Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is one of the main sources of sugar production worldwide, and soil-borne fungal diseases—particularly damping-off and root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani—are among the most important factors reducing the yield of this crop. Given the limitations of chemical control alone and the potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in biological control, the present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of several bacterial strains and chemical compounds, applied individually and in combination, against R. solani on sugar beet under laboratory and greenhouse conditions.In the first stage, the antagonistic potential of 14 bacterial strains against the pathogenic isolate (belonging to anastomosis group AG-4HGI) was evaluated using two methods: dual culture and antifungal volatile compound assays on PDA medium. Two-way analysis of variance showed a highly significant "strain × assay method" interaction (P<0.0001); only 7 of the 14 strains showed significant inhibition in at least one of the two methods. Bacillus subtilis BS (70.48%) and Bacillus velezensis JPS19 (61.90%) showed the highest inhibition in dual culture but performed very poorly in the volatile compounds assay; this crossover pattern indicated differing antagonistic mechanisms among strains. Based on these results, Azotobacter vinelandii and Bacillus subtilis BS were selected for further study.In the next stage, the inhibitory effect of eight commercial fungicides on the pathogen's mycelial growth was examined, and the effective concentration values (EC25 to EC90) of each fungicide were calculated using probit analysis. The compatibility of these fungicides at their effective concentration levels with the two selected bacteria was then assessed. The results showed that fungicide type, more than concentration level, was the main determinant of damage to the bacteria (P<0.0001 for both factors); Copper (for Azotobacter) and Captan (for Bacillus) caused the greatest damage, while Celest caused the least damage to both bacteria. Based on this, Celest and Rovral (due to their lowest EC90 values and acceptable compatibility with the bacteria) as well as Fosetyl (due to its resistance-inducing role) were selected for the greenhouse experiment.In the greenhouse experiment, the effect of 25 treatments (healthy and infected controls, the two bacteria alone, three fungicides at different concentrations, and bacterium × fungicide combinations) was evaluated on 14 traits related to emergence, disease, and seedling growth. The treatment effect was highly significant for all traits (P<0.0001; R² between 0.47 and 0.78). Individual application of either probiotic bacterium, without fungicide, showed no significant advantage over the infected control. In contrast, the combination of bacteria with fungicides—particularly Rovral at 50% and 75% of its EC, together with either bacterium—consistently ranked among the best treatments (after the healthy control), producing the lowest disease severity index and disease incidence along with improved growth traits (fresh and dry weight, root volume, green area).Overall, the findings of this study showed that, under the tested conditions, the fungicide (particularly Rovral) plays the central role in controlling R. solani and improving sugar beet growth indices, while individual application of the tested probiotic bacteria, without an accompanying fungicide, had no appreciable efficacy under greenhouse conditions. Combined application of bacteria with reduced fungicide concentrations may serve as a suitable strategy for reducing reliance on fungicides in the integrated management of this disease, although validation of these findings under field conditions and selection of bacteria from a larger pool of strains is recommended.

   The freeze–thaw process of ram sperm, despite its numerous advantages, can induce oxidative stress, leading to damage to the sperm plasma membrane and DNA and consequently reducing post-thaw sperm quality. The use of antioxidants and nanotechnology has been proposed as an effective strategy to reduce cryopreservation-induced sperm damage. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of manganese-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles, either alone or coated with vanillic acid, on the post-thaw quality parameters of Sanjabi ram sperm. Manganese-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized at a Zn:Mn ratio of 90:10 using barberry fruit extract through a green synthesis method and were subsequently coated with vanillic acid at a 1:1 ratio. The nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential analysis. The antioxidant activity of the materials was also evaluated using the DPPH assay. Following preliminary screening of different concentrations based on sperm motility and viability at 4 and 37°C, vanillic acid at 1 and 10 µg/mL, manganese-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles at 0.1 and 1 µg/mL, and vanillic acid-coated manganese-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles at 0.01 and 0.1 µg/mL were selected for the freezing experiment. Semen samples were diluted with a Tris–egg yolk extender, packaged in 0.25-mL straws, and subsequently frozen in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, sperm motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity, morphological abnormalities, DNA integrity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were evaluated. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized design using    software, and treatment means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that 0.1 µg/mL vanillic acid-coated manganese-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles provided the best overall performance among the tested treatments. This treatment significantly increased sperm motility, viability, and plasma membrane integrity and reduced sperm abnormalities compared with the control group. DNA integrity was also improved compared with the control group and some treatments; however, no significant difference was observed between this treatment and some of the nanoparticle-treated groups. MDA levels were significantly reduced in this treatment compared with the control group and most treatment groups, although no significant difference was observed compared with 10 µg/mL vanillic acid. Vanillic acid at 10 µg/mL and manganese-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles at 0.1 µg/mL also improved several sperm quality parameters. In contrast, the concentration of 100 µg/mL was associated with reduced sperm motility and viability and showed the greatest adverse effects. Based on the results of this study, the use of vanillic acid-coated manganese-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles at 0.1 µg/mL may be considered a potential treatment for reducing freeze–thaw-induced damage in ram sperm. However, further studies are required to determine the precise mechanisms underlying these effects, including the roles of antioxidant systems and molecular pathways. Keywords: Manganese-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles, vanillic acid, freeze–thawing, ram sperm

Pepper (Capsicum annum) from the Solanaceae family is one of the most important vegetable summer crops that is cultivated in different parts of the world. Pepper plants are attacked by many pests such as insects, bacteria, viruses and fungi. Many fungi such as Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Verticellum, Alternaria, etc. cause disease in pepper. Common fungal diseases include seed rot, seedling damping off, root rot, stem base rot, etc. To prevent the damage caused by fungal diseases, farmers mainly rely on the use of chemical fungicides, which are efficient and fast-acting, but this is at the expense of human health and the environment, prompting experts to look for successful alternatives and their way. find for biological control in which they use a biological agent against a pathogenic fungus. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fungi that attack the pepper plant roots and to investigate the effect of T. longibrachiatum as a biological control method and fungicides as a chemical method on the fungi that cause pepper root rot. The antagonism test of T. longibrachiatum against pathogenic fungi was investigated in laboratory conditions. This step included placing the disc of pathogenic fungi against the isolated disc of T. longibrachiatum on PDA medium. After one week of incubation, the antagonism ability was measured. In the greenhouse, the effect of treatments including the control alone (without pathogenic fungi and T. longibrachiatum), Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, T. longibrachiatum, Beltanol fungicide and the treatment of pathogenic fungi together with T. longibrachiatum. The effect of the treatments on two soil groups, including sterilized and non-sterilized soils, was done in three repetitions, which formed a total of 12 samples of the statistical population of this study. The effects of the treatments on the characteristics of root and stem length, wet and dry weight of root and stem were measured in greenhouse conditions. The data obtained from the measurements were analyzed using the LSD test comparison between groups (sterilized and non-sterilized soil) at the 5% level. Based on the results of internal transcribed space (ITS) sequencing and PCR, the species of Fusarium and Rhizoctonia fungi included F. solani and R. solani, respectively. T. longibrachiatum had a high antagonistic ability with F. solani and R. solani. The treatment of T. longibrachiatum fungus and Beltanol fungicide reduced the pathogenic effect of F. solani and R. solani, so the measured growth indices increased in the presence of these treatments. respectively, the highest and lowest characteristics of the measured sizes were observed in the treatment of T. longibrachiatum and pathogenic fungi F. solani and R. solani. By adding T. longibrachiatum to samples infected with R. solani along with F. solani in non-sterile soils, the dry weight of the stem increased by 744.17%. Based on the results of the laboratory and greenhouse, T. longibrachiatum as a strong antagonist was able to prevent the growth of F. solani and R. solani, therefore T. longibrachiatum as a strong biological controller plays an important role in controlling various diseases caused by F. solani and R. solani has root rot of pepper. The effect of T. longibrachiatum fungus was higher compared to Beltanol fungicide in inhibiting the pathogenic agent. Therefore, it is recommended to use biological control method instead of chemical control.

   Fig, with the scientific name Ficus carica L., is a perennial treasure plant. Among the producing countries, Iran ranks fifth in the world with the production of 107,791 tons of figs in 2021. Also, in 2021, the main producing provinces of wet farming figs include Fars, Lorestan, Kermanshah, Markazi, Semnan, and Zanjan. The amount of wet farming fig production in 2021 in Kermanshah province was 1787 tons. Fig cultivation areas in Kermanshah province based on the highest production include the cities of Dalahu (Rijab), Paveh, Sarpol Zahab, Gilan Gharb, Harsin, Kermanshah and Islamabad. The fig plant, like other agricultural products, hosts many pests and diseases, among which fig mosaic disease can be mentioned. Based on the research conducted by the researchers, it has been shown that the effective factors in the occurrence of fig mosaic disease include viruses and viroids, all or some of them may be involved in the occurrence of symptoms of this disease in fig trees. Among the viral agents involved in this disease, we can mention fig mosaic virus (Emaravirus fici). This virus can be semi-permanently transmitted by cuttings and tra  lants of infected trees, as well as by the eriophyde mite Aceria ficus, but it is not transmitted by seeds and pollen grains. During the years2021and 2022, 129 samples were collected from nine cities of Kermanshah province (Eslamabad-e-Gharb, Paveh, Dalahoo, Sarpol-e-Zahab, Sahneh, Qasreshirin, Kermanshah, Gilanegharb and Harsin). These samples were examined by DAS-ELISA test and with IgG antiserum prepared by Iran's Herbal Medicine Research Institute (Tehran, Iran). Out of 128 fig samples tested, 86 samples were infected with fig mosaic virus. Based on the tests, out of 116 samples with symptoms of fig mosaic disease, 81 samples (equivalent to 70%) were infected with fig mosaic virus. Also, among the 12 samples without signs of fig mosaic disease, five samples showed positive results in the serological test. In order to investigate the transmission of fig mosaic virus, grafting was done between two-year-old fig cuttings and infected cuttings that were selected from fig trees in Kermanshah province. After observing the first signs of fig mosaic disease, DAS-ELISA test was performed for all the tra  lanted seedlings and after the detection of fig mosaic virus in some of the tra  lanted seedlings, in order to ensure the accuracy of the result obtained from the DAS-ELISA test, a molecular test was performed base on nucleic acid (RT-PCR) for infected plants. In the RT-PCR test, a fragment with an approximate size of 302 bp was amplified from a pair of E5 specific primers for 20 fig samples. Among the received nucleotide sequences, 19 sequences (except for OQ552542), in BLAST search, showed the most similarity with the sequence of an isolate from Lorestan province (KT732024) (nucleotide similarity between 93.4 and 96.8%). The sequence of isolate FM203 (resem. OQ552542) was different from the rest of the isolates, so that its nucleotide identity with 19 other sequences was 86.6 to 90.2%. This sequence showed the most similarity with the sequence of isolate T7 from Kermanshah province (number MH475441) and then with isolates from Golestan, Lorestan and Mazandaran provinces (90.1 to 91.5% nucleotide identity). In the phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the RdRp coding region, 19 sequences of the obtained sequences (except the sequence OQ552542), together with an isolate from Lorestan province (the sequence KT732024) were placed in the same group, but the isolate FM203 (the sequence OQ552542) was placed outside the group. In this study, the distribution of fig mosaic virus in fig orchards of Kermanshah province was investigated by serological detection (DAS-EISA) and nucleic acid-based molecular method (RT-PCR).

The tomato plant with the scientific name Solanum lycopersicum from the Solanaceae family is economically one of the most important agricultural products in many countries, including Iran. The tomato plant is exposed to the damage of various factors, including plant pathogens, among which viral diseases are very important. Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) from the genus Tobamovirus is one of the most destructive viruses infecting vegetables. This virus has a wide host range between agricultural and non-agricultural plants. During the years 1397 to 1399, from the farms of Kermanshah province located in the cities of Kermanshah (Kozran, Baladarband, Sarab Yaori, Halshi and the farm inside the faculty), Islamabad (Shiyan), Qasr Shirin (Shaherek Shahid Decami), Mahidasht, Sahneh (Dinor), Ravansar (Hasanabad) ), Sanghar (Sahnaleh), Kangavar (Fesh), and Harsin (Biston) of Kermanshah province were collected and some tomato greenhouses of Kermanshah province located in Kermanshah (Qzanchi), Islamabad (Shiyan Castle, Kat Kati) and Mahidasht cities were sampled. The presence of ToMV infection in the samples was investigated by DAS-ELISA method using polyclonal antibody manufactured by DSMZ (code AS-0104). The results were evaluated according to the color of the wells compared to positive and negative controls and positive samples were identified. A number of samples that were detected as infected by DAS ELISA were selected for further work The reaction of benchmark plants was investigated using mechanical inoculation in the greenhouse. The contamination of some samples was confirmed by total RNA extraction and then RT-PCR molecular test. In this test, general primers of tobamoviruses (F-3666 and R-4718) were used. The expected band with a size of about 700 bp was obtained for the infected samples. The obtained synonyms were registered in GenBank (accession number OM460705 for AE293 isolate and OM460706 for AE298 isolate). A genealogical tree was drawn using the sequences available in GenBank. The sequences of two ToMV isolates from Kermanshah province were placed in the same group with ToMV isolates and showed the highest similarity (respectively, 99.5 and 99.8% sequence identity) with a tomato mosaic virus isolate (number LC650928) reported from tomato plants in Japan. They showed that. . In total, the results of ELISA, inoculation and RT-PCR tests proved the existence and widespread distribution of tomato mosaic virus in the tomato fields of Kermanshah, Qasrshirin, Harsin, Sahne, Ravansar and Islamabad cities   

  Tomato are one of the most important horticultural   roducts in the world and are the most consumed vegetable after potatoes due to their freshness and ability to be processed. tomato as a model plant   is also the subject of many researches. genetic diversity is the basis of plant breeding in order to select new cultivars with desirable traits and compatible with the environment. In this research, ISSR molecular markers were used to investigate genetic diversity and identify markers associated with 21 morphological traits in 99 tomato genotypes. among 20 primers which were used,   17 primers created polymorphic. the mean polymorphism was 97% and nine primers were 100% polymorphic. The results displaied that the UBC 876 had the highest values ??of Marker Index.  Identifyication the Quantitative Traits Locus is effective in accelerating the breeding process. Based on the results We identified 100 loci for 19 morphological traits (P?0.01). we also founed that three loci (UBC 3-1130, UBC 808-820 and UBC 580-825) showed signification association with multiple traits, suggesting pleiotropic effects of QTL. A total of loci are   useful resource for marker-assisted selection to improve traits in tomato.  Key Words: Linkage analysis, trait correlation, microsatellite marker, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.  

In terms of annual production rank, potato plant is after plants such as wheat and rice and is one of the valuable sources of human food, especially in developing countries. Various fungal diseases cause damage to the organs of the potato plant, which reduces the yield and quality of the potato crop. Some of these pathogens can cause symptoms such as canker and caries. One of these pathogens is Paramyrothecium. In order to investigate the morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics of Paramyrothecium isolates along with potato stem canker, sampling was performed on four potato cultivation plots from the research farms of Razi University of Kermanshah in August and September 2017. Sampling of plants with signs of leaf spot, fruit rot, stem, crown and root was done randomly from four farms on the Facultaty of Science and Agricultural Engineering of Razi University. From each field, 5 infected samples were collected. After isolating and purifying Paramyrothecium, the reaction of 20 species from 9 plant families to this fungus and also the severity of pathogenicity in five tobacco samples were measured. The results showed that based on the morphological characteristics of 20 purified isolates, all belonged to P. roridum. According to phylogenetic analysis of two selected fungal isolates among these isolates, using sequences related to ?-tubulin and ITS region, the results showed that these two isolates were 98% similar to P. roridum CBS37250 isolates. And P. roridum CBS21295 and P. roridum ZB1 and P. roridum

Existence of high pressures in water distribution networks will increase leakage and drop in pipes and reduce pressure in some parts of the network. Distribution network pressure management is done to reduce high pressures by various methods such as the use of pressure relief valves, zoning, pumps with variable speed, etc. Reliability index is used to assess the network pressure status. Javanrood water distribution network has a rugged topography and faces the problem of high pressures.In this study, for Javanrood network, it was determined using multi-objective optimization algorithms in order to increase the reliability of the location and settings of pressure relief valves. For this purpose, various scenarios were designed and implemented. Among these scenarios, it is possible to increase the pressure reliability by 0.603 if adjusting pressure relief valves are used. Also, if the designer chose the diameter of the network pipes in order to maximize reliability, this index would increase to 0.6524.In the two-objective algorithm, with the aim of increasing the compressive reliability and reducing the cost of pipe preparation, the compressive reliability was increased by changing the diameter of the pipe and an adjustable pressure relief valve to 0.6259. However, the study of hydraulic parameters showed that in this case, the speed reliability is lower than the current situation. In other words, by reducing the diameter of the pipe, the speed increases and the pressure decreases.In general, the reliability indicators defined in any network will not be able to reach number one. The reason for this can be attributed to changes in water consumption during the day and night. As the consumption of nodes changes, the pressure in the node and the velocity in the pipes will change.Keywords:Reliability, pressure management, water distribution network, multi-objective algorithm, pressure relief valve

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a perennial plant of the Fabaceae family and an important fodder crop in the world. Bean leafroll virus causes many damages and reduces the yields by 30% or more in plants of the Fabaceae family.   This virus is one of the most important pathogens of alfalfa and in addition to reducing the yield of infected plants, it causes stunting and yellowing symptoms. Bean leafroll virus is being transmitted by aphids in a persistent, circulating, and non-propagating manner. Due to the importance of alfalfa and lack of knowledge about the status of infection with this virus in alfalfa fields in Kermanshah Province, this study was conducted to detect the virus in alfalfa fields in some parts of the Province. Samples were collected from alfalfa and chickpea farms in different parts of Kermanshah Province (farms of Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University in Kermanshah, Geravand village, Harsin, Mahidasht, Dinavar, Islamabad, Gilan-Gharb, Kangavar, Ravansar, and Sahneh). The leaves of alfalfa and chickpea plants that showed yellowing symptoms were selected and tested using DSMZ antibodies (including IgG code AS-0142 and specific monoclonal antibody code AS-227/1) by the TAS-ELISA method. Among 157 samples tested, 17 tested positive in the ELISA test, including 12 samples of alfalfa (from Harsin, Mahidasht, Dinavar, and Faculty of Agriculture) and 5 chickpea samples (from Dinavar and Faculty of Agriculture). In the aphid transmission test by Aphis fabae, the infection was transmitted from alfalfa to Vicia faba. In this study, Bean leafroll virus was detected for the first time in the alfalfa fields of Kermanshah Province.   

Potato (Solanum tuberosum, family Solanaceae) is an annual crop with great economic importance. Potato leafroll virus (PLRV, genus Polerovirus) is one of the most important viral pathogens that cause great losses on the yield and quality of this plant around the world. The first step in managingviral diseases is to identify them. With the right diagnosis, proper planning can be done to control the pathogen and prevent its spread. Considering the importance of Potato leafroll virus and the damages it can cause, the present study was conducted to investigate the status of Potato leafroll virus infection in potato fields in some parts of Kermanshah province (Iran). In the growing seasons of 2019-2021, potato fields (varieties Sante, Banba, Marfona, Sprit, Natasha and Jelly) located in some areas of Kermanshah Province, Iran (regions Kermanshah, Kangavar, Islam-Abade-Gharb, Gahvareh, Kamyaran road and Ghazanchi) were sampled. Samples were collected from the aerial parts of potato plants that had suspected symptoms of this virus (yellowing, dwarfism, leafroll). Virus detection n the collected samples was performed by TAS-ELISA using a kit from DSMZ, that included IgG antibody (AS-0741), specific monoclonal antibody MAb-IgG (AS0060/11), RAM-AP and a positive control (PV-0842). According to TAS-ELISAresults, infection with Potato leafroll virus was detected in Kermanshah, Islam-Abade-Gharb, Gahvareh, Kamyaran road and Ghazanchi and inSante, Banba, Marfona, Sprit, Natasha and Jelly cultivars. Keywords: Viral diseases, Polerovirus, Serology    

identification of amylase producing   thermophilic fungi from soil and composting inKermanshah province (West of Iran) AbstractAn investigation was carried out on the occurrence ofthermotolerantand thermophilic fungi soil samples collected from cultivated andnatural regions in Kermanshah province, municipal waste compost and mushroomcompost, 2017–19. Fungal isolates were recovered using the soil dilution platemethod on potato dextrose agar at 45 and 50 °C. Totally, 24 fungal isolateswere obtained from soil and compost. DNA extraction was carried out using aGenomic DNA Purification kit. The ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 (ITS) Regions wereamplified using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. Fragments about 500–700 bp wereamplified and after sequencing deposited in GenBank. Based on morphologicalcharacters and sequence data of the the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA,these fungi were identified as Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillusnidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillusterrus, Melanocarpus albomyces*, Malbrancheacinnamomea*, Thermomyces dupontii*, Thermomyceslanuginosus*, and Thielavia arenaria*. Asterisksindicate species that are the new records for the mycobiota of Iran. Thefrequency of thermophilic and thermotolarant fungi in municipal waste compost was higher than soil(agricultural and virgin) and Aspergillus species were the most abundantfungi identified in this study. In the present study, Aspergillus fumigatuswas the most abundant among Aspergillus species isolated from soil andtwo types of compost including mushroom and municipal waste compost.This species had a favorable growth at atemperature of 45 degrees Celsius and due to its better growth in thetemperature range of 25-45 degrees, it is considered thermotolerant. In thisstudy, 24 isolates were isolated from soil (cultivated and uncultivated) andtwo types of compost (municipal waste compost and mushroom compost).   Eleven isolates belonged to soil samples andnine isolates belonged to compost samples of municipal waste and four isolatesbelonged to compost samples of fungi, respectively. In order to identifyamylase-producing isolates, the obtained isolates were cultured on agar starchmedium and placed in three replications at different temperatures of 40, 45 and50 °C. After 48 to 72 hours of growth of isolates, the colony was flooded with Logolsolution. In this study, a clear halo was observed around the colony of allisolates except for two species of Thialavia arenaria and Melanocarpusalbomyces, which indicates the consume of starch by the fungus and theability to produce amylase enzyme. The maximum halo belonged to the species, Thermomycessp., Malbranchea cinnamome, Thermomyces lanuginosus andThermomyces dupontii, respectively  

اعضاي جنس Polerovirus (خانواده Luteoviridae) و از جمله ويروس زردي غربي چغندر (Beet western yellows virus, BWYV) از عوامل مهم خسارت در گياهان زراعي هستند. طي سال‌هاي ???? و ???? تعداد ??? نمونه گياهي از استان كرمانشاه جمع آوري شد. اين نمونه‌ها توسط كيت تاس- الايزا دريافت شده از DSMZ مورد آزمايش قرار گرفتند. اين كيت براي رديابي چهار گون? پولروويروس شامل   WYV، ويروس زردي شلغم (TuYV)، ويروس زردي خفيف چغندر (BMYV) و ويروس سبزردي چغندر (BChV) توسعه داده شده است. از بين نمونه‌هاي آزمايش شده، ?? نمونه از گياهان مختلف پاسخ مثبت نشان دادند. براي انتقال ويروس به گياهان سالم از دو گونه شته استفاده شد. در گياهان كلزا و تربچه آزمون انتقال موفقيت آميز بود و اين گياهان در آزمون تاس- الايزا پاسخ مثبت نشان دادند. در آزمون IC-RT-PCR با پرايمر اختصاصي TuYV يك قطعه با اندازه تقريبي ??? جفت‌باز از نمونه‌هاي كلزا و خردل وحشي تكثير گرديد. بررسي‌هاي تكميلي به منظور توالي يابي و تعيين نوع ويروس در ديگر نمونه‌ها در حال انجام است.

   Abstract    This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fermented camelina meal on performance and digestibility in broilers. A total of 420 broilers were randomly assigned to 7 treatments with 6 replicates and 10 replicates per replicate in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included control (based on soybean meal) and 5, 10 and 15% treatments of replacing raw camelina or fermented soybean meal in the diet. The chicks of all groups received the ration at the end of the first week of each treatment. The results of this experiment showed that at the end of the feed weight gain and feed conversion ratio and feed intake as well as protein digestibility in the fermented treatments, especially 15% compared to the non fermented ones. There was a significant difference (P <0.01), therefore, with regard to the positive effects of fermented camelina meal on broiler digestibility and digestibility, this processed protein source could be considered as an alternative to soybean meal.   

This research was conduct to study the effects of exogenous application of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid on the quantity and quality of yield of two flax cultivars under post-flowering water deficiency stress. This research was conducted in 2016-2017 at the Organic Research Farm of the Campus of Agricultural and Natural Resources Razi University of Kermanshah. To this end, a split plot-factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The main plot was including of water regimes (1-control, 2-post-flowering water deficit stress) and the sub plots was including Flax cultivars (Hindi and Hungarian), exogenous application of salicylic acid (0, 100, 200 ppm) and ascorbic acid (0, 100, 200 ppm) and time of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid at two levels of vegetative growth stage (stem elongation) and reproductive stage (full flowering). According to the results, cultivar, exogenous application of hormones and moisture regime treatment had significant effect on all examined traits without morphological traits. In control condition (non-water deficit stress, grain yield and biomass yield of the Hungarian cultivar was significantly higher than Indian cultivar. Application of post anthesis water deficiency significantly reduced grain yield (%32), biomass yield (%28), number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per plant, 1000 seed weight, seed oil percentage, oil yield, protein yield, Growing Degree Days (GDD) requirement, and significantly increased grain protein (%22). The results also showed that the physiological and biochemical traits significantly were affected by moisture regime, cultivars, exogenous application of hormones and time of exogenous application of hormones. In this respect, water deficit stress significantly reduced leaf relative water content (RWC(, catalase activity and soluble proteins and significantly increased chlorophyll a and carotenoids concentration and superoxide dismutase activity. Exogenous application of hormones in water deficit stress, not only significantly increased grain yield and other studied traits and reduced the effects of water deficit, but also under control treatment, exogenous application of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid specially at 200 ppm had the best results. According to the results, it seems that use of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid in drought stress condition, reduced its effects on flax production. It can be concluded that, exogenous application of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid in plants significantly increased the plant's resistance to water deficit stress.  

ٍEvaluation of kernel iron and zinc conentrations in einkorn wheat populations collected from the west of Iran

  All of the developing countries, degrade their natural resources, then, they try to find approaches to restore their resources. It is assumed that the only way of development begins with industrializing and ends to environmental crisis and degradation of vegetation. Our country is passing through this period. Degradation of natural resources happened in the studied area of Koloucheh basin, Bijar, Kurdistan province. Evidences showed the accelerated erosion because of landuse changes and overgrazing. According to the current condition, the studied area was surveyed to investigation and suggestion of proper tree species for planting. In this study, the species those are currently prepared in nurseries in the region as well as native rare species were selected. The ecological requirements and climate restrictions were surveyed for each species. Firstly, the species those were incompatible or fragile against ecological conditions were omitted. Finally, four species of Juniperus polycarpus, Amygdalus communis, Elaeagnus angustifolia and Cupressus arizonica were remained as they were compatible with all ecological conditions of the basin. These species were introduced to the next step of land survey and zoning. Then, prepared maps were overlaid and output maps prepared using GIS (Geographic Information Systems). Approximately, 2314 ha of the total 49758 ha of the studied area were identified as proper area for planting plans by the selected species. Tree species selection for plantation in the Koluche watershed (bijar ,kordestanprovince)