چغندرقند يكي از محصولات مهم زراعي صنعتي است كه در جايگاه دومين منبع بزرگ توليد شكر در جهان قرار دارد. بيماري سفيدك پودري چغندرقند يكي از بيماري‌هاي مهم قارچي اين محصول در سراسر دنيا است كه در ايران نيز در در تمامي مناطق كشت چغندر قند وجود دارد. بهره‌گيري از ارقام مقاوم بهترين رويكرد مديريتي براي مهار اين بيماري محسوب مي‌شود. از اين رو، در اين مطالعه، تعدادي از ارقام اميدبخش چغندرقند با هدف دست‌يابي به رقم مقاوم مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند. در اين پژوهش، مواد گياهي شامل 17 رقم به نام‌هاي اكباتان، پايا، آريا، شكوفا، مطهر،آرتا، دنا، سينا، آسيا، كيميا، نيكا، تارا، هما، حسنا، پالما، مودكس و BTS 335 به همراه ژنوتيپ حساس 191، در قالب طرح بلوك‌هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار در شرايط مزرعه مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند. هر كرت آزمايشي شامل چهار رديف كشت به طول دو متر و فاصله 50 سانتي‌متر بود. دو رديف وسط كرت به ژنوتيپ مورد ارزيابي، اختصاص داده شد و در رديف‌هاي كناري در تمامي كرت‎هاي آزمايشي شاهد حساس 191 به منظور توزيع يكنواخت آلودگي كاشته شد. مزرعه آزمايشي هر دو روز يك بار مورد بازديد قرار گرفته و پس از ظهور اولين علائم آلودگي، ميزان آلودگي هر هفته يك‌بار مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. ارزيابي مقاومت، بر اساس سه شاخص رخداد و شدت بيماري در آخرين يادداشت برداري، سطح زير منحني پيشرفت بيماري و تعداد كنيديوم توليد شده در واحد سطح صورت گرفت. در اين ارزيابي رقم مودكس با اختلاف معني‌دار نسبت به تمامي ژنوتيپ‌هاي ارزيابي شده،   در هر سه روش ارزيابي به عنوان رقم مقاوم شناخته شد. بنابراين، اين رقم در صورت برخورداري از صفات زراعي و عملكرد مطلوب مي‌تواند براي كشت توصيه شود يا به عنوان منبع مقاومت در برنامه‌هاي به‌نژادي مورد استفاده قرار گيرد.   

   Soil nutrient management is of particular importance in the production of medicinal plants. On the other hand, moisture deficiency stress, as the most important factor limiting production, leads to a decrease in plant yield. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of animal manure on ecophysiological traits, grain yield, and essential oil yield of black cumin under irrigation interruption conditions. The experiment was conducted inform split plot based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, at Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University during 2022. The treatments included fully rotted sheep manure (0, 10, 20, and 30 ton ha-1) as the main plot and irrigation interruption (complete irrigation, interruption of irrigation from flowering stage, interruption of irrigation from grain filling stage) as the sub plot. The measured traits included leaf area index (LAI), radiation absorption, relative growth ratio (RGR), crop growth rate (CGR), total dry weight (TDW), radiation use efficiency (RUE), plant height, number of main branches, number of follicles, number of grains per follicle, 1000-grain weight, total dry weight yield, grain yield, essential oil percentage, essential oil yield, and harvest index. The results showed that the application of manure and irrigation treatments had an effect on the evaluated traits. The highest (2.34) and lowest (1.1) maximum LAI were related to the treatment of 30 ton ha-1 and complete irrigation and the conditions of no manure application and interruption of irrigation from flowering stage, respectively. In all manure application treatments, radiation absorption improved with increasing irrigation water. The highest and lowest radiation absorption were observed in the conditions of 30 ton ha-1 of manure and complete irrigation and the treatment of no manure application and interruption of irrigation from the flowering growth stage, respectively. The highest and lowest RGR and CGR were related to 30 ton ha-1 of manure and full irrigation (0.094 g g-1 d-1 and 6.2 g m-2 d-1, respectively) and no manure application and interruption of irrigation from the flowering growth stage (0.066 g g-1 d-1 and 2.3 g m-2 d-1, respectively). The highest RUE (0.5539 g MJ-1) was obtained with 30 ton ha-1 of manure and complate irrigation, and the lowest (0.4565 g MJ-1) was obtained with no manure and interruption of irrigation from the flowering growth stage. The interaction of manure application and irrigation interruption on yield and grain yield components was significant. The highest 1000-grain weight (1.69 g), total dry weight yield (251.5 g m-2), grain yield (108.7 g m-2), and grain essential oil yield (18.7 g m-2) and the lowest 1000-grain weight (1.39 g), total dry weight yield (125.3 g m-2), grain yield (44.3 g m-2), and grain essential oil yield (8.2 g m-2) were observed in the treatment of 30 ton ha-1 of manure and complate irrigation, and the treatment of no manure application and interruption of irrigation from the flowering growth stage, respectively. The results also showed that the correlation of grain yield with total dry waight yield, harvest index, number of follicles m-2, number of grain per follicle, and 1000-grain weight was positive and significant. In general, the results showed that in order to achieve maximum grain yield and grain essential oil yield, the treatment of 30 ton ha-1 of manure and complete irrigation was better. However, in the condition of 30 ton ha-1

  Abstract Bread wheat is one of the important crops in the world and plays an important role in food security. Silicon is not an essential element for plant growth. However, the results of recent researchs showed that silicon has been effective in increasing the resistance of plants against environmental stresses. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to comparing of silicon oxide (SiO2) with different diameters, sodium and potassium silicate in reducing drought stress damage in dryland bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was conducted as of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and the Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. The test treatments include different forms of silicon (without silicon consumption (control), potassium silicate (K2SiO3), sodium silicate (Na2SiO3), nano-SiO2Ps 8nm, nano- SiO2Ps 12±1 nm, nano- SiO2Ps 25±5 nm, nano- SiO2Ps 65±5 nm, SiO2Ps 1000 nm, SiO2Ps 5000 nm, SiO2Ps 10,000 nm and SiO2Ps 100,000 nm. The results showed that the use of different forms of silicon improved the growth and yield of bread wheat. So that the maximum leaf diameter (2.77 mm), spike length (11.38 cm) and the number of spikelets per spike (15.19) were obtained from foliar spraying of Nano-SiO2Ps 8 nm. In addition, the mean comparisons showed that the treatment of nano- SiO2Ps 12±1 nm and Na2SiO3 increases the number of grains in the spike by by 35.11% and 32.93% compared to the control. Also, the highest of 1000 grain weight was observed in potassium silicate treatment, SiO2Ps 10000 nm and nano-SiO2Ps 25 and 8 nm. Foliar spraying of nano-SiO2Ps 25 and 8 nm increased grain yield, biological yield, and straw yield by 38.23%, 49.20% and 57.60% compared to the control, respectively. Plants sprayed with nano-SiO2Ps 8 and 12 nm had significantly more chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll than other forms of silicon. On the other hand, the highest levels of proline, protein and soluble sugars in leaves were observed with the use of nano-SiO2Ps 8, 12, 25 and 65 nm. It was found that the use of different forms of silicon decreased the content of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in leaves compared to the control. In general, treatments of silicon oxide nanoparticles increased the yield, yield components and biochemical traits of wheat more effectively compared to the non-nano form, which indicates the better ability of nanoparticles due to their smaller dimensions and greater surface area. Therefore, it is recommended to use the form of silicon dioxide nanoparticles to increase the growth and yield of bread wheat and reduce the damage of drought stress. Key words: Antioxidant enzyme, Grain yield, Nanoparticle, Silicon, Wheat

Abstract Considering the importance of fodder beet in supplying fodder and its high adaptability to adverse environmental conditions, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the age and number of leaves of fodder beet tra  lant in the greenhouse and Research farm of Razi University's Faculty of Agriculture. The experimental design used in this research was complete randomized blocks with three replications and 10 treatments. In this research, the effect of tra  lant age (one month, 45 days, and two months) and the number of tra  lant leaves (not removing leaves, removing half leaves, and removing all leaves) were investigated. Leaves were removed before tra  lanting to the field and preserving the crown and bud of the tra  lant. Thus, the treatments include direct seed cultivation, 30-day tra  lant without leaf removal, 30-day tra  lant with half of the leaves removed, 30-day tra  lant with all leaves removed, 45-day tra  lant without leaf removal, 45-day tra  lant with half of the leaves removed, the leaves were 45-day tra  lant with the removal of all leaves, 60-day tra  lant without removal of leaves, 60-day tra  lant with the removal of half of the leaves and 60-day tra  lant with the removal of all leaves. After the tra  lants reached the desired age, all the treatments were transferred to the main field simultaneously and on the same date. The results of the analysis of variance showed that survival percentage, the relative amount of leaf water loss, relative leaf water content, SPD, stomatal conductance, specific weight of leaves, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of leaves, and aerial parts, diameter and length Root, crown length, fresh and dry weight of root, root yield, gross income, net income, and benefit-cost ratio were significant. The 45-day tra  lant with removing all leaves was superior to other treatments regarding SPD and stomatal conductance. The results of the research showed no statistical difference between the treatments of two-month and 45-day tra  lants, except for the complete removal of leaves, although the highest value was related to the 45-day tra  lant with half of the leaves removed. The highest gross income and profit-cost ratio was related to the 45-day tra  lant with half of the leaves removed. However, the 45-day tra  lant with no leaf removal and half-leaf removal and the two-month tra  lant with no leaf removal, half-leaf removal, and whole-leaf removal showed the highest net income. Considering that the 45-day planting date and removing half of the leaves had the greatest effect on root yield and income, the simultaneous use of these two methods can play a significant role in increasing early harvest and fodder beet root yield. Keywords: Direct cultivation, Fodder beet, Planting date, Removal of tra  lant leaves, Tra  lantation   

   Abstract The present quantitative study aimed to analyze and examine the relationship between mental behavior indicators and environmental behavior of beekeepers using the hybrid TPB-MPI model. The statistical population of the research consisted of 180 beekeepers from Javanrud County, all of whom were studied using a census sampling method. The data collection tool was a three-part researcher-made questionnaire, whose validity was confirmed by expert professors, and reliability was verified through Cronbach's alpha test. To investigate the causal relationships among the variables, structural equation modeling was employed using PLS software. The results indicated that there was no significant relationship between attitude and intention toward environmentally friendly behavior among beekeepers (p=0.318, t=0.998), intention and mental processing indicators (p=0.124, t=1.538), environmentally friendly behavior and mental processing indicators (p=0.137, t=1.00), and subjective norms and intention toward environmentally friendly behavior (p=0.51, t=0.658). Hence, the null hypothesis remains valid. The findings also showed significant relationships between the variables of intention and environmentally friendly behavior (p=0.016, t=2.40), attitude and mental processing indicators (p=0.018, t=2.36), perceived behavioral control and mental processing indicators (p=0.000, t=3.39), subjective norms and mental processing indicators (p=0.001, t=3.28), perceived behavioral control and environmentally friendly behavior (p=0.000, t=3.36), and environmentally friendly behavior and perceived behavioral control (p=0.017, t=2.38).    Keywords: Mental behavior, mental processing indicators, subjective indicators, Hermann model, environmental behavior, beekeepers   

  Coffee is a common drink made from roasted and ground coffee beans. The coffee plant is native to the subtropical regions of Africa and some islands in South and Southeast Asia. When the fruit of the coffee plant ripens, the coffee beans are harvested, processed and finally dried. Dried coffee beans are roasted to different degrees and depending on the desired aroma, different grades are considered for this product. Coffee is slightly acidic and can cause human irritation due to its high caffeine content. Coffee is one of the most valuable basic products, which is the second main commodity after oil. The detection of natural and unnatural impurities and additives in coffee is a constant concern, especially in relation to guaranteeing the quality of the product with the intentional or accidental addition of foreign substances that can harm the consumer, especially of an economic nature. Therefore, researchers are always trying to provide a suitable solution for detecting adulteration in coffee, which is of great importance considering the applicability of the method and obtaining the appropriate result for the tests, non-destructive and fast method. The purpose of this research was to use the olfactory machine system and artificial intelligence to detect fraud in Arabica coffee (Medium Dark). For this purpose, firstly, Arabica coffee beans from a reputable domestic company and samples of fake powders including roasted soybean powder, wheat flour Barley flour and Robusta coffee were prepared in the amount needed in the experiment. To carry out the experiments, Arabica coffee was mixed with adulterated powders with weight percentages of 10, 40, 30, 20 and 50%. For each sample of coffee and powders used for fraud, a 100% specific sample was considered. 10 grams of the mixture of each sample was added to 100 ml of boiling water and kept boiling for 2 minutes. Finally, it was kept at rest and away from heat for one minute until the particles settled and finally the supernatant was used to perform the smell test. After the step of sucking the smell of the sample by the olfactory device, the obtained data were analyzed by PCA, LDA and ANN methods. According to the obtained results, the ANN method provided a better classification than the LDA method.

   Cover crops contribute to nutrient cycling and may improve soil chemical properties and, consequently, increase crop yield. Potato is the fourth most valuable plant for human nutrition.  o there is a need to develop potato cropping systems with higher yields and crop quality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cover crops planted as pure and mixed on some soil properties and potato growth and   yield. Experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and the Natural Resources، Razi University of Kermanshah. Experimental treatments include barley, vetch and clover cover crops in pure and mixed form at 10 levels, pure clover, pure barley, pure vetch, 50% barley + 50% clover, 50% barley + 50% vetch, 50% vetch + 50% clover, 30% barley + 70% clover, 30% vetch + 70% barley and 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley. The results showed that the height of cover plants was affected by the type of cover crops, so that the tallest barley plants (58 cm) in the treatment of 50% barley + 50% vetch and the shortest clover crops (25 cm) in planting density of 50% vetch + 50% clover was observed. In addition, the use of cover crops compared to the control treatment caused an increase in soil properties including pH, organic carbon, N, P and K in the stage before planting potatoes compared to the before starting experiment stage. In the post-harvest of potato, the use of cover crops decrease pH soil   and increases soil organic carbon, N, P and K compared to the control. On the other hand, the use of cover crops in both stages 20 and 40 days after potato cultivation reduced the density of weeds, and pure barley cover crops was more successful in controlling weeds than other treatments. Among the investigated cover crops, the planting density of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley was more favorable than other treatments. So that the highest plant height, leaf area index, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and the number of main stem in all stages of measurement were obtained from this treatment. In addition, the comparison of averages showed that the maximum number of tubers, fresh weight of tubers and dry weight of potato tubers were obtained by using the mentioned treatment. It was found that cover crops had a positive effect on the diameter grading of the tubers in the maturity stage, and in the treatment of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley, the most small tubers (95 per m2), medium tubers (329 per m2) and large tubers (211 per m2) were seen. On the other hand, it was observed that this treatment increased the tuber yield by 7.98 tons/ha compared to the control treatment. In all four stages of vegetative growth, tuber formation, tuber bulking stage and potato tuber maturity, the treatment of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley caused an increase of 43.35, 53.37, 42.17 and 50.43% respectively, RWC was compared to the control without cover crops. In general, the results of this research showed that the cultivation of cover crops can be used as a strategy to improve the growth traits, yield and yield components of potatoes.

  To investigate the effect of tillage systems on the yield and yield

   Botanical gardens all over the world are a place for collecting different plant species, preserving and researching them, that is why most of these gardens belong to universities and research institutions. In other words, it can be estimated that there are more than 1775 botanical gardens all over the world that try to preserve and cultivate plants and try to educate people, students and enthusiasts with these valuable creatures. introduce The Zagros Botanical Garden includes a variety of tree and shrub species that was established in Razi University campus in 2016 and the seedlings of its species were collected from different parts of the country and planted here, and on the other hand Currently, Kermanshah province is suffering from drought, so the important measures that can be taken in this field is to identify the species that have more survival and survival in the current conditions. The purpose of this research is to investigate the diameter and height growth of these seedlings as well as their survival in the conditions of Kermanshah. For this purpose, first in 1400, the location of all seedlings in the UTM system was measured and recorded using a tape measure for distance and a Sunto compass for azimuth, so that they could be used by other researchers in the surveys of the following years. Then, by taking 100% statistics and using a diameter caliper at the collar, stump (40 cm) and chest (one meter and thirty cm) locations, up to a millimeter accuracy, and using a tape measure, the height of seedlings of 38 tree and shrub species They were measured to the nearest centimeter and recorded. In the next step, in 1402, to determine the survival percentage of species, the number of non-dried seedlings of all species was counted. The obtained results showed that the above-mentioned species had statistically different diameter growth of neck, trunk and chest as well as height growth, but they did not differ from each other in terms of survival. The results of this survey can be used for botanical garden managers, researchers, and students of natural resources fields, especially for master's and doctoral theses, as well as educational matters.    Key words: diagonal growth, height growth, seedling, survival, Zagros Botanical Garden.

  This study was conducted to investigate the effects of planting date and application of chemical fertilizers and different amounts of seed application on yield and yield components of Kamlina oilseed plant in Razi University Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus Research Farm. The three-factor factorial experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors include four planting dates (27 September, 15 October, 2 December and 20 March), different levels of fertilizer mixture (NPK) in proportions of nitrogen 18%, phosphorus 54% and potassium 27% in four levels of control (without fertilizer), 50 kg Per hectare, 100 kg / ha and 150 kg / ha, which were added to the soil at planting, and the third factor was three seed levels (40 kg / ha, 80 kg / ha and 120 kg / ha). The results of this study showed that the effect of planting date, seed content and fertilizer amount on plant height, number of sub-branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight and grain yield were significant. The three opposite effects of planting date * seed amount * fertilizer amount on plant height and 1000-seed weight were significant. The results of comparing the mean of the data showed that the highest height of Kamelina plant was obtained on the 15rd of October with the application of 12 kg of seeds per hectare and also the application of 150 kg of NPK fertilizer per hectare at the rate of 91 cm. Also, on the 15rd of October, with the application of 150 kg / ha of NPK fertilizer, the highest number of sub-branches per plant was obtained as 10.77 sub-branches. Among all experimental treatments, the highest number of pods per plant was obtained in the treatment application of 12 kg / ha of camellina seeds and in the date of sowing on October 15, 281 pods per plant and in all four planting dates the application of NPK fertilizer increased to 150 kg / ha Caused more pods to form per plant. The application of 150 kg / ha of NPK fertilizer on the date of planting on 15 October caused the highest number of seeds per pod to be 16 seeds per pod. Among all the experimental treatments, the application of 150 kg of NPK fertilizer along with the application of 12 kg of seeds sown on the date of sowing on 15 October obtained the highest 1000-seed weight of 1.56 g. Increasing seed application per unit area led to increased grain yield in the plant Camellina and among all experimental treatments, the highest grain yield of 1381 kg was obtained on 15 Octobre with 150 kg / ha NPK fertilizer. Based on the results of this study, it was found that in order to achieve higher yield of camellia in Kermanshah region, 12 kg / ha of seeds and 150 kg of NPK fertilizer should be used and the planting date should be in the range of 15 October.

Abstract The use of conservation tillage methods to preserve soil health has received attention in recent years. On the other hand, evaluating the effects of these methods on crop yield and weed control can lead to selecting the appropriate method and obtaining the maximum benefit of it. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of a five-year history of conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage during the 2022 in the Ravansar district, Kermanshah. For this purpose, 65 dryland wheat fields were selected, where tillage was performed using one of three methods of no-tillage, reduced tillage (using a disk), and conventional tillage (using a moldboard plow). The farms were divided into four groups based on their five-year tillage history: 1) no-till with direct seeding, 2) reduced tillage using a disk, 3) conventional tillage using a moldboard plow, and 4) a combination of no- tillage, reduced tillage, and conventional tillage over the past five years. Sampling was done using two methods: 1) direct sampling from the farms, and 2) obtaining information from the farms and farmers using a questionnaire. In the direct sampling method, weed density was recorded by species in two stages, before and after herbicide application, using a random sampling method. Furthermore the Simpson's Dominance Index and the Smith and Wilson Evenness Index of weed communities were calculated. Information related to land management, including soil preparation method over the past five years, type of chemical fertilizer used, seed variety, seed rate, planting date and method, as well as farmers' experience, education level, farm area, occupation, ownership, and residence situation were collected through a questionnaire. The results showed that the five-year tillage history had a significant effect on wheat yield, weed density, species richness, and population evenness. Wheat yield in the no-till system was 38.3%, 44.6%, and 52.7% higher than minimum tillage, combined tillage, and conventional tillage, respectively. In the conventional tillage system, weed density and species richness were significantly higher, while population evenness of weeds was lower compared to conservation tillage systems. Weed density had a negative relationship, and population evenness had a positive relationship with wheat yield. The composition of important weed communities in the fields under conventional tillage was completely different from fields with combined tillage, reduced tillage, and no-tillage. However, the most important weed species in fields with reduced tillage and combined tillage showed similarities. The investigation of applied agricultural management practices showed that crop density and planting method had a significant effect on wheat yield, and the selection of these practices was directly related to the choice of conservation tillage methods. The study of farmers' characteristics and its relationship with the selection of tillage method also indicated the necessity of educating and raising awareness among farmers about the impacts of conservation tillage. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of adopting conservation tillage practices for maintaining weed control, improving wheat yield, and preserving soil health. It also emphasizes the need for farmer education and awareness regarding the benefits and implementation of conservation tillage methods.   

   آگاهي از وضعيت تغذيه­اي باغات ميوه به منظور افزايش كميت و كيفيت محصول يك امر ضروري و اجتناب­ناپذير است. همچنين، مديريت پايدار حاصلخيزي خاك يكي از مؤلفه­هاي مهم مديريت خاك در راستاي كشاورزي پايدار است كه ارزيابي آن از طريق سنجش ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي امكان­پذير مي­باشد. اين پژوهش با هدف بررسي تأثير چالكودهاي تلفيقي مختلف از كودهاي آلي، شيميايي و زيستي بر رفع كلروز آهن در درختان هلو و شليل، تعادل عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه درختان تيمار شده و برخي ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي خاك انجام گرفت. پيش از اعمال تيمارهاي چالكود، نمونه­هاي خاك از دو عمق 30-0 و 60-30 سانتي­متري به ‌صورت مركب از باغ مورد مطالعه تهيه و ويژگي­هاي شيميايي (pH، EC، ماده آلي و فسفر و پتاسيم فراهم) و زيستي (تنفس پايه، كربن زيست­توده ميكروبي، تنفس ناشي از سوبسترا و كسر متابوليك) آن­ها تعيين شدند. اين پژوهش به صورت آزمايش فاكتوريل در قالب بلوك­هاي كامل تصادفي در 3 بلوك و 5 تيمار اجرا شد. اواسط اسفند 1398، تيمارهاي آزمايشي به صورت چالكود در يك سوم بيروني سايه­انداز درختان به اين صورت اعمال شدند: كود دامي كاملاً پوسيده (A)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين (B)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + باكتري باسيلوس (C)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + تيوباسيلوس + گوگرد پودري (D)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + باكتري باسيلوس + تيوباسيلوس + گوگرد پودري (E). مقادير نيتروژن، فسفر، پتاسيم، آهن، منگنز، مس و روي در برگ و ميوه درختان در سال­هاي 1399 و 1400 و كلروفيل برگ در سال 1400 اندازه­گيري شدند. پس از برداشت ميوه­ها در تابستان 1400، نمونه­هاي خاك از دو عمق 30-0 و 60-30 سانتي­متر و از كنار محل چالكود با استفاده از اوگر برداشته شد. ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي در خاك­هاي تيمار شده، اندازه­گيري و با ويژگي­هاي خاك قبل از چالكود مقايسه شدند. نتايج نشان داد كه كمترين و بيشترين مقادير كلروفيل برگ و عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه هلو و شليل به ترتيب در تيمارهاي A و E به دست آمدند. بر اساس آناليز واريانس كيت-نلسون، عملكرد 1/50 و 2/43 كيلوگرم در درخت به عنوان عملكرد بحراني براي تفكيك جامعه با عملكرد بالا (تيمارهاي D و E) از جامعه با عملكرد پايين (تيمارهاي A، B و C) به ترتيب در درختان هلو و شليل به دست آمد. آهن و فسفر، محدودكننده­ترين عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه هلو و شليل در جامعه با عملكرد پايين بودند. همچنين، نتايج نشان داد كه pH خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري نسبت به خاك شاهد كاهش يافت و كمترين مقدار pH مربوط به تيمار E بود. همچنين، با افزايش عمق، مقدار pH در خاك­هاي چالكود شده كاهش پيدا كرد، در حالي­كه در خاك شاهد افزايش يافت. مقدار EC خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري بيشتر از خاك شاهد بود. با اين حال، افزايش EC در خاك­هاي تيمار شده به اندازه­اي نبود كه منجر به شوري خاك شود. اثر تيمارهاي چالكود بر افزايش مقدار ماده آلي خاك معني­دار بود. مقدار ماده آلي خاك در عمق 30-0 سانتي­متري، از 09/2 تا 23/2 درصد متغير بود كه بيشترين و كمترين مقدار آن به ترتيب براي خاك شاهد و تيمار E به دست آمد. دامنه اين پارامتر در عمق 60-30 سانتي­متري، 90/2-69/1 درصد بود كه بر خلاف لايه اول، بيشترين مقدار در تيمار E و كمترين مقدار در خاك شاهد اندازه­گيري شد. مقدار فسفر فراهم خاك به طور معني­داري نسبت به شاهد افزايش پيدا كرد، در حالي­كه بين مقادير اين پارامتر در خاك­هاي چالكود شده، تفاوت معني­داري وجود نداشت. مقدار پتاسيم فراهم در خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري نسبت به شاهد افزايش پيدا كرد و اين تفاوت در عمق 60-30 سانتي­متري چشمگيرتر بود. تيمارهاي چالكود به طور معني­داري تنفس پايه، تنفس ناشي از سوبسترا و كربن زيست­توده ميكروبي را نسبت به شاهد افزايش دادند، در حالي­كه اثر آن­ها بر كسر متابوليك معني­دار نبود. به طور كلي، مي­توان گفت كه مديريت تلفيقي چالكود در تيمار E، بيشترين تأثير را در بهبود كلروز آهن، تعادل تغذيه­اي درختان و كيفيت شيميايي و زيستي خاك داشت.

Yarrow is one of the most important herbal plants, which farmers can cultivate most properly by identifying the appropriate fertilizer level and the best cultivation time. To investigate the impact of cultivation time and manure on plant yield and nitrogen absorption and use efficiency in yarrow, an experiment was conducted with a split-plot randomized complete block design in three replications. The experiment factors included manure as the plot factor at four levels (0, 10, 20, and 30 tons per hectare) and cultivation time as the subplot factor (April 4, April 24, and May 14). The examined traits included the growth indicators, yield and yield components, absorption efficiency, agricultural traits, physiological traits, and nitrogen uptake indicator. The results demonstrated increase in the leaf area indicator, product growth rate, relative growth rate, and aerial organ dry weight as manure level rose at all the three cultivation times. Moreover, the maximum values of all the above traits occurred at the manure level of 30 tons per hectare and the first cultivation time, while the minimum values occurred at the manure level of 0 tons per hectare and the third cultivation time. The application of manure exhibited significant effects at the probability level of one percent on the number of capitula per plant, number of grains per capitulum, plant height at harvest and flowering time, 1000-grain weight, plant fresh weight, grain yield, and number of flowering stems. An appropriate cultivation time lengthens the plant growth period, and that for yarrow was found to be the beginning of the growth season (April 4). At this cultivation time, better results were observed for all the yield components and reproductive traits. Furthermore, an increase in manure decreased the absorption efficiency, agricultural traits, physiological traits, and nitrogen uptake indicator. Overall, application of 0-30 tons of manure per hectare and cultivation at the beginning of the season can contribute to great yield and efficient use of the examined herbal plant. Moreover, use of manure as an alternative for chemical fertilizers can properly raise yield and prevent their environmental harms. Keywords: extract, yield component, physiological trait, nitrogen absorption.      

Abstract:  Legumes are of high nutritional importance due to their high protein content. Chickpea is one of the important plants of this family. In order to evaluate the effect of planting arrangement and Mycorrhiza inoculation on the growth and yield of spring pea "Cicer arietinum L." Under different tillage methods, an experiment in the crop year 1399-400 in a research farm located in the campus of agriculture and natural resources of Razi University of Kermanshah at the longitude of 47 degrees and 9 minutes, latitude of 34 degrees and 21 minutes and the height of 1319 meters above sea level. With an average annual rainfall of 445 mm, it was done in the form of a factorial split plot based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The experimental factors include tillage in three levels (no plowing, minimum plowing and Conventional plowing) as the main factor and inoculation with mycorrhizae in two levels (seed inoculation with Mycorrhiza biological fertilizer and no inoculation) and planting arrangement in two ways (25 row spacing) and 50 cm and distance on the row 10 and 5 cm) were applied as sub-factors. In this experiment, Bivanij variety was used. The evaluated traits are the number of green plants, plant height, the number of sub-branches, the distance of the first node from the soil surface, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, green cover and greenness index, sample weight and seed yield, biological yield. hundred seed weight and harvest index. Based on the results of analysis of variance, the effect of tillage type was significant only on the sample weight trait at the probability level of 5% and did not affect other functional traits. Mycorrhiza inoculation was significant on grain yield traits and harvest index at one percent probability level and on hundred seed weight at five percent probability level. The effect of planting arrangement on the characteristics of seed weight and biological performance was significant at the probability level of one and five percent, respectively. In this study, the number of pods per plant trait was more affected by tillage type. The number of seeds in pods and seed yield were also more affected by planting arrangement and Mycorrhiza inoculation. Three treatments of inoculation with mycorrhiza and row spacing of 50 cm (682.6 kg/ha), no inoculation and row spacing of 25 cm (625.5 kg/ha) and inoculation with mycorrhiza and row spacing of 25 cm (611/2 kg/ha) showed the highest seed yield. In total, the results of this research showed the positive effect of the use of biofertilizers on most of the morphological and functional characteristics of the chickpea plant.  Key words: no-tillage, yield, low-tillage, mycorrhiza, chickpea                                                                                      

   اثر   تيمارهاي پيش كاشت بذر با ساليسيليك اسيد، هيوميك اسيد و روي بر عملكرد و كيفيت ارقام گندم دوروم در شرايط ديم چكيده به­ منظور بررسي تأثير تيمار بذر با اسيد هيوميك، اسيد ساليسيليك و روي بر عملكرد و برخي صفات مربوط به ريشه گندم دوروم (Triticum durum Desf.) دو آزمايش گلداني و مزرعه اي در پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي دانشگاه رازي كرمانشاه در سال زراعي 99-1398 اجرا شد. فاكتورها در هر دو آزمايش شامل اسيد هيوميك، اسيدساليسيليك، روي، اسيد ساليسيليك+ اسيد هيوميك، اسيد ساليسيليك + روي، اسيدهيوميك+ روي، اسيد ساليسيليك+ اسيدهيوميك+ روي و شاهد (عدم مصرف) بر روي ارقام گندم دوروم ساجي و ذهاب بودند. در طرح گلداني، آزمايش از نوع فاكتوريل در قالب طرح كامل تصادفي در سه تكرار اجرا گرديده و صفات سطح برگ، وزن خشك ساقه، وزن خشك ريشه، وزن خشك كل، ارتفاع بوته، طول و تراكم ريشه اندازه­ گيري شدند. در طرح مزرعه اي، آزمايش از نوع فاكتوريل و در قالب طرح بلوك كاملاً تصادفي و با سه تكرار و صفات   عملكرد بيولوژيك، عملكرد دانه، تعداد سنبله در متر مربع، تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن هزار دانه، شاخص برداشت، ، ميزان پروتئين دانه، ارتفاع بوته، ميزان كلروفيل a ، b و كاروتنوئيدها مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. نتايج تجزيه واريانس در شرايط گلخانه نشان داد كه رقم، بذرمال نمودن تيمارها و اثرات متقابل آن ­ها بر تمام صفات مورد مطالعه   اثر معني ­دار در سطح احتمال 5 درصد داشتند. در بيشتر صفات عملكردي تيمار اسيد هيوميك+ اسيد ساليسيليك+ عنصر روي بالاترين مقدار را نشان داد و بيشترين ميزان وزن خشك ريشه، طول، تراكم و حجم ريشه در تيمارهاي اسيد هيوميك و اسيد ساليسيليك مشاهده شد. در شرايط مزرعه نيز اثرات متقابل تيمارها بر اكثر صفات مورد بررسي اثر معني ­داري نشان داد. در آزمايش گلخانه­ اي بيشترين ميزان براي تمام صفات در رقم ساجي مشاهده شد. در شرايط مزرعه بر خلاف گلخانه، اكثر صفات به‌ ويژه صفات عملكردي در رقم ذهاب مقادير بالاتري داشتند. به ­طوري كه تقريباً همه­ تيمارهاي مورد بررسي بدون اختلاف معني دار با يكديگر، بالاترين عملكرد دانه (510 گرم) را نشان دادند. بيشترين تعداد دانه در سنبله (46) نيز در تيمارهاي روي در رقم ذهاب مشاهده شد. در مجموع مي­توان چنين بيان كرد كه كاربرد كودهاي آلي و تنظيم كننده­ هاي رشد گياهي موجب افزايش عملكرد و اجزاي عملكرد مي ­گردد.       واژه­ هاي كليدي: رنگيزه هاي فتوسنتزي، وزن خشك ريشه، پروتئين دانه، ذهاب ، ساجي

   Corn, along with wheat and rice, are three important plants of the cereal family. These plants play a very important role in feeding the people of the world. Despite the farmers' attention to supply macro elements needed by these plants, the supply of micro elements is not considered. Agricultural soils in most regions of Iran are lacking in metal micronutrients, especially iron and zinc. This problem causes a significant decrease in yield production of these plants. Hence, this research was performed in order to investigate the effect of conventional and nanoparticle fertilizers of iron and zinc on yield and some physiological characteristics of corn in the research farm of the agricultural campus of Razi University in 2019. This research was performed in the form of a complete randomized block design in three repetitions. The treatments investigated in this research were: 1) different concentrations of two iron and zinc fertilizers (three concentrations of 4 and 8 grams per liter and control and 2) type of fertilizer at two levels (conventional and nanoparticle fertilizer). In order to investigate the effect of the mentioned treatments on the agronomic and physiological characteristics of single cross 600 seed corn, foliar treatments of micronutrient elements were applied twice during development period including: the beginning of vegetative growth and the beginning of flowering. The results of data analysis variance showed that conventional and nanoparticles of iron and zinc caused a significant increase in grain yield compared to the control treatment (3590 kg/ha). The highest increase in grain yield under these conditions was obtained in the group of conventional form of iron fertilizer treatment and the group of combined treatment of iron nanoparticle * zinc nanoparticle with an 81% increase compared to the control treatment. The highest increase in grain yield was obtained in the combined fertilizer treatments of iron nanoparticle 4 * zinc nanoparticle 8 and iron nanoparticle 8 * zinc nanoparticle 4, respectively, with 123 and 132% increase compared to the control treatment (3590 kg/ha). The seed yield had a positive and significant correlation with harvest index traits (R2=0.80**), the number of ears per plant (R2=0.40**), the number of seeds per plant (R2=0.61**), and the number of seeds in a row (R2=0.54**). Among the two traits of the number of seeds per plant and the weight of 1000 seeds, the foliar application of micronutrient elements in conventional and nanoparticle form at the beginning of vegetative growth and at the beginning of flowering had the most significant effect on the number of seeds per plant. In this connection, foliar spraying of micronutrient elements had no significant effect on the weight of one thousand seeds. It seems that the number of seeds per plant is more influenced by environmental factors than the attribute weight of 1000 seeds. Keywords: Antioxidan, Catalase, Grain yield, Photosynthetic pigments, Soluble proteins   

  Abstract:Aim:Seedling establishmentis one of the most important stages of crop cultivation.Using seeds with highvigor is a suitable way.From the past until now, the standard germination testis used as a primary test to determine the seed quality.But its result canrarely determine the seedling establishment in the field.If the farm conditionis far from the optimum, the obtained results in the laboratory and in thefield will show more difference.Today, to prevent this problem, seed vigortests are used.Studying the relationship between laboratory tests and seedlingestablishment in the field is one of the most important researches in the seedtechnology.The purpose of this study was to evaluate different seed vigor testsin the laboratory for oat varieties to predict the seedlings establishment inthe field and determine the most suitable test.Materials and methods:Inthis study, eight oat seed lots (belonging to four varieties new produced in2019 and old produced in 2012) were used.The research was conducted in thelaboratory and research farm of Razi University during 2019-21.In thelaboratory section, various seed vigor tests such as standard germination test,cold test, osmotic stress test, water imbibition test, electrical conductivitytest and accelerating aging test were performed on eight oat seed lots.In thefield section, the percentage and rate of seedling emergence were alsomeasured.Finally, the correlation among the results of the laboratory tests andthe field test were measured.Results:Oat seed lots weredifferent in terms of vigor.Among the seed lots, Qual and then Potoro varietieshad higher seed germination, seedling, vegetative and reproductive growth thanEuro and Tarahomara varieties.As the seeds aged, the amount of seed vigor decreasedsignificantly.Standard germination test, cold test, osmotic stress test,electrical conductivity test and water imbibition test were able to predict thepercentage and emergence of oat seedlings in the field.In the standardgermination test, the germination rate had the highest correlation with thepercentage and rate of seedling emergence in the field, but in the cold test,the highest correlation was obtained in the seedling vigor index of the normalseedlings.In the osmotic stress test, plumul length and seedling weight had thehighest correlation with the seedling emergence percentage; but radicle weightand seedling vigor index of the normal seedlings had the highest correlationwith the seedling emergence rate in the field.According to the correlationcoefficients in the electrical conductivity and the water imbibition tests,these tests were also able to predict the seed vigor in the field.Conclusion:Based on theresults of the experiment, the osmotic stress test and then the cold test are recommendedto determine the oat seed vigor and predict the seedling establishment in thefield.In other words, these tests have a high potential in separating strongand weak seeds.Keywords:Accelerated agingtest, cold test, electrical conductivity test, osmotic stress test, standardgermination test, water imbibition test.  

Abstract In order to implement measures for the development and exploitation of new water resources, especially in the agricultural sector in arid and semi-arid regions such as Iran, the use of wastewater can be considered as water resources. By using these resources, not only part of the agricultural water shortage is compensated, but also the effects of improper discharge of effluents and its damages to agricultural resources and the environment are prevented. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the strategic crops that is very important in terms of level and nutritional value, so over the past few decades, many measures have been taken to increase its yield. Among these measures, we can mention the use of organic fertilizers such as sewage sludge, which in addition to increasing yield, it is important to study the environmental and health issues related to the use of these fertilizers, as well as the absorption of heavy elements. In order to evaluate the effect of Ravansar industrial town effluent on yield, yield components and accumulation of heavy metals in wheat grain (Pishgam cultivar), in the 2016-17 crop year on a farm in Kermanshah province, Ravansar city, Upper Khorramabad village, a research project as split plot was performed in three replications. Experimental factors included 1. Irrigation water as the main factor (at three levels: a) Irrigation with industrial town effluent b) Irrigation with the left channel of Ravansar c) Irrigation with well water) 2. Irrigation times as a secondary factor (including 1- Onc irrigation time 2- two irrigation times 3- three irrigation times). The results of the present study showed that the treatment of industrial town effluent and water of Qarsoo Ravansar canal had a significant potential of micronutrients. The application of the mentioned effluent in controlled amounts, in the results of plant decomposition, showed that the effluent effluent increased the concentration of iron, zinc and copper in comparison with the control in the plant seeds. All of these elements are the nutrients needed to fill cereal grains such as wheat. The use of wastewater in all quantities to some extent increased the weight of 1000 grains of wheat, so that the highest 1000-grain weight of wheat (49.897 g) was related to the treatment of canal water and three irrigation times, which there was no significant difference between this treatment and three irrigation treatments with industrial town effluent in terms of 1000-grain weight (49.217 g). The results showed that the application of effluent had a positive role in filling wheat grains and by releasing nutrients during the growing period of wheat, Pishgam cultivar increased seed yield and seed yield components including 1000-grain weight, number of grains per spike, number of spikes per plant, and leaf area in wheat. Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in plant samples showed that the concentrations of heavy metals of lead and cadmium evaluated in the present study are high in effluent-treated samples. In well water treatments, the concentration of heavy metals was less than the allowable limit, but in canal and effluent water treatments, the concentration was very high and beyond the allowable limit of heavy metals. But it is not in the toxic concentration range of these elements. Therefore, in order to use the wastewater effluent of the industrial town in agriculture as irrigation water, according to the amount of increase of the mentioned metals in the soil and the amounts absorbed by the plants, it is necessary to consider the toxicity threshold for each metal depending on the type of plant and environmental conditions and evaluate the effluent values based on it. Keywords: Heavy elements, Industrial effluent, Organic fertilizer, Pollutants, Wheat, Yield

   Today, due to over-exploitation of agricultural lands and feeding of crops by chemical fertilizers, regardless of organic fertilizers in soil nutrition, a situation has arisen in which our agricultural soils are among the poorest soils in terms of organic matter. This issue necessitates the use of green and livestock fertilizers in Iran's agricultural systems. Considering the importance of green manure plants as organic fertilizers, in order to investigate the growth characteristics and biomass production capacity of several species of green manures, A factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design was conducted in 1397 in the research farm of Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Kermanshah. Experimental factors included two factors (green manure including: 1. Iranian clover 2. lathyrus 3. vetch 4. rye 5. barley) and (planting time included: two dates of the last decade of November and the first decade of December). The results showed that planting date treatment had a significant effect on the five percent probability level on the percentage of green cover. Green manure treatment showed a significant effect on green cover percentage, dry weight, fresh weight, leaf area index, crop growth rate at the level of 1% probability. According to the results of comparing the means, in the planting date treatment, the highest percentage of green cover was related to the November planting treatment (83.4%) and the lowest green cover percentage was related to the December planting treatment (76.85%). In relation to green manure plant treatments, the highest percentage of green cover was related to rye and barley treatments (94.5% and 90.5%, respectively) and The lowest was allocated to lathyrus, vetch and Iranian clover treatments (with values of 75, 71.5 and 69.38%, respectively). The highest dry weight of single plant was assigned to barley and rye treatments (with values of 26.86 and 26.82 g, respectively), but there was no significant difference between these two plants in terms of dry weight of single plant. The lowest single plant dry weight among green manure treatments was related to lathyrus, Persian clover and vetch treatments (21.0625, 20.85 and 17.56 g, respectively). Also, the observations of this study showed that the highest leaf area index was related to rye and barley treatments (with values of 4.97 and 4.72, respectively) and also, the lowest was observed in the treatment of Iranian vetch and clover (with values of 2.856 and 3.141, respectively). In this experiment, the highest growth rate was related to rye and barley (with values of 1.38 and 1.37, respectively), but there was no significant difference between the two treatments in terms of growth rate. The lowest growth rate among green manure treatments belonged to lathyrus, clover and vetch treatments (with values of 1.1, 1.03 and 0.92, respectively). In this study, it was observed that the effect of cover plant cultivation date on the production of green cover of these plants is effective. Regarding the C/N ratio, considering that the highest green cover and growth rate and uptake were related to rye and barley treatment and the highest amount of this ratio was assigned to two plants of rye and barley green manure (32.67 and 33.113). As a result, it can be said that in terms of green manure with high green cover, the best options in the climate of Kermanshah in this study are rye and barley green manure. Given that the main purpose of this experiment was to find a suitable planting date as well as the best option among plants grown as green manure, It can be said that more green cover (83.4%) has been produced in the date of November cultivation and it can be a more suitable date for cultivating these green manure plants and finally controlling winter weeds.

Abstract An experiment was conducted as a factorial split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications to study the effect of planting date, density and cultivar on yield and yield components of quinoa in Razi University of Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Farm. The main plots in this experiment are planting dates at three levels including; March 20, April 20 and May 20, and the factors were density (40 and 60 plants per square meter) and three cultivars of quinoa (Titicaca, Redcarina and Q29). The results showed that in all three planting dates, the highest number of days to reach different phenological stages was obtained in Q29 genotype, so that the day to maturity for this cultivar was 151.33 days in the planting date. The height of the plant in the culture treatment on April 10 was higher than other planting dates by 102.47 cm. On the date of sowing on April 10, the weight of 1000 seeds in quinoa was 2.19 grams, which was significantly less than the date of sowing in May 20 and higher than the date of sowing in March. Seed yield in Titicaca cultivar and on planting on April 10 had higher grain yield (2297 kg / ha) than the other two cultivars. Also, quinoa plant at 60 plants / m2 had higher grain yield (1962.22 kg / ha) than 40 plants / m2 (1884.7 kg / ha). The highest biological yield of 5498 kg / ha was obtained in Titicaca cultivar on April 20. The biological yield of quinoa plant at a density of 60 plants per square meter (4578.2 kg / ha) was higher than the density of 40 plants per square meter (4233.5 kg / ha). At a density of 40 plants per square meter and planting of quinoa on March 11, the highest harvest index was 48.28%. Based on the results of this study, it can be recommended for Kermanshah region to obtain maximum quinoa seed yield that Titicaca cultivar is planted at a density of 60 plants per square meter on April 20.   

      Abstract   In organic farming, organic fertilizers not only provide the nutrients needed by the plant but also improve the soil physical structure and its biological activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of vermicompost enriched with bacterial strains on the vegetative yield of basil (Ocimum basilicum) and physical and chemical properties of soil. Bacterial isolates were isolated from worm and vermicompost samples. Screening of the bacterial isolates was performed based on improving basil dry weight in greenhouse conditions. Finally, three bacterial isolates (28, 54 and 56) were selected and used in the main greenhouse experiments along with the two reference strains B. velezensis Fol and B. pumilus INR7. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design and the experimental treatments included mature animal manure, vermicompost without inoculation and vermicompost inoculated with each of the bacterial isolates. After two months, the basil plants were harvested and the factors related to plant growth, soil and plant nutrients and soil biological characteristics were evaluated. The results showed a significant advantage of vermicompost inoculated with bacterial isolate 56 compared to other treatments. The highest shoot and root growth and nutrient elements in plant leaves were observed in this treatment. The highest wet and dry weight with 30.7 g and 3.54 g, respectively, were achieved in the treatment with isolate 56 and the lowest values ??(13.2 g) and (1.48 g) were obtained in soil amended with mature animal manure. The effect of vermicompost enrichment was significant on plant iron, zinc, copper and manganese content at 1% level and on nitrogen content at 5% level. But there was no significant difference between the amounts of plant potassium and phosphorus between the treatments. The highest levels of elements take up by plant were observed in the treatment with isolate 56, so that the concentrations of iron, copper, manganese, zinc and nitrogen increased 38.3%, 27.7%, 25.8%, 41.6%, compared to treatment with mature animal manure, respectively. The effect of bacterial isolates on soil pH and soil micronutrients (copper, manganese and iron) was not significant, but was significant on soil potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus at 1% and zinc at 5% probability level. The highest amounts of soil elements were obtained in the treatment with isolate 56. The amount of potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc increased compared to the treatments of animal manure up to 39.46, 54.4, 69.3 and 45.4 %. In fact, the highest concentration of organic carbon and plant growth were recorded in soil treatment with vermicompost enriched with isolate 56. Therefore, it can be expected that more root exudates increased microbial activity in the soil, showing it effect on soil biological indices.   

° C higher than the system without tillage  

  Abstract Tillage is an important component of soil management that affects crop production. In addition, tillage can contribute to agricultural sustainability and improve soil quality by altering the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. One of the most useful tools for assessing soil management status in different tillage systems is soil quality assessment and the use of quantitative indices is one of the most appropriate methods for determining and comparing soil quality. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of different tillage systems on chemical, physical and biological quality. Accordingly, in order to investigate the effects of tillage systems on some of the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils in the Campus Agriculture and Experimental Natural Resources factorial in a randomized complete block design at two depths of 0-25 and Physical, chemical and biological properties of soil such as bulk density, diffusible clay, calcium carbonate equivalent, pH, EC, respiration, microbial biomass and urease and invertase enzymes measured in soil. Were. The results showed that tillage system affected all the studied traits with different intensities. By changing the tillage system from traditional to more conservative, the soil properties had a positive change which resulted in improved quality. It was dirt. So that the apparent bulk density in the conservation tillage system in the surface and deep layer was 18.86% and 18.02%, respectively, compared to the traditional tillage system and soil organic carbon was 21.74% and 18.87%, respectively. The percentage of increase and the highest variation among the biological characteristics of microbial biomass carbon was 53.49% and 42.45% respectively. Cumulative and developmental indices had the highest values in conservation, reduction and traditional tillage systems, respectively. Overall, the cumulative quality index was more accurate in determining soil quality.

  Considering severe water scarcity in current century, integrated water resources management is urgent need to sustain water resources and economic development. The objective of this study was to introduce the optimal planning method of water resources distribution in Bisotun dam (out of river bed) for agriculture, industry and environmental sectors. Biseton reservoir dam is capable for water transformation from Gamasiab river through still pipe with 3500 lit/s capacity during 6 months (late October to April) considering water supply for agriculture, industry and environment needs in East Kermanshah. However, simulation and optimal scenarios were selected using (LINGO) and Water Evaluation and Planning System Programming (WEAP) models considering two scenario; with built dam and its upstream and without   them for agriculture, industry and environmental needs. The results revealed that in both scenarios, the transformed water to dam was constant for industry and agriculture 37 and 14 million m3, respectively. In contrast considering, the Biston dam, there is about 2 million m3 surplus water for environmental needs. Thus, the reserved upper stream through Biston dam cause reduction in down discharge flow of Gamasiab river in rainfall season and consequently can be allocated about 42 million m3 water for environment sector. This situation related to water storage in reservoir dams that are built in upper stream during rainfall seasons. Adversely, during dry months, the reserved water from these dams flowed down stream for environment needs. It is concluded that environmental water needs can be supplied during dry months.

    In this Study, using the Ansys Fluent numerical software, the Azad dam’   Spillway has been simulated. Ansys Fluent is one of the most powerful software in Flow modeling that uses computational fluid dynamics to decompose and solve the governing equations of the phenomenon studied. In this study, the outputs of the software, such as the elevation of the boundary between water and air (water surface), the Static Pressure, the average velocity, and subsequently the values of the index of cavitation in the non-aeration mode during the spillway, were extracted in the experimental model and the numerical model of the Azad dam’s spillway And presented. Validation of results was performed using experimental results of Azad dam’s spillway model with 1:33.33 scale, and then a numerical model for the optimal mesh for the other flows was also performed. The Amounts of water surface, Static pressure, and average velocity were calculated using Tecplot software, and the cavitation index was calculated during the spillway, and it was observed that during a definite end of the Spillway (160 m in reality and 6.3 meters in the model), the cavitation phenomenon It will also happen on the Spillway. As a result, to eliminate cavitation on the Azad dam’s spillway, an aeration system has been used, with dimensions selected according to criteria. In the next step, the location of the aeration system and the number needed to eliminate cavitation on the spillway have been investigated. In this research, three scenarios (four, three, and two aeration systems at different intervals) have been used. Using the numerical model for each scenario, the values of Static pressure and velocity were extracted using TecPlot software, and The cavitation index was also calculated. With regard to the Static pressure in all three modes (four, three and two aeration systems), It was understood that the pressure for the aeration Flow, only in aeration position, has a slight disparity with the non-aerated state. Also, with regard to the mean velocity values, it was observed that the velocity values from the aeration system to a considerable distance at the downstream, were significantly reduced. also, It can be seen that, unlike the static pressure values, the aeration system has been able to reduce the flow velocity in the vicinity of duct coatings in critical areas and ultimately improve the flow state in terms of cavitation phenomena. Finally, the Spillway with two aeration systems was chosen as the best option, because by comparing the cavitation indexes it was found that the multiplicity of aeration system had little effect on the results and the two aeration systems were sufficient for this spillway at specified intervals. Choosing this scenario will also save you time and money.Keywords: Ogee Spillway, Azad dam’s, Cavitation, aeration system, Ansys Fluent.

In order to evaluate the effect of farmyard manure and cover crop on soil physico-chemical characteristics and growth and yield of organic sesame, a split-plot experiment based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in the Organic Farming Educational and Research of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources at Razi University 2016-2017. The experiment treatments were farmyard manure appilication (0, 10 and 20 t ha-1) as a main-plot and cultivation of cover crops (non crop cover, berseem clover, fenugreek and hairy vetch) as a sub-plot. The cover crops were returned to the soil as green manure at the flowering stage and then cultivated sesame seeds 2 weeks later. The evaluted traits were physico-chemical characteristics for three step (befor starting expriment, befor cultivating sesame and post-harvest of sesame) and also sesame growth and yield traits. The results indicated the farmyard manure application compared to control treatment improved the soil characteristics such as organic carbon (5.3%), phosphorus (165%), potassium (15%), total nitrogen (41%) nitrate ion (30.2%), ammonium ion (53/5%), sulfur (32%), copper (27%), zinc (22%), iron (6%) and manganese (7.5%) at the befor cultivating sesame step than the befor starting expriment step. All evaluated soil traits except potassium, sulfure, iron and manganese also improved at the post-harvest of sesame step compared to the befor starting expriment step. The application of cover crops increased the evaluated soil traits so the highest effect related to cultivation of fenugreek and farmyard manure of 20 t ha-1 treatment and the lowest related to non crop cover and farmyard manure of 0 t ha-1 treatment. The results showed that interaction of farmyard manure and cover crop application were significant on 1000-grain weight, total dry weight and grain yield. The farmyard manure application had a significant effect on number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of branches substem, harvest index and plant height but oil and protein percentage were not affected by treatments. The highest grain yield (1727.6 kg ha-1), total dry wieght yield (9082.2 kg ha-1) and 1000-grain weight (3.2 g) were obtained from farmyard manure of 20 t ha-1 and cultivation of fenugreek treatment which were about 41%, 34% and 6% more than non cover crop and farmyard manure of 0 t ha-1 trarment. The green manure of fenugreek at the farmyard manure of 20 t ha-1 had the highest effect on leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth ratio, total dry weight trend and radiation use efficiency of sesame. The lowest weeds density belonged to the berseem clover and fenugreek treatments. The cover crop treatments led to reduction the weeds density and total dry wieght at the end of growing season compared to the beginning of growing season. In general, the results of the study demonstrated that the application of farmyard manure and selection of suitable plant species as cover crop and green manure could improve sesame growth and grain yield via improved the soil physico-chemical properties and reduced the weeds damages in the organic farming conditions.   

The energy issue is one of the most importantprobmlems considered globally. Fossil fuels are the largest energy sourcecurrently. Increasing greenhouse gas emissions has led to climate change invarious climates. Increasing the environmental pollution caused by the use ofthese energies has led various communities and corporations to move towards renewableenergy sources. One of the alternative solutions for fossil fuels is using ofbiodiesel fuel. The major problem with the use of biodiesel is the low powerand torque generated compared to pure diesel. Therefore, the use of additivesto biodiesel is proposed to overcome this problem. In the present study, thediesel-biodiesel blens, nano-aditives in the presence of magnetic field wereused for improving the engine performance and reducing the emissions. The wastekitchen oil was used as source of biodiesel. The biodiesel ratio in fuelmixture is 0, 5 and 10 volume percentage of diesel. Also, used Nanomaterialswere cobalt and cerium nano-oxide. Two neodymium magnets - 42 grade were usedto affect the fuel. The magnetic field was placed on the fuel line and the fuelwas exposed to the magnetic field before entering the engine. In this study,the effect of six parameters as magnetic fields (0, 225 and 4500 Gauss),biodiesel (0, 5 and 10% volume of diesel), nano aditives of Cerium oxide (CeO2)and or Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) with concentration of 0, 20and 40 ppm, ratio of nanomaterials (Cerium oxide to Cobalt oxide (0, 50 and 100%), engine speed of 1200,1800 and 2400 rpm, and engine loads of 25, 50 and 75%using Box-Behnken experiment design and RSM method. Optimization of theparameters of the engine performance and emissions index indicate that the bestparameters were magnetic field of 1561.66 Gauss, concentration of nanomaterialsof 12.25 ppm, nanomaterials ratio of 56.37%, biodiesel ratio of 4.97, enginespeed of 1962 rpm and engine load of 16.14%. In these conditions, engine torqueof 67/14 Nm, engine power of 36.3 kW, brake special fuel consumption (BSFC) of2772.5 gr / kW.h, carbon monoxide (CO) of 135.0% vol., Carbon dioxide(CO2)of0.27%, unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) of 0.032 ppm and nitrogen oxide (NOx) of 4ppm with a desirability of 0.89 were obtained.  

In recent years, the rate of food fraud has increased significantly. Fraud in food products, in addition to affecting product quality and financial losses, has a negative impact on consumer health, thus much concern about the consumption of food products is needed. Cow ghee is one of the main souvenirs of Kermanshah city and is also used in cooking. Mixing cows ghee with vegetable oils, animal fat and margarine are common ways of cheating of this product. It is hard to find a technique that can easily and reliably measure the quality of the cow ghee. Now days, methods which use smell and taste technics are developed. Electrical nose is a new method that is used in agriculture and food industries, especially in the field of quality food research. In this research, a portable system was developed and implemented to evaluate the detection of adulteration in pure cow ghee. The electronic nose system was constructed based on eight metal oxide semiconductor sensors. During the tests, the voltage response of the sensors was collected by the data acquisition system. Different types of adulteration oils includes vegetable oil, fat oil and margarine at different level were prepared. The extracted properties of the signals obtained from the system were processed using principal component analysis method (PCA) and artificial neural network (ANN). According to the results obtained for the mixture of pure cow ghee with fat oil, vegetable oil, margarine, 97, 96 and 98% of variance by PCA method was obtained. Also, for the ANN method, the ltr">  

  Chickpea is one of the most important legumes in the west of the country. In order to study the root development and yield of chickpea varieties in different cultivars, field and field experiments were conducted at Faculty of Science and Agricultural Engineering of Razi University. A field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications and a pot experiment in a factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three replications in the years 1394-1393. In the field and pot experiment, seven genotypes of chickpea (Arman, Azad, Philip55-98, Adil, Native Kishcheh, Hashem and ILC 482) were planted in three planting dates, 20/8/1394, 20/9/1394 and 12/1394. Reviewed. The traits were studied in field experiment including grain yield, harvest index, biological yield, plant height, remobilization, shoot re-transfer ratio and stem efficiency in remobilization. In the pot experiment, traits such as root dry weight, root to shoot ratio, root length, total root length, root volume and root density were investigated. The results showed that Hashem cultivar and K???e native genotype had the highest amount of grain yield traits, remobilization of stored photosynthetic materials into seeds. In terms of planting date, the best date of cultivation was on the date of 20/8/94 or the same date of the first cultivar, the highest grain yield in the pea plant was realized on this date. The statistical results obtained from field experiment confirm that Hashem and Karehcheh cultivars had the highest amount in terms of the amount and ratio of remobilization of photosynthetic materials stored in the stem in the formation of grain yield.In the pot experiment, Arman and native cultivars of Kearcheh on April 20, 1994 had the highest root length, root volume, root dry weight, root to shoot ratio and root density. It seems that all traits related to root of chickpea are influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, to promote and increase drought tolerance in chickpea, finding genotypes with a strong and effective root system is a priority

  افزايش جمعيت، افزايش تقاضا براي غذا را به دنبال خواهد داشت بنابراين توليدات كشاورزي بايد با سرعتي برابر با رشد جمعيت، ولي با همان زمين­ها و منابع آب ثابت، رشد كنند.   به منظور تعيين ميزان رشد و توليد ماده خشك گياه تحت تاثير آبياري با نقطه شبنم، پژوهشي گلخانه اي و مزرعه اي طراحي گرديد. تاثير آبياري با نقطه­شبنم، آبياري­معمولي و بدون آبياري بر­روي صفات كمي و كيفي گيا­هان در پژوهش­هاي گلخانه­اي و مزرعه­اي مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند كه پژوهش گلخانه­اي در دو مرحله (جوانه زني بذر و مرحله رشد رويشي گياه)   اجرا گرديد. در پژوهش در مرحله جوانه زني،   تاثير تيمار­هاي آبياري با نقطه­شبنم و بدون آبياري در قالب طرح كاملا تصادفي با سه تكرار بر درصد جوانه زني بذرنخود، گندم، خيار، كتان، چغندر، شنبليله در سال 1394 ارزيابي گرديد. كه تيمار آبياري با نقطه­شبنم باعث جوانه زني بذر در مقايسه با شاهد (بدون آبياري) گرديد. پژوهش گلخانه اي در مرحله رشد رويشي گياه در قالب طرح كاملا تصادفي با سه تكرار ­روي صفات رويشي نخود و گندم بكار رفت. تيمار­هاي آبياري شامل آبياري با نقطه­شبنم و آبياري معمولي بودند. مقايسه ميانگين داده­ها براي نخود نشان داد كه تيمارآبياري معمولي نسبت به آبياري با نقطه شبنم داراي وزن تر ساقه، وزن تر تك برگ، وزن خشك ساقه، وزن خشك تك برگ، وزن تر كل ساقه و برگ، وزن خشك كل ساقه و برگ و نسبت برگ به ساقه بيشتري بود. مقايسه ميانگين داده­هاي نشان داد كه تيمارآبياري با نقطه­شبنم نسبت به آبياري با روش معمول از نظر طول ساقه، تعداد برگ، وزن تر ساقه، وزن ترتك برگ، وزن خشك ساقه، وزن خشك تك برگ، وزن­تر كل ساقه و برگ، وزن خشك كل ساقه و برگ، سطح برگ، نسبت برگ به ساقه و وزن مخصوص برگ) تفاوتي نداشت. پژوهش مزرعه­اي در قالب طرح بلوك هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار در سال 1396-1395 اجرا گرديد. در اين بخش سه تيمارآبياري با نقطه­شبنم، آبياري معمولي و ديم روي نخود اعمال گرديدند. صفات مورد بررسي   شامل كلروفيل a،   كلروفيل b،   كارتنوييد،   كلروفيل كل،   كلروفيلa/b،   هدايت روزنه­اي،   فتوسيستم (2)،   فتوسيستم (1)،   محتواي رطوبت نسبي آب، ارتفاع ساقه،   تعداد ساقه، تعداد برگ، تعداد غلاف حاوي تك بذردر هر بوته، تعداد غلاف حاوي دو عدد بذر   در هر بوته، تعداد غلاف خالي در هر بوته، تعداد غلاف در هر بوته، طول غلاف، قطر غلاف، تعداد دانه در هر بوته،   وزن 100 دانه، عملكرد در يك هكتار، عملكرد كاه­وكلش در يك هكتار، عملكرد دانه در تك بوته، عملكرد كاه­و­كلش تك بوته، عملكرد دانه در يك متر مربع، عملكرد كاه­و­كلش يك متر مربع، وزن بيولوژيك تك بوته، وزن بيولوژيك در يك متر مربع، شاخص برداشت تك بوته، شاخص برداشت در يك متر مربع بودند. تيمارهاي آبياري اثر معني داري بر   هدايت روزنه­اي،   FV/FM، شاخص كارايي فتوسنتز و تعداد برگ   نخود در شرايط مزرعه داشتند ولي تاثير تيمارها   بر ساير صفات مزرعه اي معني دار نبود. مقايسه ميانگين داده ها نشان داد كه آبياري­با­نقطه­شبنم نسبت به شرايط ديم از نظر   هدايت روزنه¬اي،   FV/FM، برتري داشت. تيمار آبياري معمولي و ديم سطح برگ بالاتري نسبت به آبياري با نقطه شبنم داشتند. آبياري معمولي نسبت به ديمكاري شاخص كارايي فتوسنتز   بيشتري داشت. با توجه با نتايج بدست آمده مي توان گفت كه آبياري با نقطه شبنم بعلت تامين مقدار اندكي رطوبت بهتر است در مراحلي كه گياه احتياج كمتري به آب دارد مانند جوانه زني استفاده گردد، هرچند در شرايط بي آبي مي تواند تا حدي رطوبت مورد نياز گياه را تامين كند و راهكاري براي مقابله با خشكي باشد.

  Today, heavy metalspollution has become a serious environmental problem. Due to the importance of human health andenvironmental protection, the problem of toxic metals must be solved. However, due to thehigh cost of clean-up in the way of the current technology, the interest inrefining contaminated sites is increasing with the use of the phytoremediation.phytoremediation is a low-cost and relatively quick solution to pollution. Compared tophysical and chemical methods, this method has many benefits, such asincreasing biodiversity and reducing soil erosion. Due to the importance ofthis issue, hence, in this study, the exploration of heavy metals of lead andcadmium in rapeseed and Camelina plants was investigated. Experiments wereconducted in a completely randomized design with cadmium (control, 3, 5 and 10mg / kg), and lead (control, 100, 300 and 600 mg / kg) with three replicationsin a research greenhouse of agricultural campus of Razi University. After the end ofexperiments and harvesting of plants, the stem and root parts were separatedand the rate of accumulation of metals in root, aerial part and transfer factorfor cadmium and plant lead and soil biological quality indices were calculated. The results of thisstudy showed that in the stress condition of lead. The concentration of this element at alllevels was higher in the root of the rapeseed than in the Camelina. Also, under conditions ofcadmium stress, the concentration of this element was applied at all levels, inthe root of the Camelina was more than rapeseed. Most biological indices ofsoil quality measured under stress conditions of cadmium were significantlyreduced in cultivated soil at the highest concentration (10 mg / kg of cadmium)in the control soil compared to the soil under rapeseed cultivation. While under stress conditions, thebiodegradation indices of soil under cultivation of rapeseed plants decreased. High concentrationsof cadmium and lead in the root of rapeseed plants and Camelina, and the lowerrate of these two metals in the shoot and the lower transfer coefficientobtained for both metals showed that none of the two plants studied in thistest typically had the capability It is not suitable for the extraction ofheavy metal cadmium and lead from contaminated High concentrations of lead androot cadmium in studied plants and the low transfer factor in them indicate thehigher efficiency of these plants for use in plant fixation technique.Therefore, rapeseed plants and Camelina are able to grow completely in soilcontaminated with cadmium and lead, so that the plant absorbs more cadmium thanrapeseed without significantly reducing its yield. The rapeseed plant also has more lead thancompletely absorbed. Therefore, it can be concluded that rapeseed plants andCamelina are perfectly suitable for the stabilization of cadmium and lead fromsoil.

هدف از اين تحقيق مطالعه تأثير ارتفاع از سطح دريا و جهات جغرافيايي بر روي ويژگي‌هاي كمي و كيفي پوشش گياهي (درختي، درختچه‏اي و علفي) و تنوع گونه­اي آن در جنگل­هاي زاگرس در جنگل آموزشي و پژوهشي دانشگاه رازي كرمانشاه‏ مي‏باشد. در منطقه مذكور سه طبقه ارتفاعي (700تا1000متر،1000تا1300متر و1300تا1700متر) و دو جهت اصلي جغرافيايي (شمالي و جنوبي) را در شش محل به شرح دامنه شمالي سرميل، دامنه جنوبي سرميل، دامنه شمالي قراويز، دامنه جنوبي قراويز، دامنه شمالي گاوچالي و دامنه جنوبي رفيع در نظر گرفته و در هرطبقه ارتفاعي 32 قطعه‌نمونه، در هر محل 16 قطعه‏نمونه ودر هر طبقه جهت جغرافيايي 48 قطعه‏نمونه دايره‌اي 10آري(جمعاً 96 قطعه‌نمونه)، براي اندازه‌گيري مشخصه‌هاي كمي و كيفي درختان و نيز ميكرو پلات‌هايي در داخل پلاتهاي اصلي به مساحت (25) مترمربع جهت بررسي لايه درختچه اي و ميكرو پلات‌هاي ديگري در داخل پلاتهاي اصلي به مساحت (1) مترمربع جهت بررسي لايه علفي پياده گرديد. در داخل قطعات نمونه ده آري اطلاعاتي شامل، ارتفاع از سطح دريا، جهت و وضعيت بهره­برداري­هاي انساني ثبت شدند و سپس مشخصه­هاي كمي و كيفي درختان شامل ، قطر برابر سينه بزرگ‌ترين جست، ارتفاع، قطر بزرگ و كوچك تاج، گونه، وضعيت سلامت درختان (سالم، نيمه سالم و خشكيده)، وضعيت آلودگي درختان به گياه نيمه انگل موخور (شديد، متوسط و بدون آلودگي) يادداشت گرديد. سپس در داخل هر ميكرو پلات 25 مترمربعي اطلاعات زادآوري به تفكيك گونه، ارتفاع (كمتر از 5/0،1/30 -5/0 و بيشتر از 1/30   متر) و سلامت زادآوري (سالم، نيمه سالم و خشكيده) برداشت شد. براي بررسي تنوع زيستي پوشش علفي كف تعداد كل گياهان كف به تفكيك گونه برداشت مي­شوند و در فرم­هاي آماربرداري ثبت گرديد. برايدر هر ميكروپلات يك مترمربعي تعداد گونه‏هاي گياهي به تفكيك گونه ثبت گرديد و در هر قطعه‌نمونه مقدار شاخص­هاي تنوع زيستي محاسبه شد. نتايج نشان‏داد: بيشترين مقدار ميانگين مشخصه­هاي سطح مقطع برابر سينه و درصد تاج پوشش در طبقه ارتفاعي 1300 تا 1700 متر از سطح دريا و دامنه شمالي مشاهده شد و نتايج آزمون تجزيه واريانس و تي مستقل نشان داد كه بين ميانگين مشخصه­هاي كمي درختان در طبقه­هاي ارتفاع از سطح دريا و جهت‏هاي جغرافيايي اختلاف معني­دار وجود دارد. توده داراي ساختار ناهمسال جوان است، و درختان واقع در دامنه شمالي و طبقه ارتفاعي 700 تا 1000 متر در طبقه­هاي قطري بزرگتر، بيشتر پراكنش دارند. بيشترين مقدار زادآوري در هر سه طبقه‏ي ارتفاعي به ترتيب متعلق به بلوط ايراني، ديگرگونه‏ها، زالزالك و آلبالوي وحشي است. همچنين بيشترين تعداد و درصد زادآوري سالم در طبقه ارتفاعي 1300-1700 متر و نيمه سالم در طبقه ارتفاعي 1000-1300 متر و خشكيده در طبقه ارتفاعي 700-1000 متر مشاهده گرديد. بيشترين تعداد در هكتار و درصد ارتفاع زادآوري كمتر از نيم متر و بيشتر از 130 سانتي‏متر، در طبقه ارتفاعي 1300-1700 متر و نيم متر تا 130 سانتي‏متر در طبقه ارتفاعي 1300-1000 متر حضور داشته اند، گونه‏ها و ارتفاع زادآوري در سه كلاسه ارتفاعي بدون اختلاف معني‏دار و سلامت زادآوري داراي اختلاف معني‏دار است. درختان در طبقه كيفي خشكيدگي شديد، در دامنه جنوبي و طبقه ارتفاعي 700 تا 1000 متر از سطح دريا مشاهده گرديد، درختان با آلودگي شديد به گياه نيمه انگل موخور در دامنه شمالي و طبقه ارتفاعي 700 تا 1000 متر از سطح دريا مشاهده شد. همچنين بيشترين مقدار تنوع براي پوشش درختي، درختچه‏اي وعلفي درطبقه مياني ارتفاع (1000-1300) مشاهده گرديد و   بيشترين تنوع براي پوشش درختي و درختچه‏اي در دامنه شمالي و براي پوشش علفي در دامنه جنوبي مشاهده گرديد. در منطقه مورد پژوهش تعداد 56 گونه گياهي مشاهده شد و در كل خانواده­هاي Compositae (با 14 گونه)،   Gramineae (با هشت گونه) و Rosaceae (با هشت گونه) بيشترين فراواني را در منطقه مورد پژوهش داشتند. بيشترين تعداد و درصد گياهان شناسايي شده به ترتيب مربوط به فرم‏هاي زيستي Hemicryptophyte ، Phanerophyte ، Therophyte، Chamaephyte، Geophyte مي‏باشد.  نتايج كلي نشان داد كه عوامل فيزوگرافي جهت و ارتفاع از سطح دريا بر مشخصات كمي و كيفي و تنوع گونه­هاي گياهي اين جنگل­ تاثير دارد.  

Abstract:Soil is the most important natural resource   that is almost irreversible, and as the most important life platform it has a special place in the ecology of each region. a variety of different soils in different regions due to the impact of five factors of soil-building. each of the five factors, climate, parent material, vegetation (living organisms), topography and time are somehow result in the create of different soils. Since the understanding of the formation and transformation of minerals and find other features and characteristics of them is necessary for better understanding of the formation and development of soil, one of the very important need to examine the evolution of the soil is clay mineralogy research. Clay minerals, Among the most important sector   of solid phase of soil and its effect on soil physical and chemical characteristics such as cation exchange capacity, soil fertility, water holding capacity, ventilation etc. are very impressive. this effect depends on the type and amount of minerals. Type of clay minerals in the soil, illustrates a stage of soil development, soil forming processes and the type of parent material. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different soil forming factors in the region and identification of various minerals in the clay soil in the area of Myandrbnd in the city of Kermanshah.   For this purpose a simple systematic sampling was done in plain Myandrbnd with an area of 35,000 hectares. Finally 17 soil profiles were dug and were categorized   in accordance with the new edition of the American and World Reference System >Keywords: clay minerals, calcium carbonate, soil forming factors, parent material

  In the present study the nanostructure Conocarpus erectus effect on the removal of Cadmium from aquous solution by batch and continuous system was investigated. In batch experiments, the effects of operating conditions such as pH, equilibrium time, adsorbent loading and the initial Cadmium ion concentration were examined. Also, competitive ions effect on the adsorption of cadmium in untreated industrial wastewater, the effect of sodium chloride on cadmium adsorption and desorption mechanism of cadmium ions in five consecutive cycles by nanostructure Conocarpus was investigated. In the continuous experiments, the effect of Cadmium concentration in increasing the efficiency of adsorption column were examined and application of continuous models to describing the breakthrough curves were investigated. The results of the   atch experiments showed that with pH of the solution varying from 3 to 7, the removal percentage of Cadmium ion was 67-76.9 percent and adsorption capacity from 0.4 to 0.46 mg.g-1 was increased. According to the results, the maximum removal was accorded at pH 6. The equilibrium time was determined to be 30 min for nanostructure adsorbent. With an increase in the adsorbent dosage from 0.1 to 2g, at equilibrium time and pH, the removal percentage of Cadmium was reached maximum 76.85% for 0.5g nanostructure Conocarpus erectus. With an increase in the initial concentration from 5 to 20 mg.L-1, the removal percentage of Cadmium was 80.9-70.4 percent. Adsorption kinetics of ions onto adsorbent could be most successfully described by the Ho kinetic model. The adsorption data of Cadmium ions onto adsorbent followed Langmuier isotherm. In investigation of effect of competitive ions in the uptake of Cadmium in untreated industrial wastewater removal efficiency of Cadmium, Copper, Iron, Zinc and Manganese ions by nanostructure Conocarpus   was 82.76, 83.33, 99.96, 89.62 and 9.09 percent, respectively. With an increase in sodium chloride concentration of solution from 0 to 1 M, removal percentage of Cadmium ions by nanostructure Conocarpus   77-80.9 percent was decreased. The desorption efficiency of cadmium ions by nanostructure Conocarpus in 5 sorption-desorption cycles was about 75 percent. The results of continuous experiments showed that the total amount of sorbed Cadmium and equilibrium Cadmium uptake increased with increasing inlet Cadmium concentration and Adams- Bohart   model was more consistent with experimental data. The results of the study showed that nanostructure Conocarpus adsorbent had high ability for Cadmium ion adsorption from aquous solution.

. Soil quality has a key role in sustainable agriculture is influenced by different techniques of agricultural land management changes. Good management, improved soil quality to have, if traditional farming systems, in the long run will reduce the quality and stability of the soil. One method of using a moldboard plow Management false and burning vegetation. Because in our country is still incorrect methods of tillage is done, the effect of no-till and conservation tillage methods and modern methods such as soil characteristics and ecosystem sustainability is essential. Therefore, the present study was to evaluate the effects of conventional tillage, no-till and conservation tillage on the physical, chemical and biological soil bulk density, Average weight diameter, dispersible clay, lime percentage pH, Ec, cation exchange capacity, soil respiration, microbial biomass and enzyme activities of urease, invertase, aryl sulfatase and alkaline phosphatase in irrigated fields of wheat, pea in dryland farming in Kermanshah province for a factorial randomized complete block design in two climates (cold and temperate), were studied. In general it can be concluded that no-till soils can be improved biological indicators of kidney and so this method instead of traditional farming in drylands is recommended