Abstract Introduction: Development activities impose risks on the environment, and the dimensions of these potential risks vary depending on the nature of the project and environmental sensitivities. Brick kilns have a high impact potential. Therefore, by assessing the environment and providing an appropriate management plan, the potential negative impacts arising from them can be reduced as much as possible and the affected environment can be improved. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the sustainable management of lands covered by brick kilns in three areas: land degradation, land use change, and land cover, in Godin Rural District, Kangavar County. Methodology: To achieve the research objectives, an integrated (qualitative-quantitative) approach was used. A qualitative method (phenomenology) was used to identify the threats of brick kilns and the lived experiences of residents of target villages of brick kilns, and to identify and prioritize the necessary solutions for sustainable management of lands covered by brick kilns in Godin Rural District, Kangavar County (Delphi and Analytic Hierarchy Process). The study population of the study was residents of target villages of brick kilns, brick kiln workers, kiln owners, and experts and specialists in this field, and 14 people were selected as samples based on the criterion-based sampling method. The data collection tool was semi-structured individual in-depth interviews and field notes, and the interviews continued until data saturation was reached. Content analysis and the seven-step Claise model were used to analyze the data, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and in the (  ) (Expert Choice) software environment. Results: Based on the research results, in relation to the threats posed by brick kilns, three thematic categories were identified: A. Land use change (land removal from the production cycle, creation of water storage ponds, damage and destruction of secondary roads, and desertification), B. Vegetation change (reduction of fertile soil for plant growth, reduction of plant growth and drying, reduction of fodder required by livestock, reduction of plant photosynthesis, and reduction in the quantity and quality of plant products), and C. Land degradation (severe soil erosion, landslides, and soil impoverishment) was identified, and in relation to the lived experiences of participants from brick kilns, five clusters were identified: 1. Disease (lung problems, spinal problems, and boredom and depression), 2. Expansion of social connections (connections with different ethnic groups and greater connection with the people of the village), 3. Economic benefit (reduction of unemployment, income generation, and job creation), 4. Conflict of interest (conflict with kiln owners and conflict with organizations), and 5. Hard work (hard and exhausting work, becoming addicted due to hard work, and not continuing education due to exhausting work). Also, the use of government facilities and support in the field of accelerating the provision of infrastructure facilities for the creation of agricultural projects such as greenhouses, the correct implementation of agricultural land use conservation laws regarding the activity of brick kilns, and the use of deterrents in the field of preventing further destruction and informing the villagers about the environmental risks of brick kilns were, respectively, the most important or, in other words, the most appropriate solutions for the sustainable management of lands covered by brick kilns in Godin Rural District, Kangavar County. Discussion and Conclusion:

  Abstract   The Hircanian forests of Iran, located in the north of the country and in the three provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan, are the most industrial and important forests of the country, the area of ??which is estimated to be about 1.9 million hectares. These forests with high species and genetic diversity and great age, which belong to the third geological era, are a lasting and valuable heritage.   But unfortunately, it is always threatened by fire as a phenomenon of natural and human origin. Although fire is an inseparable part of the forest ecosystem, this phenomenon is one of the most important factors in the destruction and destruction of these ecosystems. Fire causes changes and transformations in the function and structure of ecosystems, including the forest ecosystem, and has a very destructive effect on natural processes such as reproduction, seed bed, carbon and nitrogen cycles andsequence, diversity of species and wildlife, physical, chemical and soil fertility characteristics.In this research, fire occurrences of 23-year period (2001-2023) of Hyrcanian forests were obtained from MODIS sensor and 11-year period (2012-2022) from VIIRS sensor. Then these events were examined in terms of time (month, season and year) and place (physiography) and their relationship with physiographic characteristics (percentage of slope, direction of slope, altitude >The results of the frequency of fire incidents with time factors showed that the highest number of incidents was in 2021 with 70 incidents and the least in 2016 with 16 incidents. In terms of monthly review, three consecutive months, namely January with 59 cases, December with 71 cases and November with 50 cases, have the highest number of cases. The lowest number was in May with 11 cases and then April with 22 cases. In terms of seasonal analysis, the most events are in the autumn season.The investigation of spatial factors (physiography) showed that the slope >Also, the spatial pattern of fire occurrences during a 23-year period using MODIS and VIIRS sensor data showed that fire occurrences from a distance of 20 to 40 km have a random pattern and from a distance of 40 to 65 km have a cluster pattern. The results of time series analysis using ARIMA model showed that the peak of fire events until 2026 was similar for VIIRS and MODIS data, but the number of predicted events using VIIRS data is more than MODIS sensor.Key words: fire - Hyrcanian forests - modeling - prediction

   Cover crops contribute to nutrient cycling and may improve soil chemical properties and, consequently, increase crop yield. Potato is the fourth most valuable plant for human nutrition.  o there is a need to develop potato cropping systems with higher yields and crop quality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cover crops planted as pure and mixed on some soil properties and potato growth and   yield. Experiment was conducted in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and the Natural Resources، Razi University of Kermanshah. Experimental treatments include barley, vetch and clover cover crops in pure and mixed form at 10 levels, pure clover, pure barley, pure vetch, 50% barley + 50% clover, 50% barley + 50% vetch, 50% vetch + 50% clover, 30% barley + 70% clover, 30% vetch + 70% barley and 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley. The results showed that the height of cover plants was affected by the type of cover crops, so that the tallest barley plants (58 cm) in the treatment of 50% barley + 50% vetch and the shortest clover crops (25 cm) in planting density of 50% vetch + 50% clover was observed. In addition, the use of cover crops compared to the control treatment caused an increase in soil properties including pH, organic carbon, N, P and K in the stage before planting potatoes compared to the before starting experiment stage. In the post-harvest of potato, the use of cover crops decrease pH soil   and increases soil organic carbon, N, P and K compared to the control. On the other hand, the use of cover crops in both stages 20 and 40 days after potato cultivation reduced the density of weeds, and pure barley cover crops was more successful in controlling weeds than other treatments. Among the investigated cover crops, the planting density of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley was more favorable than other treatments. So that the highest plant height, leaf area index, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and the number of main stem in all stages of measurement were obtained from this treatment. In addition, the comparison of averages showed that the maximum number of tubers, fresh weight of tubers and dry weight of potato tubers were obtained by using the mentioned treatment. It was found that cover crops had a positive effect on the diameter grading of the tubers in the maturity stage, and in the treatment of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley, the most small tubers (95 per m2), medium tubers (329 per m2) and large tubers (211 per m2) were seen. On the other hand, it was observed that this treatment increased the tuber yield by 7.98 tons/ha compared to the control treatment. In all four stages of vegetative growth, tuber formation, tuber bulking stage and potato tuber maturity, the treatment of 40% clover + 40% vetch + 20% barley caused an increase of 43.35, 53.37, 42.17 and 50.43% respectively, RWC was compared to the control without cover crops. In general, the results of this research showed that the cultivation of cover crops can be used as a strategy to improve the growth traits, yield and yield components of potatoes.

Zagros forests have been faced with many fires in recent years, so they can be aware of the effect of fire on trees and shrubs and their revitalization process can begiven to the vegetative response. After the fire, the forest was used to takeappropriate measures and operations to restore Zagros forests. Therefore, in this study, using Landstet satellite images, OLI sensor was examined during the period of 1399-1399 to investigate the recovery process of covering after fire. According to the date of fire in each of the areas studied, images were created before and after the fire, and the monitoring of the burnt areas was carried out at an annual interval with the image. April was considered to investigate the forest floor coverings and images of August and September to investigate the forest tree cover. NDVI and NBR indexes were used to investigate the recovery process of the vegetation and were determined by the results of the DNBR index. Due to the impact of rainfall on the masses of forest cover, rainfall data were used during the period 1396-1396. It is a vegetable cover and the increase in fuel and the risk of fire. Therefore, in the current research, the forest type and the intensity of fire were considered as factors affecting the process of forest recovery. It should be noted that in the Iranian oak type in the Jalalvand area and the Iranian-Mazodar oak in the Rijab area, the NBR and NDVI index recovery speed was higher than the Cormo-Renjen Brigade in the Qalajah area. In general, in forests where fires have been less severe, the process of repair is faster and in more severe fire floors, the repair is longer. The results of this study indicate that the NBR index is appropriate to investigate the timing of forest recovery in Zagros forests.

The quantitative and qualitative limitations of water resources and the increase in population are among the cases that show the need to pay attention to how water is consumed and deal with the problems caused by water scarcity by planning water resources and providing methods for their optimal use. make; Therefore, one of the pillars of water resources management is the optimal use of the reservoirs of the country's dams as the main sources of surface water, and this issue has a special importance and place in the science of dam engineering. In this research, first, using the new K-means clustering method, the flow >  

production of oilseeds in Iran provides only 10% of the country's oil consumption, while the country's climatic conditions have a high potential for the self-sufficient production of these seeds. Among the oilseeds, canola is a plant with a high percentage of vegetable oil (40-45%). Indeed, overcoming the obstacles of its production can lead to decreasing canola imports. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the obstacles to the development of canola cultivation in the central part of Khorramabad city. This qualitative study can be considered practical research since it provides useful information to improve canola cultivation. The study population was farmers in the central part of Khorram Abad, which were selected using a purposeful sampling method (15 individuals). The results revealed that the obstacles to the development of canola cultivation in the research area can be considered into five categories, including economic obstacles, lack of government support, climate, sales and marketing, and obstacles caused by the physiological nature of the canola. The highest number of obstacles identified in this research is in the category of economic matters, which include: the high cost of bed preparation, the high costs of fighting weeds, the low relative advantage compared to other products in the region, and the high cost of canola cultivation. Considering the significant overlap of the findings of this research with other related studies in the country, our suggestion for activists and also for future researchers, is that allocate their time and efforts to answer this question: Why are these barriers not being solved?

با توجه به اينكه دود آب حاصل از سوختن بقاياي گياهي ضمن دارا بودن مواد غذايي مورد نياز گياه ، اخيرا در دسته تنظيم كننده هاي رشد قرار گرفته است و نتايج برخي پژوهش ها مويد افزايش كميت و كيفيت برخي محصولات پس از محلول پاشي با دود آب   شده است ،اين تحقيق به منظور بررسي اثر محلول پاشي دود آب بر برخي خصوصيات اگرولوژيك كتان روغني در مزرعه پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي دانشگاه رازي در سال زراعي 1399-1398 به صورت طرح بلوكهاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار اجرا گرديد. تيمارهاي مورد بررسي در اين تحقيق عبارت از محلول پاشي با غلضت هاي يك ، دو و صفر(شاهد)   ليتر در هكتار در سه زمان غنچه دهي ،گلدهي كامل و تشكيل كامل كپسول و همچنين تيمارهاي تركيبي غلضت و زمان محلول پاشي مي باشد . نتايج حاصله از اين تحقيق نشان داد كه محلول پاشي با غلضت هاي يك و دو ليتر در هكتار بر عملكرد زيست توده ،عملكرد دانه ،عملكرد كلش ،تعداد دانه در كپسول، تعداد دانه در بوته، وزن هزار دانه ،ارتفاع بوته ،عملكرد پروتيين ،درصد روغن دانه ،عملكرد روغن،فعاليت آنزيم آنتي اكسيدان پراكسيداز ،فعاليت آنزيم آنتي اكسيدان كاتالاز ،   فعاليت آنزيم آنتي اكسيدان سوپر اكسيد ديسوتاز ، پروتيين هاي محلول ، محتوي كلروفيل برگ ، محتوي كارتنوييدهاي برگ و درصد رطوبت دانه   معني دار بوده ولي بر صفات تعدادكپسول ، درصد پروتيين دانه و شاخص برداشت تاثير معني دار نداشته است . . بيشترين تاثير بر عملكرد دانه مربوط به   تيمار محلول پاشي دودآب با غلضت دو ليتر در هكتار و در زمان غنچه دهي و گلدهي كامل و تيمار محلول پاشي با غلضت يك ليتر در هكتار در سه زمان غنچه دهي ،گلدهي كامل و تشكيل كامل كپسول ها بود   كه به ترتيب سبب افزايش   56.4و52.9 درصد عملكرد شدند و كمترين عملكرد در تيمار شاهد مشاهده گرديد.. به طور كلي بيشترين اثر مثبت بر عملكرد دانه به ترتيب مربوط به كاربرد سه زمانه ،دوزمانه و يك زمانه محلول پاشي بود .  

Zagros forests are ecologically and economically one of the most important forest ecosystems in the country. Forest ecosystems, like other ecosystems, have three components: composition, function and structure. Structure is the most important characteristic that results from the establishment of the mass and is often influenced by management issues; Therefore, in order to a better understanding of forest ecosystems and optimal management of these areas, as well as to study the dynamics of these ecosystems, it is necessary to study the structure of the forest and the order of its components. Forest structure is one of the most important key components in describing forest ecosystems and biodiversity. Biodiversity is a key issue in the conservation of nature and biodiversity is one of its most important component. Species diversity, One of the important characteristics of biological communities and functional diversity of the species and size of the populations represented by the species in a region. In fact, it can be said that tree species diversity is the basis of biodiversity in the whole forest, because trees provide resources and habitat for all other forest species. In fact, resilience and stability in forest ecosystems are directly related to species diversity and structure in forest. In the meantime, to examine the relationship between forest structure and species diversity of trees should be an efficient tool to use. According to this issue, geoscience can be used. Research ahead aiming at the relationship between the structural characteristics and diversity of tree in zagros forests. Using 100% statistics, 606 plots were harvested. The normality of the data was checked using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Then the important structural characteristics of the trees including species, crown diameter, diameter at breast height, height, average diameter stem, number stem were measured. Using the measured data, the indices of Shannon, Sheldone and Menhinick for all trees were estimated. In the study, no anisotropy was observed between the data. Therefore, due to the isotropicity of the studied variables, their all-way variograms were prepared and the appropriate model was fitted. The results of this study showed that the average diameter of the crown is about 26 cm, the diameter at breast height is 8.59 cm, the height is 3.400 m, the average diameter stem is 4.52, and the number stem is 9.63. Also, the crown diameter and the average number stem followed the exponential model, the diamete at breast height, the height and the average diameter stem of tree followed the spherical model. The study of variograms showed the presence of spatial correlation in the indices of (Shannon), (Sheldon) and (Menhinick) of trees. The parameters obtained from the variograms and the models fitted to them showed strong spatial correlation indices for all three indices. Also, spatial changes in the structure and diversity of trees around 4 tree species including Prunus cerasus,   Quercus brantii, Quercus infectoria and Crataegus were studied. In this research, it seems that the relationship between the structure and diversity of trees is depending on the scale that requires to be more investigated.

از جمله مشكلاتي كهدر قرن حاضر وجود دارد، مسئله فرسايش خاك و اثرات زيست محيطي ناشي از آن است كه نهتنها باعث كاهش كربن آلي، تخريب ساختمان خاك و باروري خاك شده بلكه كشاورزي پايداررا نيز تهديد مي­كند.بر همين اساس اصلاح­كننده­هاي آلي خاك با تأثيري كه در نفوذآب به خاك، ضريب آبگذري و زهكشي خاك دارند، به عنوان يك راهكار مناسب در كاهشفرسايش خاك شناخته شده است. در اين راستا پلات­هايي با ابعاد2در1متر مربع در قالبطرح بلوك كاملاً تصادفي و با سه تكرار در دو كاربري(مرتع و كشاورزي) مستقر گرديد.مقايسه خصوصيات رواناب و رسوب بين كاربري زراعي و مرتع و تأثير دو اصلاح­كننده­ ­آليخاك (كودگوسفندي و كمپوست زباله شهري) به منظور كاهش ميزان توليد رواناب و رسوب بااستفاده از باران طبيعي در دو مقطع زماني مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. همچنين مقايسهتأثير اصلاح كننده ها بر خصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي و بيولوژيك خاك و فعاليت سهآنزيم اوره آز، اينورتاز و فسفاتاز قليايي مورد بررسي قرار گفت. نتايج درسال اول(قبلاز اضافه نمودن مواد اصلاحي) طي 5 رخداد بارندگي نشان داد كه تغيير كاربري از مرتعبه زراعي منجر به افزايش رواناب و رسوب در كاربري زراعي شد. مقايسه كاربري مرتع وزراعي در 4 رخداد بارندگي سال دوم نيز همانند سال اول نشان دهنده افزايش حجم روانابو رسوب در كاربري زراعي بود. همچنين اصلاح كننده هاي آلي منجر به كاهش حجم روانابو رسوب در كرت هاي حاوي اين كودها شدند. تأثير اصلاح كننده هاي آلي بر تمامخصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي و بيولوژيك خاك در سال دوم نشان داد كه كود هاي آلي سبببهبود خصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي و بيولوژيك خاك و همچنين فعاليت آنزيم ها در خاكحاوي اين كودها مي شود. نتايج مقايسه بين كود گوسفندي و كمپوست حاكي از تأثير بيشتركود گوسفندي نسبت به كمپوست زباله شهري در بهبود خصوصيات خاك و كاهش حجم رواناب ورسوب بود.  

AbstractWildfire is an integral part of all natural ecosystems and is one of the most important   threatening factors and factors of structural and ecological transformation of   forests and pastures.Given the protective and protective role of the Zagros forests, wildfire in these ecosystems can be a serious threat .In this study, considering   the value of Zagros pasture   and forest ecosystems and recent wildfires, data on the timing and location of wildfires in natural areas of Kermanshah during 2002 to 2018 using sensors MODIS extracted. Then the frequency of annual wildfire events, relation of   the frequency of events with environmental factors, and the pattern of temporal and spatial variations of wildfire events over a 17 year period were investigated. The result of Frequency   wildfire events in relation to temperature and rainfall parameters showed that the frequency of wildfire events increased with increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall.But in pastures, human factors appear to have a stronger role in the occurrence of wildfires than temperature and rainfall variables. Also comparing the frequency of wildfire events with physiographic factors showed that the slope of 0-15% with mean of 42.82 occurrences per year, height >  Keywords: Wildfire - MODIS Sensor - Zagros Forests - Spatial Pattern - Time Series - L and g Functio  

      Generally, in many parts of the world, the water needed for various uses is obtained from groundwater resources. In recent years, excessive use of groundwater has led to a drop in groundwater levels and a decrease in groundwater quality. Although the concept of groundwater quality seems obvious, some methods need to be considered and evaluated. The agricultural sector with a 95% share and more than 80% share of groundwater resources plays a major role in the quantitative and qualitative changes of aquifers. In arid and semi-arid regions, which include most of the plains of our country, due to the scarcity of surface water resources and the ease of harvesting from groundwater aquifers, people are more dependent on groundwater resources than others. Groundwater is one of the most important water resources in agriculture, drinking and industry in arid regions such as Iran. It is one of the countries that due to lack of surface water resources, consumes most of water in agriculture from water. Groundwater ensures that the quality of these waters is increasingly diminished as a result of overcrowding, flooding and interference of the freshwater fronts. This study was carried out on Bijar Plain aquifer located in Kurdistan province in west of the country. To achieve the stated goals, rainfall data from 1366 to 1391, quantitative and qualitative data from 1388 to 1397 were used. We are. In this research, by using qualitative and quantitative data analysis from Kurdistan Regional Water Company and using GIS software, Mod flow has attempted to achieve the following goals. 1. Overview of groundwater abstraction in Bijar-Divandareh plain and its effect on water quality and quantity of studied plain. 2. Investigation of groundwater in the studied plain in terms of corrosion and sedimentation. 3. Evaluation of groundwater response to drought in different periods 4. Simulation of groundwater level changes in Bijar-Divandareh Plain using Mod flow software At first, the groundwater quality of the plain under study has been interpreted and analyzed in terms of drinking, agriculture, sedimentation and corrosion during the statistical period. In general, the results indicate that the western and central plains are more potent than the eastern plains in both low-water (high-humidity) and high-water (June) months, according to the standards. . The results also show the desirability of groundwater quality for agricultural use in the west of the plain, in a small part of northeast of the groundwater plain has poor quality for agricultural purposes. In terms of corrosion and sedimentation, it should be noted that according to the results, the western part of the plain has the corrosive property and the eastern part has sedimentation with different intensities.

  AbstractStresses are an important factor in reducing crop production and water-deficient is one of the most important stresses. Camelina sativa L. as oilseed plants belongs to Brassicaceae family has many properties and applications in industry, pharmaceutical sciences, human and livestock nutrition and cosmetic industries. This plant is more favoured than other oilseeds due to its benefits such as low water requirement, low inputs and adaptation to stresses such as cold, drought and pests. The present study was conducted to evaluate the water deficit tolerance of six genotypes of camelina in 2018-19 in terms of some traits in tissue culture and greenhouse experiments. Analysis of variance in greenhouse studies in a randomized complete block design showed significant differences between studied genotypes as well as stress levels for plant height, root length, root weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index. Mean comparison results showed that Soheil cultivar had the highest grain yield (3.03g). In the callus induction and cotyledon culture of six genotypes experiment, the effects of four levels of water deficit including 0, 20, 10 and 30% PEG6000 were investigated based on completely randomized design. The variables of callus growth rate, relative callus growth rate and relative callus water content under stress conditions were also studied. The results of statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between the camelina genotypes in studied traits (under stress conditions) and between different stresses. In plant tissue culture experiment, Soheil cultivar due to its higher relative water content (8.32%) and relative growth rate of callus (4.29%), among other genotypes it was identified as a high tolerance cultivar to water deficit. So, the Soheil cultivar is reported as the least susceptible to water deficit in greenhouse and callus induction studies.

  Effect of bentonite sulfur and nitrogen on yield and yield components and some qualitative characteristics and root growth of  wheat cultivar Sirvan

AbstractEnergy as one of the most important economic and enviromental factors of production has significant effects and is consididered as a main pillars of development of contries. By considering of coming to the end of fossil fuel, the all countries in the world has an attention to biofuels among all biofuel, has been focused on biodiesel. Production and quality of this fuel is very important issue. Estimination of the trans estrification reaction efficiency is a very important issue in the biodiesel researchs. Therefore in this study evaluated the image processing method and used from response surface methodology (RSM), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) And artificial Neural Network (ANN) to estimination reaction yield. In this study, first biodiesel was produced under different conditions (reaction time, alcohol type (ethanol and methanol), catalyst type (KOH and NaOH)and production method) and reaction yield was achived in the wide   range. Then by using the three methods: 1- Microscopic images 2- Using a special image processing box before centrifugation 3- Using a special image processing box aftre centrifugation, photos was taken from biodiesel sampel in similar conditions. Then by using the image processing provided color channel images in 5 different modes microscopic photos, special compartment photos before centrifugation, combination all methods before centrifugation, special compartment photos after centrifugation   and combination all methods of taking images. By using three modeling methods ANN, RSM and ANFIS, was estimated reaction efficiency properly. The results showed the best way, using of the special image processing compartment without centrifugation by ANFIS modeling method and this method was able to accurately evaluate the trans estrification reaction efficiency with R- squared 0.983, mean squared error 0.002226, mean absolute error 0.02927 and sum squared error 0.12466 performe the best performance in the estimation reaction efficiency. The use of ANN method was able to accurately estimate the reaction efficiency. The use of image processing and ANFIS modeling method, by reducing the cost of analysis compared to the conventional method gas chromatography (GC), estimated reaction efficiency properly.Key words: Biodiesel, Image processing, Gas chromatography (GC), ANN method, Trans esterification, RSM method, ANFIS method.