation, ownership, and residence situation were collected through a questionnaire. The results showed that the five-year tillage history had a significant effect on wheat yield, weed density, species richness, and population evenness. Wheat yield in the no-till system was 38.3%, 44.6%, and 52.7% higher than minimum tillage, combined tillage, and conventional tillage, respectively. In the conventional tillage system, weed density and species richness were significantly higher, while population evenness of weeds was lower compared to conservation tillage systems. Weed density had a negative relationship, and population evenness had a positive relationship with wheat yield. The composition of important weed communities in the fields under conventional tillage was completely different from fields with combined tillage, reduced tillage, and no-tillage. However, the most important weed species in fields with reduced tillage and combined tillage showed similarities. The investigation of applied agricultural management practices showed that crop density and planting method had a significant effect on wheat yield, and the selection of these practices was directly related to the choice of conservation tillage methods. The study of farmers' characteristics and its relationship with the selection of tillage method also indicated the necessity of educating and raising awareness among farmers about the impacts of conservation tillage. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of adopting conservation tillage practices for maintaining weed control, improving wheat yield, and preserving soil health. It also emphasizes the need for farmer education and awareness regarding the benefits and implementation of conservation tillage methods.   

Abstract:  Legumes are of high nutritional importance due to their high protein content. Chickpea is one of the important plants of this family. In order to evaluate the effect of planting arrangement and Mycorrhiza inoculation on the growth and yield of spring pea "Cicer arietinum L." Under different tillage methods, an experiment in the crop year 1399-400 in a research farm located in the campus of agriculture and natural resources of Razi University of Kermanshah at the longitude of 47 degrees and 9 minutes, latitude of 34 degrees and 21 minutes and the height of 1319 meters above sea level. With an average annual rainfall of 445 mm, it was done in the form of a factorial split plot based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The experimental factors include tillage in three levels (no plowing, minimum plowing and Conventional plowing) as the main factor and inoculation with mycorrhizae in two levels (seed inoculation with Mycorrhiza biological fertilizer and no inoculation) and planting arrangement in two ways (25 row spacing) and 50 cm and distance on the row 10 and 5 cm) were applied as sub-factors. In this experiment, Bivanij variety was used. The evaluated traits are the number of green plants, plant height, the number of sub-branches, the distance of the first node from the soil surface, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, green cover and greenness index, sample weight and seed yield, biological yield. hundred seed weight and harvest index. Based on the results of analysis of variance, the effect of tillage type was significant only on the sample weight trait at the probability level of 5% and did not affect other functional traits. Mycorrhiza inoculation was significant on grain yield traits and harvest index at one percent probability level and on hundred seed weight at five percent probability level. The effect of planting arrangement on the characteristics of seed weight and biological performance was significant at the probability level of one and five percent, respectively. In this study, the number of pods per plant trait was more affected by tillage type. The number of seeds in pods and seed yield were also more affected by planting arrangement and Mycorrhiza inoculation. Three treatments of inoculation with mycorrhiza and row spacing of 50 cm (682.6 kg/ha), no inoculation and row spacing of 25 cm (625.5 kg/ha) and inoculation with mycorrhiza and row spacing of 25 cm (611/2 kg/ha) showed the highest seed yield. In total, the results of this research showed the positive effect of the use of biofertilizers on most of the morphological and functional characteristics of the chickpea plant.  Key words: no-tillage, yield, low-tillage, mycorrhiza, chickpea                                                                                      

   Abstract In order to investigate the interaction of smoked water, mycorrhizal fungus and rhizobium bacter on the agrophysiological characteristics of chickpea, an experiment as split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, in 2021. The treatments included foliar application of smoked water (1 lit/ha) at two stages (vegetative and before flowering) and soil application of smoked water (2 and 4 lit/ha) along with no use of smoked water (control) as the main factors and the inoculation of micro-organisms (rhizobium, mycorrhiza, rhizobium+mycorrhiza and control) were as sub factors. In this research, the traits of plant height, total chlorophyll and carotenoid, number of nodules, root length, root diameter, fresh and dry weight of roots, relative water content of leaves, grain yield, biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100-grains weight, harvest index, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf weight ratio (LWR), stem weight ratio (SWR) and total dry weight (TDW) were measured. The results showed that the effect of smoked water on the characteristics of crop growth rate (CGR), plant height, number of root nodules, root diameter, grain yield, biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and 100-grains weight were significant. The effect of biological fertilizers on the characteristics of root fresh weight, crop growth rate (CGR), total dry weight (TDW), relative leaf water content, plant height, number of nodules, root length, root diameter, root dry weight, seed yield, biological yield, 100-grains weight were significant. The interaction effect of smoked water × biological fertilizer was significant on leaf weight ratio (LWR), stem weight ratio (SWR), total chlorophyll and carotenoids. The smoked water factor (1 lit/ha) at two growth stages (vegetative and the beginning of flowering) in terms of grain yield (547.8 kg/ha), biological yield (2122.4 kg/ha), the number of pods per plant (13.2), the number of seeds per plant (7.6), 100-grains weight (35.5 g), CGR (4.4 g.m-2.day-1) had the highest values. The soil used of smoked water (2 and 4 lit/ha) in terms of root diameter (4.7 mm) and height (38.9 cm) also took the highest values. The use of rhizobium with mycorrhiza in terms of grain weight (35.7 grams), CGR (1.3 g.m-2.day-1), TDW (111.23 g), LWR (5.12 g/g), grain yield (503.6 kg/ha), biological yield (1918.0 kg/ha), root length (20.4 cm), root diameter (4.7 mm), and inoculation of rhizobium with seeds chickpea and foliar spraying of smoked water (1 lit/ha) at two stages in terms of carotenoid (9.3 mg/g), SWR (2.48 g/g) and rhizobium inoculation alone in terms of the number of root nodules (31 nodules), root diameter (4.9 mm), height ( 40.25 cm) and mycorrhizal inoculation alone obtained the highest values in terms of root fresh weight (2.5 g), root dry weight (1.2 g), relative leaf water content (67.1 %). The results obtained from the correlation analysis showed a positive and high relationship between the 100-grains weight and the crop growth rate with the grain yield under the treatments of smoked water and biological fertilizers. Keywords:

    Autumn-SeededChickpea Cultivars  AbstractThis study wasconducted to investigate the effect of different tillage methods on yield andgrowth characteristics of some chickpea cultivars and some soil characteristicsduring 2020-2021 year in Kuhdasht region located in Lorestan province. Theexperiment was performed as a split plot based on a randomized complete blockdesign with four replications. Treatment of different tillage methods at threelevels (conventional tillage, reduction tillage and no tillage) in main plotsand eight autumn chickpea cultivars (Adel, Arman, Hashem, Mansour, Azad, Azkan,Aksu and Goksu) were located on sub-plots. The results of analysis of varianceshowed that some of the studied traits were affected by tillage and more bycultivar. Based on the obtained results, the highest moisture content wasobtained at a depth of 15 to 30 cm of soil at the rate of 12.6% in the plotunder cultivation of Azkan cultivar. The highest soil temperature of 14.17 ° Cwas recorded in conventional tillage treatment. The results showed that in allthree tillage systems, the highest degree of growth day to emergence of 244 wasrelated to Adel cultivar. The effect of tillage treatment on emergencepercentage and plant height was not significant. The highest percentage ofemergence was obtained in Kogsu cultivar (73%) and the highest plant height wasobtained in Azkan cultivar (30.20 cm). Root weight was not affected by tillagetreatment, while the highest root dry weight was obtained in Aksu cultivar(2.87 g). The effect of tillage treatment on 100-seed weight was notsignificant, although 100-seed weight of Aksu cultivar in no-till treatment was42 g and higher than other cultivars. Based on the results, the effect oftillage and cultivar on grain and biological yields, harvest index andreproductive effort index were not significant. The highest harvest index wasobtained in Adel cultivar and the highest reproductive effort index wasobtained in Arman cultivar. Also, grain protein was not affected by tillagetreatments. Among the cultivars, Mansour had the highest grain protein content(19.09%) and the highest greenness index was obtained in Azkan cultivar(27.94%).Keywords: Yield components, Grain protein, Conventional tillage, Greennessindex, Chickpea  

Abstract In order to implement measures for the development and exploitation of new water resources, especially in the agricultural sector in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, the use of wastewater can be considered as water resources. By using these resources, not only part of the agricultural water shortage is compensated, but also the effects of improper discharge of effluents and its damages to agricultural resources and the environment are prevented. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the strategic crops that is very important in terms of level and nutritional value, so over the past few decades, many measures have been taken to increase its yield. Among these measures, we can mention the use of organic fertilizers such as sewage sludge, which in addition to increasing yield, it is important to study the environmental and health issues related to the use of these fertilizers, as well as the absorption of heavy elements. In order to evaluate the effect of Ravansar industrial town effluent on yield, yield components and accumulation of heavy metals in wheat grain (Pishgam cultivar), in the 2016-17 crop year on a farm in Kermanshah province, Ravansar city, Upper Khorramabad village, a research project as split plot was performed in three replications. Experimental factors included 1. Irrigation water as the main factor (at three levels: a) Irrigation with industrial town effluent b) Irrigation with the left channel of Ravansar c) Irrigation with well water) 2. Irrigation times as a secondary factor (including 1- Onc irrigation time 2- two irrigation times 3- three irrigation times). The results of the present study showed that the treatment of industrial town effluent and water of Qarsoo Ravansar canal had a significant potential of micronutrients. The application of the mentioned effluent in controlled amounts, in the results of plant decomposition, showed that the effluent effluent increased the concentration of iron, zinc and copper in comparison with the control in the plant seeds. All of these elements are the nutrients needed to fill cereal grains such as wheat. The use of wastewater in all quantities to some extent increased the weight of 1000 grains of wheat, so that the highest 1000-grain weight of wheat (49.897 g) was related to the treatment of canal water and three irrigation times, which there was no significant difference between this treatment and three irrigation treatments with industrial town effluent in terms of 1000-grain weight (49.217 g). The results showed that the application of effluent had a positive role in filling wheat grains and by releasing nutrients during the growing period of wheat, Pishgam cultivar increased seed yield and seed yield components including 1000-grain weight, number of grains per spike, number of spikes per plant, and leaf area in wheat. Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in plant samples showed that the concentrations of heavy metals of lead and cadmium evaluated in the present study are high in effluent-treated samples. In well water treatments, the concentration of heavy metals was less than the allowable limit, but in canal and effluent water treatments, the concentration was very high and beyond the allowable limit of heavy metals. But it is not in the toxic concentration range of these elements. Therefore, in order to use the wastewater effluent of the industrial town in agriculture as irrigation water, according to the amount of increase of the mentioned metals in the soil and the amounts absorbed by the plants, it is necessary to consider the toxicity threshold for each metal depending on the type of plant and environmental conditions and evaluate the effluent values based on it. Keywords: Heavy elements, Industrial effluent, Organic fertilizer, Pollutants, Wheat, Yield

   Abstract In order to evaluate the resistance of Avena ludoviciana wild oat biotypes to clodinafop propargil herbicide (Topic), also to evaluate the effect of managerial and agronomic factors on the incidence of resistance and to evaluate the relative suitability of susceptible and resistant wild oat biotypes in wheat fields located in Hamil and In the center of Islamabad city, west of Kermanshah province, an experiment was conducted in 97-99 at Razi University Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Experimental treatments included 314 wild oat biotypes suspected of resistance. After determining the sensitive and resistant biotypes of wild oats and their percentage of resistance in the greenhouse (using separation cycle), in the experimental stage in pot response with different concentrations of herbicides. The results showed that the amount of wild oat dry matter decreased with increasing in herbicide so that it reached zero in 4 to 16 times. Then, in order to evaluate the relative suitability of sensitive and resistant biotopes in terms of germination characteristics to different treatments of pH, drought, and temperature in Petri dish, it was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design. It was observed that the susceptible wild biotypes at a temperature of 20° C had a higher temperature and germination percentage and vigor, in drought treatment the sensitive biotypes had a high velocity ratio and vigor percentage by applying drought stress than the control. In pH treatment, no difference was observed between biotypes, only in neutral to acidic pH, the highest germination percentage, observed germination resistance. In the Petri dish response test, they also maintained their germination resistant biotypes up to 2 times the recommended. Then, using a questionnaire that was previously given to farmers, the factors, including agricultural management of farms, showed resistance. 150 Arinophenoxy families were significant in the last 5 years. Also, farmers who had a land area of more than 10 hectares using the number of times and frequency of herbicide use of ACCase family herbicide had the greatest effect on the incidence of resistance, which increased with the increase of land area. At the end of preparing the wild oat dispersion map, it was shown that the wild oat dispersal of winter wild oat resistance is scattered in Hamil and Markazi and climatic and topographic factors had no effect on the occurrence of wild oat resistance.    Keywords: Wild oats, Resistance, Climate, Relative competence, Germination rate, Germination percentage, Potency, Crop management.

  AbstractClimate change and increasing uncertainty aboutclimate change have seriously challenged the sustainable management of waterresources. There is no doubt that technical solutions are available andnecessary, but these solutions alone are not enough. Researchers believe thatthe key to solving water problems lies in water governance. The watershedcovered by springhead Harsin in Kermanshah province is one of the areas thatface problems of weakness and inefficiency in water governance. Therefore, inthis mixed research, an attempt has been made to evaluate the status of goodwater governance while examining the existing structures and relationshipsbetween water actors in this region. The participants in the study are theagricultural water elites of the region who were surveyed using the censusmethod. The data were analyzed using    and Nvivo software. The results ofthe study showed that water management in the watershed covered by springheadHersin faces many challenges in different dimensions. These challenges areparticularly related to the effectiveness of government activities at the basinscale, the efficiency of the existing statistics and information system andsustainable financial resources, and finally the lack of trust of farmers dueto lack of tra  arency in water decisions in the region. Finally, long-termstrategies based on these challenges were proposed. The main strategy is tocreate a strong catchment organization that can replace the water management ofHarsin city, which is responsible for holding the government in the region.  Keywords: goodgovernance, sustainable water management, agricultural surface water, Hersin springhead.AbstractClimate change and increasing uncertainty aboutclimate change have seriously challenged the sustainable management of waterresources. There is no doubt that technical solutions are available andnecessary, but these solutions alone are not enough. Researchers believe thatthe key to solving water problems lies in water governance. The watershedcovered by springhead Harsin in Kermanshah province is one of the areas thatface problems of weakness and inefficiency in water governance. Therefore, inthis mixed research, an attempt has been made to evaluate the status of goodwater governance while examining the existing structures and relationshipsbetween water actors in this region. The participants in the study are theagricultural water elites of the region who were surveyed using the censusmethod. The data were analyzed using    and Nvivo software. The results ofthe study showed that water management in the watershed covered by springheadHersin faces many challenges in different dimensions. These challenges areparticularly related to the effectiveness of government activities at the basinscale, the efficiency of the existing statistics and information system andsustainable financial resources, and finally the lack of trust of farmers dueto lack of tra  arency in water decisions in the region. Finally, long-termstrategies based on these challenges were proposed. The main strategy is tocreate a strong catchment organization that can replace the water management ofHarsin city, which is responsible for holding the government in the region.  

   Today, due to over-exploitation of agricultural lands and feeding of crops by chemical fertilizers, regardless of organic fertilizers in soil nutrition, a situation has arisen in which our agricultural soils are among the poorest soils in terms of organic matter. This issue necessitates the use of green and livestock fertilizers in Iran's agricultural systems. Considering the importance of green manure plants as organic fertilizers, in order to investigate the growth characteristics and biomass production capacity of several species of green manures, A factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design was conducted in 1397 in the research farm of Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kermanshah. Experimental factors included two factors (green manure including: 1. Iranian clover 2. lathyrus 3. vetch 4. rye 5. barley) and (planting time included: two dates of the last decade of November and the first decade of December). The results showed that planting date treatment had a significant effect on the five percent probability level on the percentage of green cover. Green manure treatment showed a significant effect on green cover percentage, dry weight, fresh weight, leaf area index, crop growth rate at the level of 1% probability. According to the results of comparing the means, in the planting date treatment, the highest percentage of green cover was related to the November planting treatment (83.4%) and the lowest green cover percentage was related to the December planting treatment (76.85%). In relation to green manure plant treatments, the highest percentage of green cover was related to rye and barley treatments (94.5% and 90.5%, respectively) and The lowest was allocated to lathyrus, vetch and Iranian clover treatments (with values of 75, 71.5 and 69.38%, respectively). The highest dry weight of single plant was assigned to barley and rye treatments (with values of 26.86 and 26.82 g, respectively), but there was no significant difference between these two plants in terms of dry weight of single plant. The lowest single plant dry weight among green manure treatments was related to lathyrus, Persian clover and vetch treatments (21.0625, 20.85 and 17.56 g, respectively). Also, the observations of this study showed that the highest leaf area index was related to rye and barley treatments (with values of 4.97 and 4.72, respectively) and also, the lowest was observed in the treatment of Iranian vetch and clover (with values of 2.856 and 3.141, respectively). In this experiment, the highest growth rate was related to rye and barley (with values of 1.38 and 1.37, respectively), but there was no significant difference between the two treatments in terms of growth rate. The lowest growth rate among green manure treatments belonged to lathyrus, clover and vetch treatments (with values of 1.1, 1.03 and 0.92, respectively). In this study, it was observed that the effect of cover plant cultivation date on the production of green cover of these plants is effective. Regarding the C/N ratio, considering that the highest green cover and growth rate and uptake were related to rye and barley treatment and the highest amount of this ratio was assigned to two plants of rye and barley green manure (32.67 and 33.113). As a result, it can be said that in terms of green manure with high green cover, the best options in the climate of Kermanshah in this study are rye and barley green manure. Given that the main purpose of this experiment was to find a suitable planting date as well as the best option among plants grown as green manure, It can be said that more green cover (83.4%) has been produced in the date of November cultivation and it can be a more suitable date for cultivating these green manure plants and finally controlling winter weeds.

   بررسي تنوع زيستي علف هاي هرز باغات گردو(Juglans regia)، انگور(Vitis vinifera) و انار(Punica granatum)   در شهرستان پاوه

   Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE FA To study the effect of planting date and plant density on the quality and quantity of two varieties of flaxseed oil, two field experiments were carried out in 2016 and 2017 in research farm of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University of Kermanshah

  Crop management of weeds is one of the important strategies in sustainable agriculture. In this regard, identification of herbal traits affecting competitive ability and crop nutritional status is of particular importance. This experiment was conducted to identify the herbal properties affecting competitive ability of wheat cultivars with weeds at different levels of nitrogen in 1394 at the research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University of Kermanshah. The experiment was conducted as split plot in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The factors studied included the application of nitrogen at three levels (0, 50 and 100% recommended by soil test) as the main factor and wheat cultivars (Urum, Sirvan, Sivand, Parsi, Pishgam, Pishtaz and Mihan) as sub factors. . In order to investigate the effect of test factors on weed interference, each replication was split longitudinally from the middle to two halves, one of which weed control was controlled throughout the growing season, and in the other, no control was performed. The results showed that the highest and lowest nitrogen yields were 100 and 0%, respectively. Among the wheat cultivars, Pishgam cultivars were the highest and Orum and Mihan cultivars had the least yield. Also, with increasing nitrogen fertilizer application in terms of interference with weeds, the power index of competition tolerance of cultivars decreased and the density and dry weight of weeds increased, indicating more competitive weeds than wheat cultivars. The results showed that in competition with weeds Sivand, Pishtaz and Pishgam cultivars, due to the leaf area index, height, crop growth rate, seedling weights and number of spikes per square meter more, decreased the density and weeds biomass They had a higher competition index than other cultivars.  Key words: Interference, Competition, Variety, Wheat, Nitrogen, Plant Properties

  AbstractGalium aparine is a problematic weed, which has become increasingly difficult to control with herbicides in Iran. The aim of this study was to screen selected putative-resistant populations of G. aparine for resistance to auxinic herbicides 2,4-D+MCPA and ALS–inhibiting herbicides sulfosulfuron, tribenuron-methyl, mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium. Populations of G. aparine were collected from different wheat fields in the west of Kermanshah, where herbicide-use pattern is typical for Iran. Herbicide resistance to premixed herbicide 2,4-D+MCPA was confirmed in several populations. More populations of G. aparine showed cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides examined in this research. Some populations were found to have developed multiple resistant to both auxinic and ALS herbicides. Generally, the level of resistance to ALS-inhibitor herbicides was higher than that of auxin analog herbicides.   

  Tomato is one of the most economically important crops of the world and Iran which its production seriously threatens by broomrape infection. In order to evaluate the effect of plant probiotics and allelopathic crops rye and hairy vetch on control of broomrape in tomato, greenhouse and field studies were conducted in 2015 and 2016 at Razi University. In greenhouse study the treatments included using different tomato cultivars Karoon, Aras, Sivand and Super Strain-B, allelopathic crops and various isolates of plant probiotics INR7, P2, B60, B71, E11. Examined treatments in filed stud which were chosed based on previously conducted greenhouse study were insisted of using two tomato cultivar Aras and Sivand, plant probiotics INR7 and B71, and allelopathic crops of rye and hairy vetch. For comparison, a non-treated (control) also was included. In this study for tomato plants, stem height and diameter, number of lateral shoots, fruit weight and number (both single and overall yield), and dry and wet weight f aerial and underground parts were measured. In addition, shoot number and dry weight of broomrape were recorded. Generally, results of this study showed that Sivand the most resistant cultivar against broomrape infection while Aras had the highest susceptibility. Interestingly, while the level; of broomrape invasion on Sivand was intensive but its yield was not diminished by broomrape. Using residues of hairy vetch was very effective in reducing the infection of broomrape on tomato. Hence, it could be concluded the most important achievement in our study was the complete inhibition of broomrape infection in tomato. Incubation of tomato seedling with plant probiotic B71 had no direct effect on broomrape infection while using plant probiotic INR7 increased tomato yield. The effectiveness of plant probiotics on tomato yield was very variable in the presence of allelopathic residues. Integrating these factors was more effective on tomato yield than their sole application. This shows the importance of selecting different factors in integrated management of broomrape I tomato crop. Under real agricultural conditions, the effectiveness of each given factor is determined by others and their subsequent interactions.

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