The Zagros forests represent the most extensive habitat for various oak species in Iran. In recent years, these forests have been neglected and are now under severe threat. Epiphytic fungi exist on the surface of plant tissues and constitute diverse groups of biological agents. Determining the diversity and identifying these agents is essential for a proper understanding of their function in plants. Given that epiphytic fungi can significantly impact plant performance and the stability of plant ecosystems, their study is of particular importance. This research aimed to identify the epiphytic fungi on the branches and leaves of Persian oak trees in Kermanshah province. For this purpose, field sampling was conducted over two consecutive years during autumn and winter from the Chehrazber, Chalabeh, Sarmil, and Sarpol-e Zahab regions in the oak forests of Kermanshah province. Samples were taken from the branches and leaves of oak trees. To grow and isolate the fungi, the samples were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. After obtaining pure isolates, the fungi were identified based on morphological characteristics using standard mycological keys and by sequencing the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. In this study, a total of 981 fungal isolates belonging to 25 different taxa were isolated and identified from the branches and leaves of oak trees in various forest areas of Kermanshah province. This included 433 isolates from branches and 548 isolates from leaves. Among the identified species,  Aureobasidium pullulans,  Quambalaria cyanescens,  Gibberella intermedia,  Cladosporium oxysporum,  Alternaria malorum,  Helenozyma baotianmanensis*,  Chaetomium cochliodes*,  Mucor plumbeus,  Fusarium acuminatum,  Fusarium solani, and  Kalmusia variispora  were isolated and identified from oak leaves. The specie  Acremonium sclerotigenum,  Aureobasidium motuoense*,  Cladosporium ramotenellum*,  Coniochaeta polymorpha*,  Coniochaeta deborreae*,  Alternaria alternata,  Hydeomyces hydei*, and  accothecium sepincola* were isolated and identified from oak branches. Additionally, one isolate at the class level (Dothideomycetes) was isolated and identified from oak branches. Five taxa were identified solely based on morphological methods, including  Aspergillus niger,  enicillium  .,  eoscytalidium dimidiatum,  aecilomyces formosus, and  eauveria bassiana. Species marked with an asterisk (*) are reported from Iran for the first time.

به منظور شناسايي مولكولي قارچ‌هاي همراه با بذرهاي سالم و آلوده بلوط ايراني به سوسك سرخرطومي بذرخوار بلوطCurculio glandium (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)   در استان كرمانشاه، نمونه‌برداري در ?? سايت جنگلي مجزا از اكتبر 2023 تا ژانويه 2024 انجام شد. در هر سايت، ?? درخت به طور تصادفي انتخاب شد و از هر درخت، ?? بذر بلوط به ظاهر سالم و ?? بذر بلوط احتمالاً آلوده به سوسك جمع‌آوري گرديد. بلوط‌ها در كيسه‌هاي كاغذي برچسب‌دار به آزمايشگاه بيماري­شناسي گياهي دانشگاه رازي براي جداسازي قارچ منتقل شدند. درصد بلوط­هاي آلوده­شده توسط C. glandium و قابليت زنده­ماني اين بلوط­ها ارزيابي شد. از بين 200 بذر بلوط جمع­آوري شده نيمي از آنها بلافاصله در خاك گلدان تجاري كاشته شدند و نيمي ديگر پس از يكسال نگهداري در انبار، كاشته شدند. شناسايي مولكولي پس از شناسايي ريخت‌شناسي توسط يك حشره‌شناس مجرب استخراج گرديد. آغازگر اختصاصي گونه بر اساس توالي COI مربوط بهC. glandium     و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار OLIGO 7.56   طراحي شد. اختصاصيت آغازگر اختصاصي C. glandium از طريق آزمون‌ واكنش زنجيره­اي پليمراز با استفاده از الگوهاي DNA حاصل از طيفي از حشرات غيرهدف اعتبارسنجي شد. دي.ان.اي. ژنومي از كشت‌هاي خالص ?? ريخت‌گونه قارچي كه روي محيط PDA رشد كرده بودند، استخراج شد و كيفيت و خلوص آن با استفاده از اسپكتروفوتومتر و الكتروفورز روي ژل آگارز ? درصد در بافر TAE ارزيابي گرديد. نرمال بودن داده‌ها و همگني واريانس‌ها به ترتيب با استفاده از آزمون‌هاي شاپيرو-ويلك و لوون مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. طول زخم از طريق آناليز واريانس يكطرفه ارزيابي شد و تفاوت‌هاي معنادار بين ميانگين‌ها با استفاده از آزمون توكي مشخص گرديد. نتايج نشان داد نرخ آلودگي تنوع زيادي داشت و ميانگين كلي نرخ آلودگي بذرها به سوسك سرخرطومي بذرخوار بلوط ?/? ± ?/?? درصد بود. درصد جوانه­زني بذرهايي كه بلافاصه پس از جمع­آوري كاشته شده بودند (90 درصد) نسبت به بذرهايي كه پس از يكسال انبارداري كاشته شدند (30 درصد)، بالاتر بود. توالي­يابي ناحيه سيتوكروم c اكسيداز با آغازگرهاي اختصاصي سبب شناسايي پروانه بذرخوار بلوط (Cydia fagiglandana)   شد. اختصاصيت جفت آغازگر FCuGl/RCuGl جهت شناسايي لاروهاي سوسك سرخرطومي بذرخوار بلوط (C. glandium) تأييد شد. در مجموع گونه­هاي قارچي Aspergillus niger (31 درصد)، Paecilomyces lecytidis (5/20 درصد)، Quambalaria cyanescens (4/12 درصد)، Rhizopus stolonifera (6/5 درصد) و Fusarium proliferatum (9/4 درصد) به لحاظ فراواني در رده­هاي اول تا پنجم شايع­ترين گونه­هاي قارچي آلوده­كننده بذرهاي بلوط در مناطق مورد بررسي بودند. تحليل فيلوژنتيك، شناسايي‌هاي مولكولي حاصل از جستجوهاي BLAST را تأييد كرد. از ???? عدد بذر بلوط، ??? جدايه قارچي متعلق به ?? تاكسون به دست آمد كه 7/81 درصد تنوع مربوط به قارچ­هاي آسكوميست و زيرشاخه Pezizomycotina و 2/0 درصد تنوع مربوط به زيرشاخه Saccharomycotina، 4/12 درصد از قارچ­هاي بازيديوميست و 8/5 درصد تنوع مربوط به شاخه Mucormycota بودند. به لحاظ فراواني نيز بيشترين جدايه­هاي قارچي خانواده آسكوميست مربوط به Eurotiales (34/56 درصد)، Hypocreales (1/24 درصد) و Botryosphaeriales (9/5 درصد) بودند و راسته Hypocreales با پنج تاكسون، بيشترين تنوع تاكسونوميك را نشان داد. نهال‌هاي مايه­زني شده با قارچ‌هاي B. fabicerciana، C. bennettii، C. deborreae، Coniochaeta sp.، Cytospora sp.، C. ribis، C. rhodophila، F. equiseti، F. proliferatum، N. macnamarae، N. dimidiatum، P. lecythidis، Q. cyanescens و T. roseum سبب ايجاد بيماري شدند. مايه­زني بذرهاي بلوط‌ با جدايه‌هاي قارچي در شرايط كنترل‌شده، درجات مختلفي از لكه­هاي نكروز را ايجاد كرد كه بر اساس طول زخم كمي‌سازي شد.

درخت زيتون (Olea europaea L.)، عضوي از خانواده زيتونيان (Oleaceae)، يكي از قديمي‌ترين محصولات درختي است كه از هزاران سال پيش در منطقه مديترانه كاشته شده است. اين درخت كه به درخت جاودانگي نيز شهرت دارد، نه تنها نقش مهمي در اقتصاد و رژيم غذايي مردمان اين منطقه ايفا مي‌كند، بلكه در حفظ تنوع زيستي، جلوگيري از فرسايش خاك و زيبايي منظر نيز سهم بسزايي دارد. در سال­هاي اخير درختان زيتون در استان كرمانشاه دچار علائمي از جمله سرخشكيدگي و زوال شده­اند. در اين بررسي از درختان زيتون داراي علائم بيماري نمونه­برداري صورت گرفت. در اين پژوهش، 250 جدايه قارچي از 30 نمونه درخت مبتلا به علائمي همچون سرخشكيدگي، پژمردگي، شانكر تنه و طوقه و زوال پس از ضدعفوني سطحي و كشت روي محيط عصاره سيب­زميني دكستروز آگار بدست آمد. قارچ­هاي جداسازي شده از درختان زيتون با علائم بيماري با استفاده از خصوصيات مورفولوژيكي و استفاده از توالي­يابي ناحيه نسخه­برداري شده داخلي دي.ان.اي.ريبوزومي و ژن بتاتوبولين شناسايي شدند. جنس‌هاي قارچي شناسايي شده عبارت بودند از: Aspergillus   با 10 كلني (? درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Penicillium با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Clonostachys با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Fusarium با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Neoscytalidium با 110 كلني (44 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Neopestalotiopsis با 80 كلني (32 درصد كل جدايه‌ها) و Pseudophaeomoniella   با 35 كلني (14 درصد كل جدايه‌ها) . از ميان جدايه­هاي بدست آمده، قارچ Neoscytalidium با فراواني 44 درصد بيشترين جدايه را به خود اختصاص داد. قارچ Neopestalotiopsis با فراواني 32 درصد و Pseudophaeomoniella   با فراواني 14 درصد به ترتيب در رتبه‌هاي دوم و سوم قرار گرفتند. مايه­زني جدايه­هاي بدست آمده روي شاخه­هاي بريد زيتون در آزمايشگاه و نهال­هاي زيتون دو ساله در گلخانه انجام شد. جدايه­هاي مربوط به Pseudophaeomoniella  ، Neoscytalidium و Neopestalotiopsis قادر به ايجاد شانكر روي شاخه­هاي بريده و نهال­ها بودند. براي تائيد اصول كخ، پس از مايه زني، جدايه­ها مجدد از بافت­هاي بيمار جداسازي شدند. اين اولين گزارش از وجود اين قارچ­ها به عنوان بيمارگر درختان زيتون در استان كرمانشاه مي­باشد. درخت زيتون (Olea europaea L.)، عضوي از خانواده زيتونيان (Oleaceae)، يكي از قديمي‌ترين محصولات درختي است كه از هزاران سال پيش در منطقه مديترانه كاشته شده است. اين درخت كه به درخت جاودانگي نيز شهرت دارد، نه تنها نقش مهمي در اقتصاد و رژيم غذايي مردمان اين منطقه ايفا مي‌كند، بلكه در حفظ تنوع زيستي، جلوگيري از فرسايش خاك و زيبايي منظر نيز سهم بسزايي دارد. در سال­هاي اخير درختان زيتون در استان كرمانشاه دچار علائمي از جمله سرخشكيدگي و زوال شده­اند. در اين بررسي از درختان زيتون داراي علائم بيماري نمونه­برداري صورت گرفت. در اين پژوهش، 250 جدايه قارچي از 30 نمونه درخت مبتلا به علائمي همچون سرخشكيدگي، پژمردگي، شانكر تنه و طوقه و زوال پس از ضدعفوني سطحي و كشت روي محيط عصاره سيب­زميني دكستروز آگار بدست آمد. قارچ­هاي جداسازي شده از درختان زيتون با علائم بيماري با استفاده از خصوصيات مورفولوژيكي و استفاده از توالي­يابي ناحيه نسخه­برداري شده داخلي دي.ان.اي.ريبوزومي و ژن بتاتوبولين شناسايي شدند. جنس‌هاي قارچي شناسايي شده عبارت بودند از: Aspergillus   با 10 كلني (? درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Penicillium با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Clonostachys با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Fusarium با 5 كلني (2 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Neoscytalidium با 110 كلني (44 درصد كل جدايه‌ها)، Neopestalotiopsis با 80 كلني (32 درصد كل جدايه‌ها) و Pseudophaeomoniella   با 35 كلني (14 درصد كل جدايه‌ها) . از ميان جدايه­هاي بدست آمده، قارچ Neoscytalidium با فراواني 44 درصد بيشترين جدايه را به خود اختصاص داد. قارچ Neopestalotiopsis با فراواني 32 درصد و Pseudophaeomoniella   با فراواني 14 درصد به ترتيب در رتبه‌هاي دوم و سوم قرار گرفتند. مايه­زني جدايه­هاي بدست آمده روي شاخه­هاي بريد زيتون در آزمايشگاه و نهال­هاي زيتون دو ساله در گلخانه انجام شد. جدايه­هاي مربوط به Pseudophaeomoniella  ،

چغندرقند يكي از محصولات مهم زراعي صنعتي است كه در جايگاه دومين منبع بزرگ توليد شكر در جهان قرار دارد. بيماري سفيدك پودري چغندرقند يكي از بيماري‌هاي مهم قارچي اين محصول در سراسر دنيا است كه در ايران نيز در در تمامي مناطق كشت چغندر قند وجود دارد. بهره‌گيري از ارقام مقاوم بهترين رويكرد مديريتي براي مهار اين بيماري محسوب مي‌شود. از اين رو، در اين مطالعه، تعدادي از ارقام اميدبخش چغندرقند با هدف دست‌يابي به رقم مقاوم مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند. در اين پژوهش، مواد گياهي شامل 17 رقم به نام‌هاي اكباتان، پايا، آريا، شكوفا، مطهر،آرتا، دنا، سينا، آسيا، كيميا، نيكا، تارا، هما، حسنا، پالما، مودكس و BTS 335 به همراه ژنوتيپ حساس 191، در قالب طرح بلوك‌هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار در شرايط مزرعه مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند. هر كرت آزمايشي شامل چهار رديف كشت به طول دو متر و فاصله 50 سانتي‌متر بود. دو رديف وسط كرت به ژنوتيپ مورد ارزيابي، اختصاص داده شد و در رديف‌هاي كناري در تمامي كرت‎هاي آزمايشي شاهد حساس 191 به منظور توزيع يكنواخت آلودگي كاشته شد. مزرعه آزمايشي هر دو روز يك بار مورد بازديد قرار گرفته و پس از ظهور اولين علائم آلودگي، ميزان آلودگي هر هفته يك‌بار مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. ارزيابي مقاومت، بر اساس سه شاخص رخداد و شدت بيماري در آخرين يادداشت برداري، سطح زير منحني پيشرفت بيماري و تعداد كنيديوم توليد شده در واحد سطح صورت گرفت. در اين ارزيابي رقم مودكس با اختلاف معني‌دار نسبت به تمامي ژنوتيپ‌هاي ارزيابي شده،   در هر سه روش ارزيابي به عنوان رقم مقاوم شناخته شد. بنابراين، اين رقم در صورت برخورداري از صفات زراعي و عملكرد مطلوب مي‌تواند براي كشت توصيه شود يا به عنوان منبع مقاومت در برنامه‌هاي به‌نژادي مورد استفاده قرار گيرد.   

Fungal pathogens are one of the factors that cause damage in agricultural products. Volatile compounds and other bacterial metabolites by inducing resistance in plants are considered as a promising alternative to chemical toxins and management of plant pathogens. Light regulation is one of the strategies to control plant pathogens and is one of the key factors in regulating the growth, development and response to stresses in plants, bacteria and fungi. In this research, the effect of full, red, blue, far-red, UVA, green and dark light spectrums on the physiological characteristics of the B. pumilus INR7 antagonist bacteria, including types of bacterial movements, population growth, biofilm formation, changes in intensity, and the type of volatile compounds released And also its effect on the growth of plant pathogenic fungus A. brassicicola in laboratory conditions and their interaction were investigated. The results showed that the light spectrum has a significant effect on the physiological characteristics of the antagonistic bacteria, so that the red light spectrum has the most and the dark has the least effect on twitching and swimming movement, the dark has the most effect and UVA has the least effect on the swarming movement, the green light spectrum It has the most effect and UVA has the least effect on population growth, the green light spectrum has the most effect and other spectrums together with darkness have the same effect on biofilm formation, as well as light spectrums separately cause changes in the intensity and also the type of volatile compounds released by the antagonistic bacteria. became Electron microscopic photography of the antagonist bacteria grown in the vicinity of light and dark spectrum showed that the UVA light spectrum and darkness caused the antagonist bacteria cells to stick to each other as well as the formation of biofilm. Full light spectrums and UVA have also increased the size of bacterial cells compared to darkness. The light spectrums were also effective on the physiological characteristics of the pathogenic fungus A. brassicicola, so that the blue light spectrum caused growth and darkness caused a reduction in the size and area of the pathogenic fungus. The full spectrum of light, UVA, red, green and blue had a similar effect and darkness caused a decrease in the population of pathogenic fungal spores per milliliter. On the other hand, the light spectrum of UVA increased and darkness decreased the growth of pathogenic fungi in the presence of antagonistic bacteria in dual culture. Also, the green light spectrum has the most and the dark has the least effect in comparison with the full spectrum and darkness in the growth of the pathogenic fungus in the presence of the volatile compounds of the antagonist bacteria.  

Pepper (Capsicum annum) from the Solanaceae family is one of the most important vegetable summer crops that is cultivated in different parts of the world. Pepper plants are attacked by many pests such as insects, bacteria, viruses and fungi. Many fungi such as Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Verticellum, Alternaria, etc. cause disease in pepper. Common fungal diseases include seed rot, seedling damping off, root rot, stem base rot, etc. To prevent the damage caused by fungal diseases, farmers mainly rely on the use of chemical fungicides, which are efficient and fast-acting, but this is at the expense of human health and the environment, prompting experts to look for successful alternatives and their way. find for biological control in which they use a biological agent against a pathogenic fungus. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fungi that attack the pepper plant roots and to investigate the effect of T. longibrachiatum as a biological control method and fungicides as a chemical method on the fungi that cause pepper root rot. The antagonism test of T. longibrachiatum against pathogenic fungi was investigated in laboratory conditions. This step included placing the disc of pathogenic fungi against the isolated disc of T. longibrachiatum on PDA medium. After one week of incubation, the antagonism ability was measured. In the greenhouse, the effect of treatments including the control alone (without pathogenic fungi and T. longibrachiatum), Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, T. longibrachiatum, Beltanol fungicide and the treatment of pathogenic fungi together with T. longibrachiatum. The effect of the treatments on two soil groups, including sterilized and non-sterilized soils, was done in three repetitions, which formed a total of 12 samples of the statistical population of this study. The effects of the treatments on the characteristics of root and stem length, wet and dry weight of root and stem were measured in greenhouse conditions. The data obtained from the measurements were analyzed using the LSD test comparison between groups (sterilized and non-sterilized soil) at the 5% level. Based on the results of internal transcribed space (ITS) sequencing and PCR, the species of Fusarium and Rhizoctonia fungi included F. solani and R. solani, respectively. T. longibrachiatum had a high antagonistic ability with F. solani and R. solani. The treatment of T. longibrachiatum fungus and Beltanol fungicide reduced the pathogenic effect of F. solani and R. solani, so the measured growth indices increased in the presence of these treatments. respectively, the highest and lowest characteristics of the measured sizes were observed in the treatment of T. longibrachiatum and pathogenic fungi F. solani and R. solani. By adding T. longibrachiatum to samples infected with R. solani along with F. solani in non-sterile soils, the dry weight of the stem increased by 744.17%. Based on the results of the laboratory and greenhouse, T. longibrachiatum as a strong antagonist was able to prevent the growth of F. solani and R. solani, therefore T. longibrachiatum as a strong biological controller plays an important role in controlling various diseases caused by F. solani and R. solani has root rot of pepper. The effect of T. longibrachiatum fungus was higher compared to Beltanol fungicide in inhibiting the pathogenic agent. Therefore, it is recommended to use biological control method instead of chemical control.

   Seedling death disease is one of the important problems in agricultural fields, which causes economic damage to crops, especially pumpkins. Farmers have to use pesticides to control the disease, but these toxins have harmful side effects on the environment and human health. Many recommendations have been made regarding the need to find suitable alternatives in dealing with this pathogen. The widespread use of chemical pesticides in agriculture, in addition to increasing production costs and negative effects on human and animal health, has caused irreparable damage to the environment. according to this; The development of alternative methods, including biological control (using Trichoderma fungus) in the management of plant diseases (especially soil-borne diseases), seems very necessary. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to investigate the effect Isolates of Trichoderma on cucumber seedling death disease. The antagonism test of T. longibrachiatum against pathogenic fungi was investigated in laboratory conditions. This step included placing the disc of the pathogenic fungus against the isolated disc of Trichoderma on the PDA medium. After one week of incubation, the antagonism ability was measured. In the greenhouse, the effect of 4 control treatments alone (without pathogenic fungus and Trichoderma), the fungus causing the death of cucumber seedlings, Trichoderma fungus and the combination treatment of Trichoderma and pathogen on germination percentage, root length, stem length and dry and wet weight of the plant one month after The beginning of the experiment was measured. The data obtained from the measurement were compared using the LSD test at the probability level of 5 and 1 percent. The fungus responsible for the death of cucumber seedlings was Fusarium oxysporu. T. longibrachiatum had antagonistic ability with Fusarium oxysporum fungus. Germination percentage, root length, stem length and dry and wet weight of cucumber plants in different samples were T. longibrachiatum > Fusarium oxysporum along with T. longibrachiatum > control > Fusarium oxysporu. Based on the results of laboratory and greenhouse, T. longibrachiatum mushroom as a strong antagonist was able to prevent the growth of Fusarium oxysporum fungus, so T. longibrachiatum as a strong biological controller plays an important role in controlling various diseases caused by Fusarium fungus, including Death has seedlings.

The current study included the isolation and identification of fungi associated with the seeds of wheat and barley plants, which are considered important agricultural crops globally, where the isolated fungi were diagnosed by traditional methods as well as by PCR method. Sequencing and phylogenetic tree were also conducted to monitor the evolutionary relationship of some fungal isolates under this study. The study also included the preparation of different concentrations of silver and zinc nanoparticles for the purpose of testing their effect on isolated fungi in in vitro (laboratory) conditions as well as in the in vivo (soil). The results of our current study showed the superiority of superficially sterilized seeds over non-superficially sterilized seeds in terms of the number and frequency of isolated fungi, which included Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus oryzae, Rhizupus oryzae, Alternaria alternata, and Alternaria solani. In wheat seeds the fungus A. niger was the most frequent in both sterile and non-superficially sterilized seeds where it was 28% and 37.8%, respectively, while in barley the fungus Rhizopus oryzae was the most common with 17% and 55.3% , respectively. The molecular biological study also revealed that our isolates are close to genuine isolates from Pakistan (A. niger), India (A. terreus and A. solani), China and America (A. fumigatus and R. oryzae). The genetic study using PCR, gene sequencing, and a phylogenetic tree revealed that the isolates were identical to the traditional screening that relied on phenotypic traits (A. parasiticus). The current study demonstrated the existence of various effects of zinc and silver nanoparticles in plates (well diffusion method), as treatment of all concentrations (5, 10 and 15 percent) did not significantly differ from one another, but it gave an inhibition that reached above in the fungus A. niger at a concentration of 15 percent for silver nanoparticles, where it reached 11.33 mm, even though these particles gave a clear inhibition. The effect of treatment with nanoparticles was varying on the germination rate of wheat and barley seeds in the plates, the seeds gave a germination rate of 100% when using silver nanoparticles for both wheat and barley, but the zinc nanoparticles gave a germination rate of 96.6% at concentration of 15% for wheat, while the rest of the concentrations gave a germination rate of 100% for both wheat and barley. Regarding the root and peduncle, they were impacted by the nanoparticle treatments mentioned above. The treatment of barley seeds with a concentration of 5 percent silver nano, where the length of the stem was 30 mm, had the greatest impact. Except for the treatment of zinc nanometers on the root in barley, which gave a significant germination rate than in the comparison, and the concentration of 5 percent nano silver on the peduncle, all treatments of the seeds in field experiments gave the dusty and non-dusty seeds a single germination rate, which is 100 percent. All nanoparticle coefficients were also significantly influential. Key words: Fungi, Molecular identification, Nanoparticles, Pesticides, Iraq.

   Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops that is widely cultivated all over the world.   Among the things that make tomato production difficult, the parasitic weed broomrape is one of the main threats.   Although so far different strategies have been used to control broomrape, but; None of them have succeeded in completely curbing it. What is of interest today to control weeds, including the broomrape parasite, is the use of several management methods in the form of integrated control. In the present study, three types of manure and four species of endomycorrhizal fungi were used in three experiments in a completely randomized design to control the broomrapes. In the first two experiments, the role of animal manures and mycorrhizal species was investigated separately. In the first experiment, the species Funneliformis mosseae, significantly compared to other treatments, succeeded in reducing the number and dry weight of broomrape. Among the types of animal manure used in the second experiment, cow manure had a significant effect on the reduction of dry weight and the number of flowers. Finally, the results of the combination of cow manure at two different levels with F.mosseae in the third experiment showed the positive effect of combining the lower level of manure with mycorrhizae in the emergence of stalks, the number and dry weight of broomrapes on tomato plants.

   Fig, with the scientific name Ficus carica L., is a perennial treasure plant. Among the producing countries, Iran ranks fifth in the world with the production of 107,791 tons of figs in 2021. Also, in 2021, the main producing provinces of wet farming figs include Fars, Lorestan, Kermanshah, Markazi, Semnan, and Zanjan. The amount of wet farming fig production in 2021 in Kermanshah province was 1787 tons. Fig cultivation areas in Kermanshah province based on the highest production include the cities of Dalahu (Rijab), Paveh, Sarpol Zahab, Gilan Gharb, Harsin, Kermanshah and Islamabad. The fig plant, like other agricultural products, hosts many pests and diseases, among which fig mosaic disease can be mentioned. Based on the research conducted by the researchers, it has been shown that the effective factors in the occurrence of fig mosaic disease include viruses and viroids, all or some of them may be involved in the occurrence of symptoms of this disease in fig trees. Among the viral agents involved in this disease, we can mention fig mosaic virus (Emaravirus fici). This virus can be semi-permanently transmitted by cuttings and tra  lants of infected trees, as well as by the eriophyde mite Aceria ficus, but it is not transmitted by seeds and pollen grains. During the years2021and 2022, 129 samples were collected from nine cities of Kermanshah province (Eslamabad-e-Gharb, Paveh, Dalahoo, Sarpol-e-Zahab, Sahneh, Qasreshirin, Kermanshah, Gilanegharb and Harsin). These samples were examined by DAS-ELISA test and with IgG antiserum prepared by Iran's Herbal Medicine Research Institute (Tehran, Iran). Out of 128 fig samples tested, 86 samples were infected with fig mosaic virus. Based on the tests, out of 116 samples with symptoms of fig mosaic disease, 81 samples (equivalent to 70%) were infected with fig mosaic virus. Also, among the 12 samples without signs of fig mosaic disease, five samples showed positive results in the serological test. In order to investigate the transmission of fig mosaic virus, grafting was done between two-year-old fig cuttings and infected cuttings that were selected from fig trees in Kermanshah province. After observing the first signs of fig mosaic disease, DAS-ELISA test was performed for all the tra  lanted seedlings and after the detection of fig mosaic virus in some of the tra  lanted seedlings, in order to ensure the accuracy of the result obtained from the DAS-ELISA test, a molecular test was performed base on nucleic acid (RT-PCR) for infected plants. In the RT-PCR test, a fragment with an approximate size of 302 bp was amplified from a pair of E5 specific primers for 20 fig samples. Among the received nucleotide sequences, 19 sequences (except for OQ552542), in BLAST search, showed the most similarity with the sequence of an isolate from Lorestan province (KT732024) (nucleotide similarity between 93.4 and 96.8%). The sequence of isolate FM203 (resem. OQ552542) was different from the rest of the isolates, so that its nucleotide identity with 19 other sequences was 86.6 to 90.2%. This sequence showed the most similarity with the sequence of isolate T7 from Kermanshah province (number MH475441) and then with isolates from Golestan, Lorestan and Mazandaran provinces (90.1 to 91.5% nucleotide identity). In the phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the RdRp coding region, 19 sequences of the obtained sequences (except the sequence OQ552542), together with an isolate from Lorestan province (the sequence KT732024) were placed in the same group, but the isolate FM203 (the sequence OQ552542) was placed outside the group. In this study, the distribution of fig mosaic virus in fig orchards of Kermanshah province was investigated by serological detection (DAS-EISA) and nucleic acid-based molecular method (RT-PCR).

Parasitic plants of the Orobanchaceae family are one of the limiting factors of cultivation in agricultural systems, and accurate identification and investigation of their biology is essential in order to better control these parasitic plants in fields and gardens. In Kermanshah province, many products are attacked by this plant family, and among them, products such as canola, tomato and sunflower with growing cultivated area and high damage potential by these species are of special importance. Referring to the mentioned fields, 414 samples were prepared, and after morphological and molecular examination of the samples, the dominant species in canola fields is Phelipanche cilicica, tomato fields, Phelipanche aegyptica, and sunflower fields, Orobancche cumana. The distribution map of 414 samples was done using the ... method.   

The tomato plant with the scientific name Solanum lycopersicum from the Solanaceae family is economically one of the most important agricultural products in many countries, including Iran. The tomato plant is exposed to the damage of various factors, including plant pathogens, among which viral diseases are very important. Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) from the genus Tobamovirus is one of the most destructive viruses infecting vegetables. This virus has a wide host range between agricultural and non-agricultural plants. During the years 1397 to 1399, from the farms of Kermanshah province located in the cities of Kermanshah (Kozran, Baladarband, Sarab Yaori, Halshi and the farm inside the faculty), Islamabad (Shiyan), Qasr Shirin (Shaherek Shahid Decami), Mahidasht, Sahneh (Dinor), Ravansar (Hasanabad) ), Sanghar (Sahnaleh), Kangavar (Fesh), and Harsin (Biston) of Kermanshah province were collected and some tomato greenhouses of Kermanshah province located in Kermanshah (Qzanchi), Islamabad (Shiyan Castle, Kat Kati) and Mahidasht cities were sampled. The presence of ToMV infection in the samples was investigated by DAS-ELISA method using polyclonal antibody manufactured by DSMZ (code AS-0104). The results were evaluated according to the color of the wells compared to positive and negative controls and positive samples were identified. A number of samples that were detected as infected by DAS ELISA were selected for further work The reaction of benchmark plants was investigated using mechanical inoculation in the greenhouse. The contamination of some samples was confirmed by total RNA extraction and then RT-PCR molecular test. In this test, general primers of tobamoviruses (F-3666 and R-4718) were used. The expected band with a size of about 700 bp was obtained for the infected samples. The obtained synonyms were registered in GenBank (accession number OM460705 for AE293 isolate and OM460706 for AE298 isolate). A genealogical tree was drawn using the sequences available in GenBank. The sequences of two ToMV isolates from Kermanshah province were placed in the same group with ToMV isolates and showed the highest similarity (respectively, 99.5 and 99.8% sequence identity) with a tomato mosaic virus isolate (number LC650928) reported from tomato plants in Japan. They showed that. . In total, the results of ELISA, inoculation and RT-PCR tests proved the existence and widespread distribution of tomato mosaic virus in the tomato fields of Kermanshah, Qasrshirin, Harsin, Sahne, Ravansar and Islamabad cities   

  Tomato are one of the most important horticultural   roducts in the world and are the most consumed vegetable after potatoes due to their freshness and ability to be processed. tomato as a model plant   is also the subject of many researches. genetic diversity is the basis of plant breeding in order to select new cultivars with desirable traits and compatible with the environment. In this research, ISSR molecular markers were used to investigate genetic diversity and identify markers associated with 21 morphological traits in 99 tomato genotypes. among 20 primers which were used,   17 primers created polymorphic. the mean polymorphism was 97% and nine primers were 100% polymorphic. The results displaied that the UBC 876 had the highest values ??of Marker Index.  Identifyication the Quantitative Traits Locus is effective in accelerating the breeding process. Based on the results We identified 100 loci for 19 morphological traits (P?0.01). we also founed that three loci (UBC 3-1130, UBC 808-820 and UBC 580-825) showed signification association with multiple traits, suggesting pleiotropic effects of QTL. A total of loci are   useful resource for marker-assisted selection to improve traits in tomato.  Key Words: Linkage analysis, trait correlation, microsatellite marker, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.  

In terms of annual production rank, potato plant is after plants such as wheat and rice and is one of the valuable sources of human food, especially in developing countries. Various fungal diseases cause damage to the organs of the potato plant, which reduces the yield and quality of the potato crop. Some of these pathogens can cause symptoms such as canker and caries. One of these pathogens is Paramyrothecium. In order to investigate the morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics of Paramyrothecium isolates along with potato stem canker, sampling was performed on four potato cultivation plots from the research farms of Razi University of Kermanshah in August and September 2017. Sampling of plants with signs of leaf spot, fruit rot, stem, crown and root was done randomly from four farms on the Facultaty of Science and Agricultural Engineering of Razi University. From each field, 5 infected samples were collected. After isolating and purifying Paramyrothecium, the reaction of 20 species from 9 plant families to this fungus and also the severity of pathogenicity in five tobacco samples were measured. The results showed that based on the morphological characteristics of 20 purified isolates, all belonged to P. roridum. According to phylogenetic analysis of two selected fungal isolates among these isolates, using sequences related to ?-tubulin and ITS region, the results showed that these two isolates were 98% similar to P. roridum CBS37250 isolates. And P. roridum CBS21295 and P. roridum ZB1 and P. roridum

Existence of high pressures in water distribution networks will increase leakage and drop in pipes and reduce pressure in some parts of the network. Distribution network pressure management is done to reduce high pressures by various methods such as the use of pressure relief valves, zoning, pumps with variable speed, etc. Reliability index is used to assess the network pressure status. Javanrood water distribution network has a rugged topography and faces the problem of high pressures.In this study, for Javanrood network, it was determined using multi-objective optimization algorithms in order to increase the reliability of the location and settings of pressure relief valves. For this purpose, various scenarios were designed and implemented. Among these scenarios, it is possible to increase the pressure reliability by 0.603 if adjusting pressure relief valves are used. Also, if the designer chose the diameter of the network pipes in order to maximize reliability, this index would increase to 0.6524.In the two-objective algorithm, with the aim of increasing the compressive reliability and reducing the cost of pipe preparation, the compressive reliability was increased by changing the diameter of the pipe and an adjustable pressure relief valve to 0.6259. However, the study of hydraulic parameters showed that in this case, the speed reliability is lower than the current situation. In other words, by reducing the diameter of the pipe, the speed increases and the pressure decreases.In general, the reliability indicators defined in any network will not be able to reach number one. The reason for this can be attributed to changes in water consumption during the day and night. As the consumption of nodes changes, the pressure in the node and the velocity in the pipes will change.Keywords:Reliability, pressure management, water distribution network, multi-objective algorithm, pressure relief valve

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a perennial plant of the Fabaceae family and an important fodder crop in the world. Bean leafroll virus causes many damages and reduces the yields by 30% or more in plants of the Fabaceae family.   This virus is one of the most important pathogens of alfalfa and in addition to reducing the yield of infected plants, it causes stunting and yellowing symptoms. Bean leafroll virus is being transmitted by aphids in a persistent, circulating, and non-propagating manner. Due to the importance of alfalfa and lack of knowledge about the status of infection with this virus in alfalfa fields in Kermanshah Province, this study was conducted to detect the virus in alfalfa fields in some parts of the Province. Samples were collected from alfalfa and chickpea farms in different parts of Kermanshah Province (farms of Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University in Kermanshah, Geravand village, Harsin, Mahidasht, Dinavar, Islamabad, Gilan-Gharb, Kangavar, Ravansar, and Sahneh). The leaves of alfalfa and chickpea plants that showed yellowing symptoms were selected and tested using DSMZ antibodies (including IgG code AS-0142 and specific monoclonal antibody code AS-227/1) by the TAS-ELISA method. Among 157 samples tested, 17 tested positive in the ELISA test, including 12 samples of alfalfa (from Harsin, Mahidasht, Dinavar, and Faculty of Agriculture) and 5 chickpea samples (from Dinavar and Faculty of Agriculture). In the aphid transmission test by Aphis fabae, the infection was transmitted from alfalfa to Vicia faba. In this study, Bean leafroll virus was detected for the first time in the alfalfa fields of Kermanshah Province.   

Potato (Solanum tuberosum, family Solanaceae) is an annual crop with great economic importance. Potato leafroll virus (PLRV, genus Polerovirus) is one of the most important viral pathogens that cause great losses on the yield and quality of this plant around the world. The first step in managingviral diseases is to identify them. With the right diagnosis, proper planning can be done to control the pathogen and prevent its spread. Considering the importance of Potato leafroll virus and the damages it can cause, the present study was conducted to investigate the status of Potato leafroll virus infection in potato fields in some parts of Kermanshah province (Iran). In the growing seasons of 2019-2021, potato fields (varieties Sante, Banba, Marfona, Sprit, Natasha and Jelly) located in some areas of Kermanshah Province, Iran (regions Kermanshah, Kangavar, Islam-Abade-Gharb, Gahvareh, Kamyaran road and Ghazanchi) were sampled. Samples were collected from the aerial parts of potato plants that had suspected symptoms of this virus (yellowing, dwarfism, leafroll). Virus detection n the collected samples was performed by TAS-ELISA using a kit from DSMZ, that included IgG antibody (AS-0741), specific monoclonal antibody MAb-IgG (AS0060/11), RAM-AP and a positive control (PV-0842). According to TAS-ELISAresults, infection with Potato leafroll virus was detected in Kermanshah, Islam-Abade-Gharb, Gahvareh, Kamyaran road and Ghazanchi and inSante, Banba, Marfona, Sprit, Natasha and Jelly cultivars. Keywords: Viral diseases, Polerovirus, Serology    

identification of amylase producing   thermophilic fungi from soil and composting inKermanshah province (West of Iran) AbstractAn investigation was carried out on the occurrence ofthermotolerantand thermophilic fungi soil samples collected from cultivated andnatural regions in Kermanshah province, municipal waste compost and mushroomcompost, 2017–19. Fungal isolates were recovered using the soil dilution platemethod on potato dextrose agar at 45 and 50 °C. Totally, 24 fungal isolateswere obtained from soil and compost. DNA extraction was carried out using aGenomic DNA Purification kit. The ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 (ITS) Regions wereamplified using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. Fragments about 500–700 bp wereamplified and after sequencing deposited in GenBank. Based on morphologicalcharacters and sequence data of the the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA,these fungi were identified as Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillusnidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillusterrus, Melanocarpus albomyces*, Malbrancheacinnamomea*, Thermomyces dupontii*, Thermomyceslanuginosus*, and Thielavia arenaria*. Asterisksindicate species that are the new records for the mycobiota of Iran. Thefrequency of thermophilic and thermotolarant fungi in municipal waste compost was higher than soil(agricultural and virgin) and Aspergillus species were the most abundantfungi identified in this study. In the present study, Aspergillus fumigatuswas the most abundant among Aspergillus species isolated from soil andtwo types of compost including mushroom and municipal waste compost.This species had a favorable growth at atemperature of 45 degrees Celsius and due to its better growth in thetemperature range of 25-45 degrees, it is considered thermotolerant. In thisstudy, 24 isolates were isolated from soil (cultivated and uncultivated) andtwo types of compost (municipal waste compost and mushroom compost).   Eleven isolates belonged to soil samples andnine isolates belonged to compost samples of municipal waste and four isolatesbelonged to compost samples of fungi, respectively. In order to identifyamylase-producing isolates, the obtained isolates were cultured on agar starchmedium and placed in three replications at different temperatures of 40, 45 and50 °C. After 48 to 72 hours of growth of isolates, the colony was flooded with Logolsolution. In this study, a clear halo was observed around the colony of allisolates except for two species of Thialavia arenaria and Melanocarpusalbomyces, which indicates the consume of starch by the fungus and theability to produce amylase enzyme. The maximum halo belonged to the species, Thermomycessp., Malbranchea cinnamome, Thermomyces lanuginosus andThermomyces dupontii, respectively  

  Fusarium wilt of chickpea is the most common disease of this plant in Iran and around the world. Kermanshah province has the first rank in areaunder cultivation and yield of this crop in Iran. The main cause of Fusarium stem rot andleaf yellowing of chickpeas in Kermanshah province is Fusarium. redolens. This soil- borne fungus has widehost range and it control is difficult by chemical methods. The use of plant probiotics is also a promising way to control disease and increase plant growth. In this study, 13 plant probiotics isolates were studied to control Fusarium wilt disease andits effect on chickpea plant growth in soil and Peat mosses beds undergreenhouse condition. The effect of isolates were investigated on freshand dry weight of roots and aerial parts and suppression of disease severity. GBO3 had the highest effect onroot weight (32.27g) and FOL with a weight of (24.23g) had the highest effectin Peat mosses bed and INR7 isolate (29.36 g) had the highest aerial partson aerial parts weight in the soil substrate. Isolate 19 (44.41 g) had the highest root weightmost effective isolates. Also in soil bed 21 with 41 g root dry weight andweight. In Peat mosses bed and the presence of pathogen, isolate 29 with 1.29 groot dry weight and isolate 19 with 1.29 g aerial parts dry weight were the GBO3 with 68.75% in Peat mosses bed and isolate 19 with 50%, P2 with 37.5% andisolate 19 with 1.15 g aerial parts dry weight were the most effectiveisolates. In biocontrol, isolates 19, 13, 29, B124, VELZ, P2 with 75% and isolates 21 andthe highest effect on Biocontrol.isolates GBO3, INR7 and B124 with 31.35% in the soil substrate inhibited thedisease, significantly. Indigenous isolates 21 and 19 in both substrates had    Keywords: Fusarium wilt of chickpea, plant probiotics, Biocontrol

اعضاي جنس Polerovirus (خانواده Luteoviridae) و از جمله ويروس زردي غربي چغندر (Beet western yellows virus, BWYV) از عوامل مهم خسارت در گياهان زراعي هستند. طي سال‌هاي ???? و ???? تعداد ??? نمونه گياهي از استان كرمانشاه جمع آوري شد. اين نمونه‌ها توسط كيت تاس- الايزا دريافت شده از DSMZ مورد آزمايش قرار گرفتند. اين كيت براي رديابي چهار گون? پولروويروس شامل   WYV، ويروس زردي شلغم (TuYV)، ويروس زردي خفيف چغندر (BMYV) و ويروس سبزردي چغندر (BChV) توسعه داده شده است. از بين نمونه‌هاي آزمايش شده، ?? نمونه از گياهان مختلف پاسخ مثبت نشان دادند. براي انتقال ويروس به گياهان سالم از دو گونه شته استفاده شد. در گياهان كلزا و تربچه آزمون انتقال موفقيت آميز بود و اين گياهان در آزمون تاس- الايزا پاسخ مثبت نشان دادند. در آزمون IC-RT-PCR با پرايمر اختصاصي TuYV يك قطعه با اندازه تقريبي ??? جفت‌باز از نمونه‌هاي كلزا و خردل وحشي تكثير گرديد. بررسي‌هاي تكميلي به منظور توالي يابي و تعيين نوع ويروس در ديگر نمونه‌ها در حال انجام است.

   Abstract    This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fermented camelina meal on performance and digestibility in broilers. A total of 420 broilers were randomly assigned to 7 treatments with 6 replicates and 10 replicates per replicate in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included control (based on soybean meal) and 5, 10 and 15% treatments of replacing raw camelina or fermented soybean meal in the diet. The chicks of all groups received the ration at the end of the first week of each treatment. The results of this experiment showed that at the end of the feed weight gain and feed conversion ratio and feed intake as well as protein digestibility in the fermented treatments, especially 15% compared to the non fermented ones. There was a significant difference (P <0.01), therefore, with regard to the positive effects of fermented camelina meal on broiler digestibility and digestibility, this processed protein source could be considered as an alternative to soybean meal.   

This research was conduct to study the effects of exogenous application of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid on the quantity and quality of yield of two flax cultivars under post-flowering water deficiency stress. This research was conducted in 2016-2017 at the Organic Research Farm of the Campus of Agricultural and Natural Resources Razi University of Kermanshah. To this end, a split plot-factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The main plot was including of water regimes (1-control, 2-post-flowering water deficit stress) and the sub plots was including Flax cultivars (Hindi and Hungarian), exogenous application of salicylic acid (0, 100, 200 ppm) and ascorbic acid (0, 100, 200 ppm) and time of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid at two levels of vegetative growth stage (stem elongation) and reproductive stage (full flowering). According to the results, cultivar, exogenous application of hormones and moisture regime treatment had significant effect on all examined traits without morphological traits. In control condition (non-water deficit stress, grain yield and biomass yield of the Hungarian cultivar was significantly higher than Indian cultivar. Application of post anthesis water deficiency significantly reduced grain yield (%32), biomass yield (%28), number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per plant, 1000 seed weight, seed oil percentage, oil yield, protein yield, Growing Degree Days (GDD) requirement, and significantly increased grain protein (%22). The results also showed that the physiological and biochemical traits significantly were affected by moisture regime, cultivars, exogenous application of hormones and time of exogenous application of hormones. In this respect, water deficit stress significantly reduced leaf relative water content (RWC(, catalase activity and soluble proteins and significantly increased chlorophyll a and carotenoids concentration and superoxide dismutase activity. Exogenous application of hormones in water deficit stress, not only significantly increased grain yield and other studied traits and reduced the effects of water deficit, but also under control treatment, exogenous application of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid specially at 200 ppm had the best results. According to the results, it seems that use of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid in drought stress condition, reduced its effects on flax production. It can be concluded that, exogenous application of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid in plants significantly increased the plant's resistance to water deficit stress.  

  Carotenoid pigments have a widespread application in food and drug industries as color and antioxidant agents. Thus, world demand is increasing for these pigments. According to literature review, the interest to natural pigments is increasing as synthetic pigments shown adverse impact on human health. Pigment extraction from plant tissues is a time consuming and none economic procedure. So, microbial biotechnology considering as alternative approach. After microbial cell growth, pigment could be extracted by cell disruption. Application of chemical organic solvents is common procedure for pigment extraction. However, these methods are restricting because of adverse effect on consumers health. Despite, mechanical-abrasion extraction receive more attention as this method is cost effective and do not need toxic solvent. In this study, glass beads, 0.45-0.5 mm diameter, were used for carotenoid pigment extraction from the yeast Rhodotorula toruloides by means of aceton solvent in an agitating container (3000 rpm). The process was optimized by response surface procedure in Design expert software. There were three factors, glass beads (5-25 g), solvent concentration (9-21 ml), extraction time (4-8 min), and extraction temperature (10-30 °C). The parameters effect interpretation showed that solvent concentration parameter (41.6 %) and extraction time (31.6 %) had the highest impact on pigment extraction from yeast cells. 75.64 g carotenoid pigment were obtained from yeast cells in optimal condition, 10 g glass beads, 18 ml solvent, 8 min extraction time and temperature at 15 °C. As irradiation has impact on enzymes on carotenoid synthesis, the effect of irradiation in 365, 400, 400-800 and 660 nm were investigated on pigment production in yeast cells in a non continuous airlift fermenter at 30 °C. The highest effect on carotenoid production were recorded at 365 nm which increase the yield by 5.5 fold in compare to control.

    AbstractDifferent species of Pythium and Phytophthora are the main causal agents of seed rots, damping-off of seedlings, root and crown rot and sudden death of cucurbits. The pathogens inflict major yield losses in cucurbits. Regarding to significant acreage of cucurbits cultivation in Kermanshah province, this study was conducted to identify the dominant Oomycetes species in cucurbits fields of the region and to investigate their phylogenetic relationships specially those isolates that have intermediate morphological states.During field visits, from May to September 2014, More than three hundreddiseased samples were collected from 86 cucurbits (cucumber, watermelon, melon and squash) fields in various parts of Kermanshah province and 347 oomyceteisolates were recovered.Species were identified based on morphological characteristics of sexual and asexual organs and colony morphology on various media. Partial cytochrome oxidase II (COX II) DNA coding sequences and internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of selected isolates were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis using genetic distance method with Neighbor Joining (NJ) approach was performed using the MEGA5 software.Based on morphological, physiological and phylogenetic studies, Nine Pythiumspecies (including: P. aphanidermatum,P. dissotocum,P. catenulatum, P. kashmirense,P. middletonii, P. nodosum, P. oligandrum, P. torulosum and P. ultimum), two phytopythiumspecies (Pp. mercurial and Pp. Litorale)andthree Phytophthora species (Ph. melonis, Ph. nicotianae andPh. parasitica)were identified. P. aphanidermatum was the dominant species in cucurbit field of Kermanshah province and nearly 48 percent of oomycetes isolates were belonged to the species.This is the first report of Pp. mercurial from Iran. The association of Pp. mercurial, P. kashmirense and P. torulosum with disease symptoms in cucurbits is also reported for the first time in the world.Pathogenicity tests showed that all oomycetes species identified in this study werepathogenicat leaston some tested cucurbit plants including cucumber, watermelon, melon, cantaloupe and squash. P. aphanidermatum,P. ultimum, Pp. Litorale, Ph. nicotianae andPh. parasitica were pathogenicon all

ٍEvaluation of kernel iron and zinc conentrations in einkorn wheat populations collected from the west of Iran

  All of the developing countries, degrade their natural resources, then, they try to find approaches to restore their resources. It is assumed that the only way of development begins with industrializing and ends to environmental crisis and degradation of vegetation. Our country is passing through this period. Degradation of natural resources happened in the studied area of Koloucheh basin, Bijar, Kurdistan province. Evidences showed the accelerated erosion because of landuse changes and overgrazing. According to the current condition, the studied area was surveyed to investigation and suggestion of proper tree species for planting. In this study, the species those are currently prepared in nurseries in the region as well as native rare species were selected. The ecological requirements and climate restrictions were surveyed for each species. Firstly, the species those were incompatible or fragile against ecological conditions were omitted. Finally, four species of Juniperus polycarpus, Amygdalus communis, Elaeagnus angustifolia and Cupressus arizonica were remained as they were compatible with all ecological conditions of the basin. These species were introduced to the next step of land survey and zoning. Then, prepared maps were overlaid and output maps prepared using GIS (Geographic Information Systems). Approximately, 2314 ha of the total 49758 ha of the studied area were identified as proper area for planting plans by the selected species. Tree species selection for plantation in the Koluche watershed (bijar ,kordestanprovince)

The rhizobacteria established around the rhizosphere, in addition to their role in growth promotion through regulation of plant hormones and production of secondary metabolites have this ability to halter the disease via production of inhibitory metabolites, induction of defense mechanisms and enhancing sensitiveness to pathogen attack in the plants. In one part of this research the effect of 107 isolates of rhizobacters from outer rhizosphere along with 68 rhizobacter isolated from tomato rhizosplan and 12 commercial isolates were studied and their application in the seed, soil and kaolin treatments in order to select the most effective isolate and treatment in plant growth was investigated. In this process 14 isolates were selected in primary and secondary screening tests of plant growth promotion. Based on our results kaolin was statistically better than seed and soil treatments but there was no significant difference between seed and soil treatments. In other part of our research phenotypical appearance of biological control through split root method and induced resistance by rhizobacters against Pythium aphanidermatum causal agent of tomato damping off was investigated. In this part of research it was concluded that rhizobacters including E-18, E-8, B-124 and 2 commercial isolates Known as Bacillus pumilus INR7 and Bacillus sp. could control the tomato damping off as 65, 75, 65, 75 and 50 percent respectively. Among these rhizobacters only 2 native isolates with code numbers E-8 and E-124 and the commercial isolate INR7 through split root method could induce the resistance in the host as 65, 75 and 75 percent respectively. After these experiments for plant growth promotion and disease controlling 5 isolates that created better results were selected and after DNA extraction, the 16S genomic region was amplified through PCR reaction and sequenced. In order to verify the identification and proximity relationship among the species, phylogenetic tree was drawn and it was concluded that the isolates B-124, E-8, E-18, E-11 and E-10 has the most similarity to Acromobacter sp., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis, Burkholderia sp. and Acromobacter sp. respectively. In conclusion native isolates could effectively promote the growth and control the damping off disease in tomato crop as the same of commercial isolates.   Keyword: Biological control, damping off, rhizobacteria, induced resistance, split root     

plants growing in farms contaminated with heavy metals may harbor endophytes that enable them to survive and grow under these conditions. The healthy roots’ samples were collected during the autumn, winter and spring seasons. The samples were transferred to the laboratory. Samples were first washed in running tap water for remove soil and debris. Pieces were surface sterilized by the immersion sequence 96% ethanol for 1 min, sodium hypochlorite (2% available chlorine v/v) for 3 min, 96% ethanol for 30 s and finally rinsed three times in sterile distilled water. culture and isolation of endophytic fungi on PDA medium supplemented with antibiotics was conducted. For molecular characterization of the fungal isolate, genomic DNA extraction followed by PCR amplification with ITS1 and ITS4 primers was performed. fungal isolate included Alternaria sp., Embellisia sp., Microdochium sp., Fusarium redolens, Fusarium tricinctum, Gibberella fujikuroi, Fusarium sp. PDA Supplemented with 0,100, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 ppm concentrations of cadmium prepared for measure minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Fungus disk was placed on the center of 9 cm petri dishes and mycelium elongation was measured after 10 days. dark septate endophytes compared to other fungi were more tolerant to cadmium. Most MIC values Was related to Microdochium sp. (1000 ppm) and Lowest Was related to Fusarium sp.(200 ppm).