كرم قوزه پنبه، (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Helicoverpa armigera از مخرب‌ترين آفات كشاورزي است كه به دليل بروز مقاومت به حشره‌كش‌هاي شيميايي، نيازمند رويكردهاي نوين در برنامه‌هاي مديريت تلفيقي (IPM) است. اين پژوهش با هدف ارزيابي اثرات انفرادي و تركيبي ميان باكتري گوارشي Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) و قارچ بيمارگر تماسي Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma) و همچنين بررسي اثرات زيركشنده آن‌ها بر پارامترهاي جدول زيستي اين آفت انجام شد. زيست‌سنجي‌هاي انفرادي روي لاروهاي سن سوم بر اساس روش‌هاي آلوده‌سازي غذاي مصنوعي (براي باكتري) و غوطه‌وري (براي قارچ) انجام گرفت و داده‌ها با مدل پروبيت تجزيه شدند. سپس، آزمون اختلاط بر پايه مقادير LC25   و LC50   در نرم‌افزار پولوميكس ارزيابي شد. در نهايت، اثرات زيركشنده بهترين تيمار اختلاط بر پارامترهاي رشد جمعيت بر اساس تئوري جدول زندگي سني-مرحله‌اي دوجنسي[1]   بررسي گرديد.   براساس نتايج مقادير LC50   براي باكتري ppm 83 /77 و براي قارچ ?/??×???

   The cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a key storage pest of legumes in tropical regions such as Iran, with losses reaching up to 90% during storage. Damage includes seed weight reduction, perforation, and secondary contamination. Using chemical insecticides such as malathion and thiamethoxam in storage faces challenges, including pest resistance and environmental pollution. Therefore, integrated pest management (IPM) with entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) such as Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae is proposed to reduce the use of these insecticides. These fungi control pests by penetrating the cuticle and producing degradative enzymes, but their slow action requires a combination with insecticides. This study aimed to evaluate the individual efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (selected isolate) and two commonly used insecticides, thiamethoxam (a neonicotinoid) and malathion (an organophosphate), as well as their interactions on adult C. maculatus under laboratory conditions. After determining lethal and sublethal doses and other toxicological parameters using probit models for single agents, the impact of simultaneous application of the fungus with sublethal insecticide doses was assessed. Analytical methods such as the co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) and combination analysis models were used to evaluate the type of interaction (synergistic, additive, or antagonistic). The laboratory methodology included Iranian-native fungal isolates, pest rearing on chickpea (28°C, 75% RH), bioassays at various concentrations, and statistical analysis of synergy. Results showed that the selected fungal isolates were highly virulent; B. bassiana and M. anisopliae caused 70-85% mortality at 10^6-10^7 conidia/mL concentrations. In seed treatment, insecticides were more effective with thiamethoxam, having a lower LD50. Regarding compatibility, sublethal insecticide doses (LD25) had only minor adverse effects on mycelial growth (10-15% reduction), sporulation (20% reduction), and conidial viability (80-90% retained), with malathion being more compatible than thiamethoxam. Regarding mixtures, results showed that combining the fungus with LC25 of insecticides induced synergy, raising mortality to 90-95% and reducing lethal time from 7-10 days to 4-6 days. The interaction between thiamethoxam at a sublethal dose and M. anisopliae produced the most potent synergistic effect. This indicates that a very low dose of thiamethoxam (about one-quarter of LD50) amplified the fungus's pest-killing ability by more than threefold. This synergy is likely due to neonicotinoids weakening the insect's immune system, facilitating fungal penetration. Native isolates are effective, and co-application reduces pesticide use by 50-70%, manages resistance, and preserves the environment. Synergism is due to the weakening by insecticides and easier fungal entry. Compared to similar studies, Iranian native isolates perform better. Challenges include fungal persistence at low storage humidity and the need for commercial formulations. Recommendations include field trials and integration with other IPM factors for broader application in Iranian storage systems. This study lays the groundwork for combined biological-chemical formulations to enhance food security and sustainable agriculture.    Keywords: Malathion, thiamethoxam, toxicity, mixture, synergism, antagonism, fungal fitness, integrated pest management.   

   This study was conducted to assess the transgenerational sensitivity dynamics and bioefficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis su  . kurstaki (Bt) in the control of third instar larvae of the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) over four consecutive generations. Laboratory bioassays using various concentrations of Bt were performed on the parental generation (F0) and successive progenies (F1, F2, F3). Results indicated that cumulative mortality rates and sensitivity indices—including LC50, resistance ratio (RR), and lethal dose ratios—declined significantly in later generations. The parent and first filial generations were most susceptible to Bt spores and crystals, but with continuous selection pressure, resistance development was pronounced in the second generation (RR=2.92), reaching maximum resistance in the third (RR=7.25). The LT50 values rarely reached 50% lethality except at high concentrations in the initial generation; for most treatments and especially in later generations, this threshold was not attained. Statistical modeling was used to examine the relationship between LC~50~ and LT~50~ across all generations. All models confirmed a strong positive correlation (r=0.92), demonstrating that increasing resistance or reduced sensitivity under selection pressure substantially delayed larval mortality. Nonlinear power regression (R²=0.89) and generalized linear modeling with a gamma distribution (Deviance explained=85%) further validated the robust relationship between dependent and independent variables. These findings underscore that repeated use of Bt, without resistance management strategies such as refugia, accelerates resistance development and reduces biological control effectiveness. Therefore, sustainable pest management in field conditions should include insecticide rotation, creation of Bt-free refuges, and implementation of higher, targeted concentrations. This research demonstrated rapid transgenerational resistance evolution under laboratory selection, emphasizing the need for regular monitoring and prevention of both genetic and epigenetic resistance in key pest populations under greenhouse and field conditions. Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis, cotton bollworm, transgenerational resistance, bioassay, successive generations, statistical modeling, biological control

  

   In order to study agronomic evaluation of recombinant inbred lines resulting from the wheat cultivars crossing, 450 recombinant inbred lines (RILs, F6) derived (three populations) from the crossing of Gascogen × winter backcross of Roshan, Marvdasht × MV17, Marvdasht × Shahpasand were evaluated. The experiment was carried out as an augment design in Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, in 2020. The control treatments included five bread wheat cultivars (Roshan, Shahpasand, Morvdasht, Kraichov, MV17, Gascogen), the augment design was in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eight replicates, and the lines were randomly placed inside them.The results obtained from the correlation analysis showed that kernel yield per square meter had a highly significant positive correlation with straw yield, plant height, peduncle length, flag leaf length, spike length, spike weight, number of kernel per spike, weight of kernels per spike, thousand seed weight, number of spike per m2, weight of spike per m2, weight of stem and leaf per m2, biological yield and harvest index. The results of path analysis showed that number of spike per m2 had the highest correlation and also highest direct effect on kernel yield. According to the results obtained from factor analysis, five main components justified 76.70 percent of the total variation among data. Cluster analysis divided the genotypes into five groups. Generally, the results showed that the lines of the first group were superior to the other groups in terms of the most of the evaluated traits. Therefore, the lines in the first group could be sugessted for further breeding expriments. Key words: Augment, bread wheat, cluster analysis, recombinant inbred lines.

   Introduction: Special attention to increasing livestock production and improving productivity to achieve self-sufficiency and basic and food needs seems to increase the country more than in the past. Animal husbandry, as the most important sub-sector of agriculture, is one of the most important sectors in the production of production materials and dairy products, which plays a major role in feeding the people of the society, and is a group of dynamic and effective industries, which is subject to many risks during production. Objectives The objective of this research was to analyze the factors on increasing the productivity of the traditional animal husbandry unit in Serfirouzabad village of Kermanshah city in 2022-2023 from the point of view of livestock farmers. Research methodology: The current research is quantitative in terms of paradigm, applied in terms of purpose, Descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection, and field and library in terms of the amount and degree of control of variables. The statistical population of the research includes the owners of traditional livestock units in Sarfirouzabad village of Kermanshah (N = 1100), based on Karjesi and Morgan's table, 285 people were selected using stratified random sampling, including 130 livestock owners with sheep units. 100 ranchers had lamb breeding units and 55 ranchers had dairy cattle units. The data collection tool was 3 researcher-made questionnaires along with interviews, the validity of which was evaluated based on the opinion of experts and university professors, and its reliability was calculated by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient in    software as 0.81. Data analysis was done in two parts, descriptive and inferential statistics, in   23 software. Also, in order to calculate the economic productivity of traditional livestock units, the formula of economic productivity of all production factors was used. Findings: The study of the productivity of the sheep units showed that the average productivity of the total production factors in the sheep units is 2, in the lamb breeding units is 0.2 and in the dairy cow units is 0.8. The results of the study regarding the factors affecting the productivity of traditional animal husbandry units showed that two political factors with an average of 4.073 and economic factors with an average of 4.051 have the greatest effect on the productivity of animal husbandry units. In addition, the social factor with an average of 3.962 was in the third place, and the managerial factor with an average of 3.867 and the human factor with an average of 3.785 were placed in the fourth and fifth place among the factors affecting productivity. Conclusion and suggestion: By ensuring the psychological and physical security of investing in proper pricing of products and inputs instead of mandatory pricing, the government should have a strong supporting and controlling role and provide livestock inputs in the right amount and at the right time at the right price. to put livestock farmers; Also, by granting appropriate subsidies, facilities and credits to traditional animal husbandry units, which have been converted into industrial or semi-industrial units, and by using modern technologies and improved breeds of livestock, their productivity should be increased.   

This study was conducted with the aim of strategic analysis of the development of olive processing workshops in Rajab area of Dalaho city using SWAT analysis. The present study was conducted with a combined (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In order to achieve the goal of the research, which is "development of olive processing workshops in Rijab region of Dalaho city", at first, the SWOT analytical model was used. After identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, in the next stage of SWOT, using hierarchical analysis (AHP), the factors of the four points were weighted. Then the strategies were extracted. The current study population included all the olive growers of Rijab region of Dalaho city, based on the information obtained from the Agricultural Jihad Organization in 1402, 370 people were evaluated, of which 15 people were interviewed. Also, in order to obtain rich information, interviews were conducted with agricultural Jihad experts who were familiar with olive cultivation and the issues and problems of olive growers, and 7 people were selected as samples. The tools of data collection in this research were interviews and questionnaires. In general, the results of SWAT analysis showed that there are 4 broad categories for the development of olive processing workshops in Rajab region of Dalaho city, including: suitable environmental and geographical conditions of the region for the development of olives and its products, the high added value of olives compared to other horticultural products in the region. The ability to generate employment and the high human capital of olive growers were identified. Weaknesses include 4 categories, including: management problems of olive growers, lack of necessary capital and equipment in the process of olive production and processing, tra  ortation problems in the study area, professional problems of olive growers. The opportunities for the development of olive processing workshops also include 3 categories such as: supporting policies of the agricultural sector, technology development and investment in the study area, effective promotion and training were identified by the Agricultural Jihad Organization, and finally the threats for the development of olive processing workshops include 4 There are classes, these classes are: problems related to the market, climate changes, financial and credit problems, weak legislation and policy making.  

   In this research, sequential sampling of different species of thrips was done in three important rangelands of Javanrud (Kermanshah province) from March 2023 to June 2023. These pastures included Deh-Sarkh (1500 meters), Massander (1370 meters) and Gandab (1270 meters). Sampling was done weekly by shaking selected plants between three sites into a white tray. Plants of the three sampling sites included wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), oats (Avena fatua L), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L), shepherd's purse (Capsella bursapastoris) and wild barley   (Hordeum spontaneum). The results showed that among the total number of 10,503 samples collected from the three sites of Javanroud, 18 species of thrips belonging to four families, including Aeolothripidae (four species), Melanthripidae (one species), Thripidae (nine species) and Phlaeothripidae (four species) were found on five abundant plant species were identified.   Among these 18 species, the four dominant species in the region were Rhipidiothrips brunneus, Melanthrips knechteli, Thrips meridionalis (Priesner) and Haplothrips reuteri (Karny). Results based on critical indicators such as Shannon-Wiener and Simpson Ds showed a difference between the three sampling sites in terms of biodiversity. Based on both Shannon- (2.76) and Simson Ds (0.93) indices, the highest diversity of thrips species is found in the Gandab pasture. The two sites of Deh Sarkh and Massander have almost similar species diversity. The equitability index (=j) for Gandab (0.95) and Deh Sorekh (0.92) was higher than Massander (0.90). The results of the Principal Component Analysis showed that the tendency of thrips species to disperse among the three regions is different from each other. The species similarity index based on the Chekanovsky coefficient showed that the highest species composition is the same between Deh Sorkh and Massander pastures, which are closer to each other in terms of height than the sea level. The Shannon-Wiener Biodiversity Index showed that the highest biodiversity of thrips species in the Deh Sorekh site is on A. fatua L (2.69), H. spontaneum (2.67) and S. arvensis (2.43) plants, respectively. According to the Simson index, the highest diversity of thrips species in the Deh Sorekh site is on A. fatua (0.92) and H. spontaneum (0.92) plants. On the other hand, considering that the lowest Simson diversity index recorded on the rest of the plants was in the range between 0.81 and 0.88.   Therefore, all five selected plants are important host plants for thrips collected, but A. fatua, H. spontaneum   and S. arvensis plants are more key plants in relation to the biodiversity of different species of thrips in Deh-sorkh. The highest pillo uniformity index (equitability=j) in Deh Sarkh was on C. bursapastoris (0.95), in Massander on H. spontaneum   (0.95) and C. bursapastoris (0.95), and in Gandab on A. fatua (0.96) and H. spontaneum   (0.96). In all three sites of Javanroud, the highest carrying capacity in relation to multiple species of thrips was related to wild mustard plant. The similarity index results of thrips species on selected host plants based on the PCA method and the NMDS in the three sampled sites showed that R. brunneus Williams and F. intonsa (Trybom) species had a higher abundance on A. fatua in the Deh-sorkh pasture. Rhipidiothrips brunneus, Frankliniella intonsa, Thrips meridionalis (Priesner) and Haplothrips reuteri (Karny) species are seen with the same abundance on S.arvensis, A. fatua   and H. spontaneum   lants.   However, the species Melanthrips knechteli

  Wheat is a strategic crop; therefore, its storage, especially in storage, encounters particular importance. The khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Evert (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is a crucial polyphagous pest that causes irreversible damage, especially to wheat. Biological pest control agents that can be established in warehouse conditions are essential from the point of view of healthy food production. The predatory mite Celacaropsis sp. was reported first from the Entomology lab of the Razi University of Iran in 2019; for this reason, there was little information about it. Therefore, this research was aimed to precisely evaluate the morphology of different stages, prey preference, and age stage two-sex life table of the mentioned mite on two prey species, T. granarium, and the mill moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), for introducing an easy and affordable method for the mass rearing of the predator. Accordingly, it was determined that the number of mite stages is sex-dependent. Females had five stages (egg, larvae, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult), and males lacking deutonymph had four stages. Moreover, male adults had morphological dimorphism. No-choice test showed the predatory mite prefers egg to larval instars. In this condition, the predator consumed, on average, 5.9 eggs of the khapra beetle and 3.5 eggs of the mill moth during the 24-hour test, while it did not show any desire to feed on four- and five-year-old larvae and pupae. The egg of both prey species was the most preferred stage for the predator in the way that the prey preference index values (Manley's ?) were obtained at 0.76 and 0.47, respectively. In choosing between the eggs of both prey species, the predator preferred the egg of the khapra beetle to the egg of the mill moth. The life table study of predatory mite on eggs of both species showed that the percentage of pre-adult survival rate and the mean fecundity were higher in T. granarium than E. kuehniella. On the contrary, the mean of the adult pre-oviposition period was more in the mill moth treatment than in another treatment. Also, females constituted only 28% of the adult mites that had fed on E. kuehniella, while they accounted for 65% of the population in the opposite treatment. Feeding on the khapra beetle egg increased the mean of all population parameters compared with providing on the mill moth's egg and, on the contrary, decreased the mean generation time. The ratio of intrinsic mean increase (r) in T. granarium to E. kuehniella as the most critical population parameter was 3.32. This research showed that the khapra beetle egg is a desirable prey for the predatory Celacaropsis sp. and has the potential for use in the mass rearing of this mite. However, before making a definite recommendation, more studies are needed. Key words: The predatory mite, Cheyletidae, Trogoderma granarium, Ephestia kuehniella, preferred prey, two-sex life table

Oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. (Brassicaceae), is one of the most important oilseed plants in the world. The false chinch bug, Nysius cymoides (Spinola) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), is a polyphagous insect whose nymphs and adults severely reduce crop yield and cause economic damage by feeding on rapeseed. Therefore, chemical control is considered one of the best ways to manage this pest due to its immediate effect. But considering the importance of food safety and the need to protect the environment, it is better to replace reduced-risk pesticides with broad-spectrum pesticides or use a combination of these compounds. In addition, mixing insecticides is a useful solution to delay pest resistance and reduce production costs. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of acetamiprid against the rapeseed false chinch bug and compare it with malathion, which is used in Iran to control this pest. The results of bioassays against adults in two application methods in greenhouse conditions showed that the insecticidal activity of both compounds as foliar spraying (Sp) is more than the soil application (SA). Also, acetamiprid was more toxic than malathion to N. cymoides. The interaction between the two insecticides was antagonistic in all tested cases, except where the recommended concentration of both was applied in an equal volume ratio in the soil, and the result was an additive interaction. Moreover, the persistence of insecticides was investigated for 21 days after treatment at one-week intervals. Accordingly, the mortality caused by the recommended concentration of malathion (RC) Sp decreased significantly within a week of the treatment and reached from 100% to 16.07%; however, acetamiprid was more durable, and the resulting mortality decreased from 92.71% to 34.82%. But in the SA method, on the contrary, malathion (RC) was much more persistent, and after one week, it still killed 53.13% of the treated insects. At the same time, acetamiprid (RC), even during the first 48 hours, caused only 60.71% mortality, but it did not lose much in terms of durability and caused 32.14% mortality after one week. Acetamiprid (2RC) SA and malathion ?2 RC (SA)+ malathion ?2 RC (Sp) had effective control and good durability that can be used alternately. Given the effectiveness in controlling the pest and delaying its resistance and environmental safety, the best combination treatments of two insecticides were firstly malathion (SA) RC + acetamiprid (SA) RC and then malathion 1/2 RC (Sp) + acetamiprid 1/2 RC (Sp). Four-hour, seven- and 14-day residues of the two mentioned treatments led to more than 78%, 41% and 12% mortality in rape seed false chinch bugs, respectively. Therefore, selected single and combination treatments can be used alternately for better control of this pest. This research's results can help improve the chemical control method of N. cymoides.   

The false chinch bug, Nysius cymoides (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), is one of the important pests of oilseed rape worldwide, severely reducing crop yield in aggressive attacks. At present, broad-spectrum insecticides such as organophosphates are used to control it in Iran, which endangers human food security and leaves environmental pollution. On the other hand, the correct use of a mixture of pesticides is one of the solutions that not only reduces the consumption of pesticides but also delays the resistance of pests to insecticides or breaks it. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the new and reduced-risk pesticide spirotetramat for controlling N. cymoides and its simultaneous use with chlorpyrifos by combining two application methods at two recommended concentrations (RC) and half of it in greenhouse conditions. The results of the bioassays showed that spirotetramat in the foliar application was more toxic than in soil application and generally more toxic than chlorpyrifos in both methods. At the same time, the toxicity of chlorpyrifos was similar in both application methods. Also, the interaction of two insecticides was estimated as the additive in all the combined treatments, except for chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) SA+ spirotetramat (?2 RC) Sp, which was antagonistic. Further, the persistence of insecticide residues with one week-intervals from the time of application to three weeks later in different treatments showed that chlorpyrifos RC was the most durable treatment among the single treatments throughout this period in both methods. However, the persistence of the mixed treatments of two insecticides was equal, and during this period, from 22.87-100% of losses (two-hour residues) to 50.39-44% (one-week residues), then It reached 27.78-17.78 % (two-week residues) and finally three to eight percentage (three-week residues). In terms of persistence, no difference was observed between the two application methods of chlorpyrifos during three weeks. Regarding spirotetramat, the effectiveness of the two-hour residues of the foliar spraying method was higher than that of the soil application method. Still, it was equal in the first to the third week. The results of persistence tests also determined that spirotetramat degrades faster than chlorpyrifos in both application methods. Finally, due to the high efficiency and good durability for controlling N. cymoides, foliar application chlorpyrifos RC and soil-applied spirotetramat 2RC were selected from among the single treatments, which should be used alternately to prevent the occurrence of resistance. Due to the less pollution for the environment, the additive interaction and the possibility of more encounters between the insects and the insecticide, two treatments of chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) SA + spirotetramat (RC) SA and chlorpyrifos (?2 RC) Sp+ spirotetramat (?2 RC) SA are the most suitable among the mixture treatments. This research helps to improve the chemical control method of the false chinch bug.

   The potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is an oligophagous pest with a worldwide distribution that feeds on Solanaceae. In addition to the damage caused in the field, this insect is considered the most destructive pest of potatoes in storage, whose larvae can destroy the whole crop by digging deep channels in potato tubers and causing rots due to the entrance of secondary pathogens in severe contamination. The use of insecticides against storage pests is limited due to jeopardizing food security and the development of resistance. Therefore, low-risk or safe management methods should replace chemical control. Irradiation with ultraviolet rays is a safe method that can play an effective role in integrated management programs of this insect in the warehouse. Therefore, this study was designed with the aim of evaluating the role of UV-C radiation in the control of potato tuber moth for the post-harvest stages. Irradiating different ages of eggs for four minutes with this ray showed that as the age increases, the sensitivity to ultraviolet rays increases, so after this irradiation, only 61.67% of the four-day-old eggs hatched. Next, to achieve the most effective duration of radiation, four-day egg cohort groups were irradiated with UV-C rays for different periods of one, two, four, six, and 10 minutes, and their biological parameters were compared with the control treatment (without radiation) via studying the age-stage two-sex life table. The results showed that the pre-adult duration and the percentage of survival rate in this period and adult longevity increased, decreased and decreased respectively with the increase in the duration of irradiation. Also, life table parameters including the age-stage specific survival rate, the age-specific fecundity, the age-stage specific survival rate, the life expectancy and the age-stage reproductive value, were negatively affected by UV-C radiation and dependent on the duration of irradiation. In addition, all population parameters were also affected by this radiation and directly related to the duration of radiation. The values of intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate of increase (?), the net reproductive rate (R0) and the mean generation time (T) for the control treatment were estimated 0.1345 day-1, 1.1440 day-1, 68.39 eggs and 31.42 days, that reached to 0.0099 day-1, 0.0990 day-1, 0.64 eggs and 45.01 days, respectively after eight minutes of irradiation to the eggs. Finally, the high efficiency of UV-C rays to control potato tuber moth in laboratory conditions was determined. Still, more studies are needed before implementing this control method in potato storages.

  Among the pests that cause the most damage toedible button mushrooms, the mushroom-eating mosquito Lycoriella auripila (Winnertz), from the order of Diptera, can be mentioned, which is considered one of the most important and damaging pests of edible mushrooms. Considering the resistance of L. auripila mosquito to common pesticides, it is necessary to find new effective insecticides to control this pest. In this study, the sensitivity of whole insects of fungus gnats to the organic insecticides Bino1 and Tendaxir was evaluated separately and in combination. Biometric experiments in this research were carried out in Petri dishes covered with soil. LC10, LC50 and LC90 for Binu 1 insecticide after 48 hours were calculated as 0.605, 75.37 and 9391.12 ppm, respectively, and also the required concentration of Tendaxir insecticide to reach 50 The percentage of losses in 24 and 48 hours was 2762.097 and 237.73 ppm respectively (according to the effective substance). According to the results of mixing two pesticides for sub-lethal and lethal concentrations after 24 hours, it was observed that among the different ratios, the ratio of 6:4 (Tendaxir: Binu 1) was the best mixing ratio of two pesticides, and considering that the synergistic rate (R ) for its LC90 concentration was equal to 109.035 and also its mixing index (CI) was equal to 0.009, it was found that this ratio of mixing two pesticides after 24 hours had the most synergistic effect in controlling Lycoriella auripila

Abstract: The Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is one of the most important polyphagous stored product pests, which causes quantitative, qualitative, and hygienic damages to strategically stored cereals, including wheat. This study’s goal was the investigation of three harmless control agents’ efficiency against this pest, including the local isolate entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Ascomycota: Hypocreales), and two commercial formulations of diatomaceous earth (DE), respectively named Sayan and Celite 610, alone and combined application. For this purpose, first, the bioassay test was conducted to determine the insecticidal activity of the fungus and DEs against adult pests by impregnation of wheat seeds for 14 days. Next, the LD25 dose of DEs was combined with different doses of fungus in a ratio of 1:1, and the interaction type against the pest was determined. Then, a two-sex life table studied the sublethal effects of mixtures that had a synergistic interaction, the highest lethal activity toward the Khapra beetle, and the individual components of these mixtures.   ased on the results, LD50 values for B. bassiana, Sayan, and Celite were obtained 295.32, 4439.49, and 992.25 ppm, respectively, indicating that Celite was more toxic than Sayan. The type of fungus interaction with each of the DEs was synergistic in most combinations and additive in some cases. As a result, two combinations of LD50 of fungus+ LD25 Sayan and LD75 of fungus+ LD25 of Celite were selected for the life table study. According to results, total pre-adult period was increased in all treatments and most of all in fungus+celite due to prolongation of the growth period of some stages and the production of additional larval instars compared to the control. Accordingly, mean generation time (T) was increased in all treatments, but the adult longevity of females and males was decreased in all treatments. However, the survival rate reduced in all stages of all treatments which females of Celite+fungus treatment by a 61.81% reduction compared to the control group showed the most diminution. The mean oviposition in offspring showed a sharp decrease in all treatments and reached 28.15 ± 2.46 eggs/female in control to 2.39 ± 0.89 eggs/female in Celite+fungus treatment. The most important parameter determining population growth, the intrinsic rate of increase (r), was severely reduced by all lethal agents studied. The most decrease of r was related to mixture treatments (Sayan+fungus: 0.0096 ± 0.0048, and Celite+fungus: -0.0004 ± 0.059 day-1) compared to the control population (0.0474 ± 0.0022 day-1), which indicates that the population is declining. The other life table parameters, including net reproductive rate (R0), gross reproduction rate (GRR), and finite rate of increase (?), also decreased in all treatments compared to control. Finally, it was concluded that the local isolate of B. bassiana DE and both formulations of diatomaceous earth, Sayan and Celite, especially Celite, have a high insecticidal potential against T. granarium. Synergistic interactions between them can also be used to reduce consumption rate and at the same time increase their efficiency in pest control, which is both economically valuable and overcomes the limitation of using large amounts of diatomaceous earth. The present study can help production and commercialization of powder formulations consisting of B. bassiana and two commercial formulations of diatomaceous earth. Keywords: The Khapra beetle, Entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana

° C higher than the system without tillage  

      Abstract: Integrated exploitation of surface and groundwater resources is one of the most important challenges facing water researchers. Integrated use is the exploitation of surface and groundwater resources in order to increase the amount of available water and the sustainable use of available water resources. Therefore, proper planning in this field requires knowledge of how surface and groundwater interact in the region and the estimation and calculation of surface and groundwater parameters and factors affecting it. Therefore, one of the main objectives of the current study is to simulate the interaction of surface and groundwater by creating a dynamic connection between surface and groundwater resources in the mid-Darband and Bilehvar plains so that the data and results are monthly between the WEAP surface water model and the water model. MODFLOW underground is in circulation. In this research used combination of simulation and optimization models. WEAP model has been used for simulation two reservoir systems consist of Gavoshan and Shohada dams which are stated in Gavehrood basin .In this regard, reservoir operation modeling has been done according to current situation in operation area for 72 months in during 2007 to 2013 years. Hence afterData collection, formed the WEAP model input files and model has been calibrated . In this chapter, the results of simulation of river and aquifer interaction in the case of simultaneous exploitation of surface and groundwater resources based on a coupled WEAP-MODFLOW model are presented. The results of simulation of surface and groundwater using WEAP and MODFLOW models are presented and the current conditions of exploitation of water resources in the region will be examined if the existing policies continue. In the following, the results of the interaction of the river and the aquifer and the share of the mysterious river in feeding or draining the aquifer or groundwater in a statistical period are discussed. Finally, while examining the percentage of meeting the needs and related reliability, the balance of water resources in the region and the components of the balance in terms of integrated operation and Exchange of the mysterious river with the plain of Miandarband and Bilevar have been evaluated. So that the simulation results showed that one of the most important achievements of this research is the creation of simulation of saturated and unsaturated soil area using complete hydroclimatology balance components as a coupled model of surface and groundwater. Also, during the period of 6 years, the highest amount of aquifer feeding in the plain is in the months of November to February, and because of the high rainfall on the plain in these months. In these months, in addition to rainfall, there is some nutrition from the infiltration of irrigation water. But in the warm months of the year, irrigation is done only through the infiltration of irrigation water.

   Abstract Insect pest always had a negative on the lives and human societies at different levels, including agriculture and health, and imposing economic and even social losses. In the agicultural domin in average insect pest damage to agicultural products in developed countries is estimated 18% per year. These number, of course, are much higher in less developed countries. In most part of the world for many years, the reduction of damage caused by the pest was largely basedon the use of chemical insecticides. The use of chemical pesticides has severe negative effects on the environment, non- target creatures and beneficial insects. In this regard, researchers have used safe and eco- friendly methods such as the application of various biological agents. One of these methods is the use of microbal factors, such entomopathogenic fungi. The benefit of the entomopathogenic fungi is that they have hight host expertise as well as a wide host insects vegetarian, on the other hand, for houman, the environment, non-target creatures and beneficial insects are almost safe. The purpose of this study   was to identify and isolate   the entomopathogenic fungi in Kermanshah province. Sampling from early july 2017 to late april 2018 were determined from forest, cultivated, garden and uncultivated in Kermanshah province. 43 samples of soil were collected from the provinces to isolate to isolate entomopathogenic fungy from the soil. For isolate entomopathogenic fungi of bait insect Ephestia kuehniella was used. The method included two kilograms of soil into glass of 200 gram, and 10 larvae were added to the glass, for a week the soil glass underway and is dead larvae were cultivated after disinfection on the potato dextrose agar(PDA). After the end of the isolation phase, 144 fungi isolate were collected from the county provinces. In which the most isolated fungi were extracted from forest, cultivated, garden and uncultivated soil, respectively.   In order ti ensure patogenseity isolate fungus to be test host pasage. This test was three times to ensure that insects larvae were destroyed by pathogenicity fungi. Also, in order investigate the relation between the isolate fungus and physicochemical parameters, some of these parameters such as soil reaction (pH), electrical conductivity of soil (EC), lime amount (caco3), soil texture and organic carbon (OC) was studied. For morphological identification was used of the medium of potato dextrose agar (PDA), malt extract agar (MEA), sabro dextrose agar (SDA) and clove leaf extract agar (CLA). The isolates were more abundant and isolates which differed from other isolate were 20 isolate were selected for molecular identification. It was for molecular recognition of the extraction kit (zagros biodiversity ideas company) and CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide). The its1-5.8s-its2 regions of the nuclear ribosomal subunit have been amplified by forward and backward primers. Result of polymerase chian reaction were confirmed by gel electrophoresis, sequencing amplified gens was done after sending them to Malaysia apical company. Obtained sequences were manually edited using bioedit software was and submitted to the gen bank and the access number was obtained for subsequent studies. After molecular identification and observation of the morphological properties, it was found that the identified fungi belonging to genus Fusarim, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Meyerozyma, Paramyrothecium, Chaetomium and Beauveria that including Aspergillius nomius*, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium sp, Penicillium solitum, Penicillium sizovae*, Penicillium sp, Alternaria chlamydosporigena, Meyerozyma guilliermondy, Paramyrothecium

اثرات جانبي روش هاي مختلف كاربرد تيامتوكسام بر سن شكارگر در سيستم ششكار شكارگري orius albidipennis-Aphis gossypii

  To study the effects of weeds and some factors affecting the yield of rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a field survey was conducted with sampling of 85 chickpea fields in three villages located in suburb of the city of Rawansar in the Kermanshah province at 2015. Data collection was done in two ways including: a) asking questionnaire from farmers and b) direct sampling of the fields. extracted data from included field area, crop rotation, farmer education level, time of plowing, fertilizer consumption, seed varieties cultivated, sowing date, weed management, date of harvest, harvesting method and the grain yield. Sampling was carried out in two stages: before flowering and pod formation randomly from six points of each field, using 1 x 1 m dimension quadrates. In this way, information such as weed species density and canopy percent , chickpea density and canopy percent , and grain yield were recorded. The results showed that the grain yield of chickpea depending on the type of crop management like time of plowing, sowing, sowing date, sowing method, weed management, date of harvest, and social factors such as farmer education level, age and experience of farmer and also studied village no significant differences were found.   Accordingly, performing twice plow before planting, using mechanized planting techniques, weed management and selection of appropriate planting and harvesting date significantly increased the yield of chickpea and decreased the weed population. In addition, increasing two factors of farmer education level and experience increased crop yield and reduce weeds. Also residing compared with non-residing in the village with an increased probability of more attention of farmers, increased crop yield and reduced weed population. A total of 28 weed species were recorded in the studied fields which most of them were mostly dominant annual and broadleaf weeds in chickpea fields in Kermanshah province. Meanwhile, the weed species of Cichorium intybus and Carthamus oxyacantha had the greatest impact on the grain yield.   ome weeds, like Glycyrrhiza glabra and Hordum glaucum   as a result of interactions with other weeds had a positive impact on the chickpea yield. In addition, increase in diversity and evenness of weed population has a positive impact on the yield of chickpea. It seems that increase the diversity of weed lead to increase competition between weeds and reduces weed competitiveness by themselves. This can reduce the negative impact of some weed species on arable crops. It was probably why the chickpea yield was affected by the positive effects of some weeds. In general it can be said that the factors affecting crop production in real conditions, can raise awareness about the effects of each of these factors, and thus is resulting in better management in the agricultural sector.

  AbstractMoth cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), one of the key pests of agricultural products in Iran and other countries of the world. The cotton bollworm resistance to the most common insecticide groups (Pyrethroids and organic phosphorus compounds and carbamates) to reduce the effect of insecticides in many countries.To solve this problem, new solutions such as the use of biological control methodsespecially the use of antimicrobial compounds may lead to loss of proper control and to delay the development of resistance.Among these entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in integrated pest management is very important, because this fungus has a global distribution and having more than 700 host species, has a wide host range is.Also one of the most important fungal pathogenicity strength and quality assessment methods, the use of biological control and infected table data which in this area are limited.In this study, the effect of fungi B. bassiana, the life table parameters of cotton bollworm, H. armigera (Lep; Noctuidae) were investigated.All experiments, Was performedwithImmersion method, in temperature 25±1C°, relative humidity 65±5and photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) hour.After primary test, effective concentrations were determined to isolate DC7 102,103,105,106,108 and to isolate DE 101,102,104,106,108were determined, and to investigate the virulence of two strains of fungi DC7 and DE B. bassiana, bioassay second instar larvae of the cotton bollworm in four replications.Results of this study showed that compared to other isolates have created more toxic strain DC7,also LC25 and LC50 for these isolates respectivelywere 2/44 ×102   and 1/5 ×104 ml spore was calculated.The results of life table parameters indicated that this fungus had a significant impact on Mortality.In addition to increased mortality, fertility rates for the insects that alivehave also reduced.Intrinsic rate of increase (rm) to control Sublethal and lethal concentrations, respectively, 0/198, 0/121 and 0/111 on day were calculated.This fungus create mortality, cause deformities in pre-pupa, pupae and adults.Thusit can be said that the fungi in the pathogenesis of the cotton bollworm has great potential. Hence can be used as a biological control agent effective against the pest to be used.