Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most important vegetables which are cultivated worldwide. Broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca) is one of the main agents that cause decrease in tomato yield. This parasite plant causes great damages to tomato production by uptaking nutrients from the host plant. Various methods have been proposed to control this weed, but none of them have been completely successful so far. In this study, effects of different strains of Trichoderma spp. on P. aegyptiaca and some tomato growth parameters were investigated. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The results showed that T72 increased tomato growth and yield by improving parameters such as fresh and dry weight of the plant and the number and weight of fruits in non-infested condition. Regarding P. aegyptiaca, none of Trichoderma strains had a significant effect on reducing the growth and weight of this parasitic weed. No fruit was produced under P. aegyptiaca infestation condition. Although T72 had positive effects on some phenological parameters such as fresh and dry weight of tomato, these effects were not sufficient to prevent yield reduction caused by P. aegyptiaca or to reduce weed growth. These findings indicate that although some Trichoderma strains, especially T72, can help to improve tomato growth and yield under non-stressed condition, they could not do the same under P. aegyptiaca infestation condition and even had no significant effect on reducing the weed growth. Further studies are recommended to investigate the mechanisms of the effects of these strains under different conditions.

   Abstract: Red flesh apple is one of the special and rare fruit trees, which is of interest due to the red color of its flesh, its edible quality and the high amount of antioxidants present in it. Therefore, achieving the optimal and appropriate method for its micropropagation is one of the main goals of tissue culture. In this study, the effect of chitosan and sodium nitroprusside on the micropropagation of red-fleshed apple (Bastam and Bakran) was investigated.In the proliferation stage, the effect of different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (0, 3 and 5 mg/l), chitosan (0, 20, 40 and 60 mg/l) and their interaction in MS base culture medium containing plant growth regulators 1 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l IBA were investigated. In the regeneration phase of the leaf, the terminal part of the leaf was placed on the MS base culture medium containing the growth regulators TDZ 3.3 mg/l and IBA 0.4 mg/l under dark conditions, and after four weeks the above explants were placed on the MS base medium containing plant growth regulator 1 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l of IBA, in order to investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside (0, 3 and 5 mg/l) and chitosan (0, 20, 40 and 60 mg/l) concentrations and their interaction. In the rooting stage, the effect of type of medium (1/2 MS solid and 1/2 M   liquid) and the growth regulator concentrations of IBA (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg/l) were studied. According to the proliferation stage results,   the largest stem diameter (0.17 mm) related to Bastam genotype in culture medium containing 40 mg/l chitosan and the largest leaf length and width (1.74 and 0.97 cm respectively) was observed in Bakran genotype in culture medium containing 20 mg/l chitosan. The highest seedling height (6.26 cm) related to Bastam genotype in the environment without    treatment and the highest number of leaves (16.51), leaf length and width (1.49 and 0.90 cm) related to Bakran genotype on the medium containing 5 mg/l   . In the regeneration test from the leaves of Bastam genotype, the highest percentage of regeneration (30%) and the number of new shoots (5.50) were obtained in the culture medium containing 40 mg/l chitosan and 3 mg/l   , and the highest new shoot height was related to the medium containing 40 mg/l chitosan and 5 mg/l   . The rooting test showed that the Bakran genotype cultured on medium containing 2 mg/l IBA growth regulator produced the highest number of roots (3.17) and Bakran genotype in solid culture medium containing 2 mg/l IBA growth regulator had the longest root length (3.78 cm).The results showed that the highest survival percentage of adapted seedlings was related to Bakran genotype (96%).    Keyword: tissue culture, Red flesh apple, proliferation, micropropagation

   Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops that is widely cultivated all over the world.   Among the things that make tomato production difficult, the parasitic weed broomrape is one of the main threats.   Although so far different strategies have been used to control broomrape, but; None of them have succeeded in completely curbing it. What is of interest today to control weeds, including the broomrape parasite, is the use of several management methods in the form of integrated control. In the present study, three types of manure and four species of endomycorrhizal fungi were used in three experiments in a completely randomized design to control the broomrapes. In the first two experiments, the role of animal manures and mycorrhizal species was investigated separately. In the first experiment, the species Funneliformis mosseae, significantly compared to other treatments, succeeded in reducing the number and dry weight of broomrape. Among the types of animal manure used in the second experiment, cow manure had a significant effect on the reduction of dry weight and the number of flowers. Finally, the results of the combination of cow manure at two different levels with F.mosseae in the third experiment showed the positive effect of combining the lower level of manure with mycorrhizae in the emergence of stalks, the number and dry weight of broomrapes on tomato plants.

   Oak thrips, Liothrips pragensis Uzel is found on oak trees in Zagros forests. In this study, population fluctuation and spatial distribution of this species were investigated in oak forests of Javanrud county (Kermanshah province), in 2021. Oak leaves were selected as the sampling unit. Sampling was performed every week from five different areas, so leaves were shaken on a white plastic tray and thrips specimens with a soft brush were transferred into Eppendorf tubes containing 75% alcohol. The results showed that the activity of oak thrips in all five studied areas was occurred on May and their activity and density gradually decreased until it reached its lowest level in September. The highest population density of oak thrips was observed on May with an average of 2.93 ± 0.56, 2.23 ± 0.47, 2.23 ± 0.34, and 0.90 ± 0.28 thrips per sample unit, in Sefid Barg, Bile'ei, Cheshme Miran and Helanie areas, respectively. However, the highest density was obtained in Hori Abad region in June with an average of 2.06 ± 0.43 thrips per sampling unit. The results of spatial distribution showed that the spatial distribution of oak thrips based on Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s methods was random and aggregated, respectively. Furthermore, based on goodness of fit, the Iwao’s patchiness method was more suitable than the Taylor’s power law method for estimating the spatial distribution of the pest.

  Tomato are one of the most important horticultural   roducts in the world and are the most consumed vegetable after potatoes due to their freshness and ability to be processed. tomato as a model plant   is also the subject of many researches. genetic diversity is the basis of plant breeding in order to select new cultivars with desirable traits and compatible with the environment. In this research, ISSR molecular markers were used to investigate genetic diversity and identify markers associated with 21 morphological traits in 99 tomato genotypes. among 20 primers which were used,   17 primers created polymorphic. the mean polymorphism was 97% and nine primers were 100% polymorphic. The results displaied that the UBC 876 had the highest values ??of Marker Index.  Identifyication the Quantitative Traits Locus is effective in accelerating the breeding process. Based on the results We identified 100 loci for 19 morphological traits (P?0.01). we also founed that three loci (UBC 3-1130, UBC 808-820 and UBC 580-825) showed signification association with multiple traits, suggesting pleiotropic effects of QTL. A total of loci are   useful resource for marker-assisted selection to improve traits in tomato.  Key Words: Linkage analysis, trait correlation, microsatellite marker, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.  

  

Abstract Camelina (camelina sativa) is an   an oilseed, medicinal, low-expectation and tolerant plant to meet environmental stresses, and identification of genetic variation in its germplasm is essential. Understanding genetic diversity is important and the basis of plant breeding research. In this experiment, the genetic diversity of 45 camelina’s doubled haploid lines resulted   from a cross of 29 parents was examined based on molecular characteristics, fatty acid profiles and morphological traits in greenhouse conditions. Greenhouse experiment was performed in 2019-2020 cropping season in the research greenhouse and molecular experiments were performed in the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeedind, Razi University. Analysis of variance of morphological traits showed significant difference between lines for branch length, sub-branch length, number of lateral branches, number of pods on main branch, number of pods on sub-branch, height to first lateral branch, root length, length of pods, pod weight, total plant weight, root weight per plant, shoot weight, 1000-seed weight, plant yield and harvest index. Cluster analysis based on morphological traits using squared Euclidean distance coefficient and Ward method divided the lines into two separate groups. Factor analysis using principal component analysis and varimax rotation showed that five factors with eigen values ??above one accounted for a total of 78.40% of the total variation. To evaluate the efficency of REMAP and IRAP markers in the study of molecular diversity of 45 camelina’s doubled haploid lines, three rapeseed cultivars and one Arabidobsis genotype, 14 single and combined primers were used. The eight IRAP primers produced a total of 103 fragments, 95 of which were polymorph (92.23%), while the six REMAP primers produced 54 fragments, 49 polymorph fragments (90.70%). The results of molecular studies showed that IRAP marker had higher values ??than REMAP marker in terms of number of produced fragments, resolution power, effective marker ratio, marker index and polymorphism percentage. Cluster analysis based on IRAP and REMAP markers using Complete method divided the lines into five groups, which in some cases were similar to grouping based on morphological traits. Coordinate analysis based on IRAP and REMAP markers divided the studied lines into five groups. According to Mantel test, distance matrices obtained from IRAP and REMAP markers showed a weak and significant negative correlation with the data obtained from the measurement of phenotypic traits and fatty acid profiles. In general, the used retrotra  oson markers separated the camelina lines well. The observed diversity between Camelina lines can be used in germplasm management and breeding programs to produce cultivars with desirable characteristics. Keywords: Agronomic traits, Camelina, Genetic diversity, Retrotra  oson markers            

Tomato is the second most commonly used vegetable after potatoes and is undoubtedly one of the most widely used horticultural products. Because tomato is one of the most important crops in Iran, understanding the genetic diversity of genotypes cultivated in Iran is of great importance. In this research, 99 genotypes were collected from Rojin taak, Golsam, gorgan, Behta, Hezare sewom and Falat Companies in order to evaluate the genetic diversity of tomato. molecular studies at the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Department of Plant Genetic Engineering and Plant Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Agricultural Engineering, in 2017-19. To evaluate the genetic diversity of tomato genotypes, a SCoT molecular marker was used. Of the 36 SCoT primers used, there were 15 polymorphic initiators. Out of 207 bands produced, 206 bands were polymorphic, and the mean of the polymorphic percentages and the mean of the Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) was estimated to be 99.92 and 0.298, respectively, and the size of the bands varied from 250 to 3200 bp. In the study of genetic similarity between genotypes, Jaccard genetic similarity coefficient was more than 0.166 between genotypes 34 (104) and 97 (ZTP 8) to 0.837 between genotypes number 86 (Namib F1) and 87 (1227) variables And its average was 51.95. Cluster analysis was performed based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient and Centroid method. Therefore, genotypes were divided into three clusters. Analysis of the main components of the genotypes was divided into four groups, which explained the first three components of 58.821% of the molecular variations and the results of the analysis of the main components largely corresponded to the cluster analysis results. Molecular analysis of variance showed that there is a high variation among the populations. In the present study, the SCoT molecular marker was successfully used to study the genetic variation among tomato cultivars and produced a high level of polymorphism, indicating a good effect on the differentiation of tomato genotypes.   

 Being the second most important vegetable crop, Tomato (Sol lycopersicum) is an excellent source of health-promoting compounds that its production adversary affected by ranges of biotic and abiotic stresses worldwide. Amongst, parasitic weed Orobanche sp. (=Phelipanche sp.) is one of the most important threats that causes heavy economic losses both in greenhouse and fields. The present study shows the effects of Orobanche parasitism on tomato through differential expression analysis via Oligo-dT anchored cDNA-SCoT technique to identify differentially expressed fragments in 2 tissues of tomato during 4 developmental stages. Amongst 36 evaluated SCoT primers, 11 primers showed a clear differential display. Comparison of expression pattern between infested and corresponding control samples showed both down- or up-regulation of fragments resulting in the following identification of functional genes involved in the interaction of tomato with the parasite.

  Vitamin C is a major antioxidant in plants and plays an important role in reducing the overactive activity of reactive oxygen species.In humans, the main role of this molecule, due to its antioxidant capacity, is the elimination of activity of active oxygen species and also acts as a cofactor for many enzymes.Human is one of the few mammalian species that can not synthesize this vitamin and should be obtained through food sources.The GGP gene is one of the most important genes in the biosynthetic cycle of vitamin C, which codes for the GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase enzyme. The preparation of the GGP gene is the most important step in transferring it to enhance the expression of vitamin C in different plants. In this study, the isolation of this gene from the Kiwi plant was carried out through the design of specific primers, as well as the extraction of RNA and gene amplification by PCR. The gene was then cloned in the pTG19-T plasmid via T/A cloning. The molecular analyzes were performed and sequenced for final confirmation. The bioinformatics analyzes of this gene can provide important information on the protein structure and its combined desire for enzymatic reactions, protected areas of the gene and frequency and its differences in different plants. It can be used to increase vitamin C in other plants such as cucumbers, resistance to environmental stresses in different plants, and so on.  

  Abstract :  In order to assess triple superphosphate application and compound of proline and lysine on Broomrape control and effect   on tomato and as well as   response of tomato variates to this treats, the experiment was conducted factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors contains: 1- Broomrape in two levels (infested and no  hy;infested), 2- variate in three levels (Eden, 3402, Pill ztp3), 3- compound of proline and lysine in four levels (zero, 10, 20 and 30 mM), 4- triple superphosphate fertilizer in four levels (zero, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha). The results showed that usage compound of proline and lysine in each three concentration in intraction with zero and 100 kg/ha triple superphosphate fertilizer, have most inhibition efficacy on Broomrape. Nonetheless for some traits as dry and fresh matter weight of Broomrape branched and tubercle, inhibition 20 mM concentration was most than remnant. Also, this concentration hadnt negative effect on majority traite of tomato. Assess of variate and triple superphosphate fertilizer intraction shown that 300 kg/ha have most inhibition efficacy on Broomrape, in each three variate increase of dry and fresh matter weight of Broomrape tubercle observated in 200 kg/ha toward control. Intraction variate and triple superphosphate fertilizer significant for majority traite of tomato. Variate Pill ztp3 was slightly different than another variates in response to triple superphosphate fertilizer. Generally, in each three variate, both environmental situation (infected and no  hy;infected) with increasing amount of triple superphosphate fertilizer, increased important traites of tomato as dry and fresh matter weight of root and branche. Nonetheless, this increasing toward control, in infested condition was more than no  hy;infested condition. Moreover intraction of variate and compound of proline and lysine significant only for physiological traits as chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid, also significant for some morphological traits as medium stem diagonal, fresh matter weight root and branch of tomato. Hereon Variate Pill ztp3 in response to compound of proline and lysine was slightly different than another variates. Also as for traits as single fruit weight, number of fruit per plant and medium yield per plant, respectively variate 3402 and Variate Pill ztp3 had least and most yield decrease in competition with Broomrape.   Key words : tomato, Broomrape, triple superphosphate fertilizer, proline, lysine  

  Tomato is one of the most economically important crops of the world and Iran which its production seriously threatens by broomrape infection. In order to evaluate the effect of plant probiotics and allelopathic crops rye and hairy vetch on control of broomrape in tomato, greenhouse and field studies were conducted in 2015 and 2016 at Razi University. In greenhouse study the treatments included using different tomato cultivars Karoon, Aras, Sivand and Super Strain-B, allelopathic crops and various isolates of plant probiotics INR7, P2, B60, B71, E11. Examined treatments in filed stud which were chosed based on previously conducted greenhouse study were insisted of using two tomato cultivar Aras and Sivand, plant probiotics INR7 and B71, and allelopathic crops of rye and hairy vetch. For comparison, a non-treated (control) also was included. In this study for tomato plants, stem height and diameter, number of lateral shoots, fruit weight and number (both single and overall yield), and dry and wet weight f aerial and underground parts were measured. In addition, shoot number and dry weight of broomrape were recorded. Generally, results of this study showed that Sivand the most resistant cultivar against broomrape infection while Aras had the highest susceptibility. Interestingly, while the level; of broomrape invasion on Sivand was intensive but its yield was not diminished by broomrape. Using residues of hairy vetch was very effective in reducing the infection of broomrape on tomato. Hence, it could be concluded the most important achievement in our study was the complete inhibition of broomrape infection in tomato. Incubation of tomato seedling with plant probiotic B71 had no direct effect on broomrape infection while using plant probiotic INR7 increased tomato yield. The effectiveness of plant probiotics on tomato yield was very variable in the presence of allelopathic residues. Integrating these factors was more effective on tomato yield than their sole application. This shows the importance of selecting different factors in integrated management of broomrape I tomato crop. Under real agricultural conditions, the effectiveness of each given factor is determined by others and their subsequent interactions.