The red rot disease of oak trees caused by Paecilomyces formosus is becoming a serious threat to the forests of western Iran, especially Kermanshah province. So far, no control measures have been taken against this pathogen. The use of chemical pesticides is not recommended in these sensitive ecosystems, so it is necessary to find sustainable and environmentally friendly biological control methods.  In this research, the biocontrol effect of 9 Trichoderma species including Trichoderma arundinaceum, T. asperellum, T. avecolar, T. brevicompactum, T. crassum, T. koningii, T. koningiopsis, T. longibrachiatum and T. virens were evaluated on P. formosus in laboratory and greenhouse. The results showed that T. brevicompactum and T. virens species were more effective than other treatments in the cross-culture test with 77.1 and 64.2 percent inhibition and in the mushroom extract test with 57.65 and 1.57 percent inhibition against the growth of pathogenic fungi, and T. brevicompactum, T. koningiopsis and T. longibrachiatum with 60, 56.3 and 54.5 percent inhibition in the volatile compounds test. They had the most effect in reducing the growth of P. formosusIn the examination of pathogenicity test in laboratory and greenhouse conditions, all Trichoderma species significantly reduced the length of canker caused by P. formosus. T. brevicompactum and T. arundinaceum were the most effective fungi with 89.8% and 69.4%, respectively, in reducing the canker length caused by P. formosus in the laboratory test. In the greenhouse test, T. virens and T. brevicompactum were more successful in reducing the canker length with 66.6 and 56.6%, respectively, compared to other treatments.

Root rot and seedling mortality diseases have been recognized as significant threats to the survival and growth of forest seedlings, particularly Iranian oak, worldwide. These diseases cause substantial economic losses to nurseries and pose serious challenges to forest restoration. This study aimed to accurately identify the pathogens contributing to root rot and seedling mortality in Iranian oak seedlings in Kermanshah Province, Iran. One hundred infected seedlings exhibiting symptoms such as yellowing, wilting, leaf drop, and crown and root rot were collected from Iranian oak nurseries in the province and transferred to the laboratory. The roots and crowns of infected seedlings were sectioned into 5 mm pieces, rinsed with tap water, and surface-disinfected with 10% sodium hypochlorite. The pieces were then rinsed three times with sterile water, dried on sterile filter paper, and cultured on potato dextrose agar medium containing 20 mg/L chloramphenicol and 50 mg/L streptomycin. The PARP medium was also used to isolate potential oomycetes involved in root rot. The grown fungi were morphologically identified using standard taxonomic keys and then definitively identified using molecular methods (sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA, elongation factor, large subunit of ribosomal DNA, and various regions of cytochrome oxidase). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on healthy seedlings to confirm the role of the isolated fungi in causing the disease. The results of this study revealed that the fungal species Phytopythium litorale, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium redolens, and Diaporthe amygdali were the most important pathogens causing root rot and seedling mortality in Iranian oak seedlings in the studied nurseries. Re-isolation of these species from infected tissues was performed to fulfill Koch's postulates. Phylogenetic analysis placed our species in monophyletic groups with other valid species obtained from the GenBank of other countries. The findings of this study confirm the importance of root rot and seedling mortality diseases in threatening the survival of Iranian oak seedlings. The identification of pathogens is a crucial step in managing and controlling these diseases. The results of this study can be used in planning for the production of healthy seedlings and managing diseases in Iranian oak nurseries. Furthermore, more studies are needed to investigate the factors affecting the spread of these diseases and to develop biological control methods.

   Oak dieback disease caused by the fungus Paecilomyces formosus threatens oak trees in the Zagros forests in western Iran. Various insects, such as wood-infesting beetles (Coleoptera), may play a role in dissemination of P. formosus. We collected larvae and adult insects from branch wood of oak trees with dieback symptoms in the Zagros forests. For larval identification, the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COXI) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fungal isolates from wood and insects collected from the sampled oaks were identified by morphology, acid production on creatine sucrose agar (CREA) medium, phylogeny of DNA sequence data for the ?-tubulin gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA. To detect P. formosus in larvae and adult insects, we used a nested PCR assay with the species-specific primer pairs PaMF and PaMR. The insects that most often tested positive for P. formosus were larvae of the buprestids Acmaeodera sp. and Chrysobothris affinis, and larvae of the cerambycid Trichoferus campestris. Adults of C. affinis and Calchaenesthes diversicolis (Cerambycidae), which were collected from within their galleries, also tested positive. Beetle larvae of Anthaxia sp. (Buprestidae), Latipalpis plana (Buprestidae), Monochamus sp. (Cerambycidae) and Crypticus gibbulus (Tenebrionidae) also tested positive. Larvae that tested negative for P. formosus were species of Cossidae (Lepidoptera), Elateridae (Coleoptera), Gasteruptiidae (Hymenoptera) and Syrphidae (Diptera). Future research is needed to determine whether any of these insects can serve as vectors of P. formosus. These results can be used to target-specific insects for monitoring.

   Flumes with a special cross-section and different degrees of convergence and divergence are used to measure flow indirectly. In many of these flumes that have been investigated in the rectangular channel, the stage-discharge relationship in the trapezoidal constriction section has been obtained using dimensional analysis. In this research, using the energy relationship between the upstream section and the throat (trapezoidal) section, a relationship has been developed to calculate the discharge. The correctness and accuracy of the proposed relationship were checked using different laboratory data. For the flume proposed by Aali and Vatankhah (2023), the proposed relationship has an NRMSE of less than 5%. In the hydraulic laboratory of Razi University, a wedge-shaped structure was installed in the middle of the rectangular channel with a width of 37 cm. This structure was designed and built with two different side slope and four different throat width (8 different configurations). The total sections of this structure in the throat are trapezoidal. For the side slope of 0.4 and 0.5, the NRMSE value is 10.9 and 6.1 percent, respectively. For this structure, relationships have been developed using dimensional analysis. The relationship proposed in this thesis can be used for rectangular channels with trapezoidal throat cross section. There is no need for calibration with laboratory data to calculate the flow using this relationship. Comparison with laboratory data has shown that this relationship has high accuracy in discharge prediction.

  Abstract   The Hircanian forests of Iran, located in the north of the country and in the three provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan, are the most industrial and important forests of the country, the area of ??which is estimated to be about 1.9 million hectares. These forests with high species and genetic diversity and great age, which belong to the third geological era, are a lasting and valuable heritage.   But unfortunately, it is always threatened by fire as a phenomenon of natural and human origin. Although fire is an inseparable part of the forest ecosystem, this phenomenon is one of the most important factors in the destruction and destruction of these ecosystems. Fire causes changes and transformations in the function and structure of ecosystems, including the forest ecosystem, and has a very destructive effect on natural processes such as reproduction, seed bed, carbon and nitrogen cycles andsequence, diversity of species and wildlife, physical, chemical and soil fertility characteristics.In this research, fire occurrences of 23-year period (2001-2023) of Hyrcanian forests were obtained from MODIS sensor and 11-year period (2012-2022) from VIIRS sensor. Then these events were examined in terms of time (month, season and year) and place (physiography) and their relationship with physiographic characteristics (percentage of slope, direction of slope, altitude >The results of the frequency of fire incidents with time factors showed that the highest number of incidents was in 2021 with 70 incidents and the least in 2016 with 16 incidents. In terms of monthly review, three consecutive months, namely January with 59 cases, December with 71 cases and November with 50 cases, have the highest number of cases. The lowest number was in May with 11 cases and then April with 22 cases. In terms of seasonal analysis, the most events are in the autumn season.The investigation of spatial factors (physiography) showed that the slope >Also, the spatial pattern of fire occurrences during a 23-year period using MODIS and VIIRS sensor data showed that fire occurrences from a distance of 20 to 40 km have a random pattern and from a distance of 40 to 65 km have a cluster pattern. The results of time series analysis using ARIMA model showed that the peak of fire events until 2026 was similar for VIIRS and MODIS data, but the number of predicted events using VIIRS data is more than MODIS sensor.Key words: fire - Hyrcanian forests - modeling - prediction

جنگل‌هاي زاگرس كه به‌عنوان اكوسيستم­هاي جنگلي نيمه‌خشك تقسيم‌بندي مي­شوند وسيع‌ترين اكوسيستم جنگلي   ايران به شمار مي‌روند كه 44درصد جنگل‌هاي كشور را تشكيل داده و مهم­ترين رويشگاه گونه­هاي بلوط در ايران به شمار مي­روند. پژوهش   حاضر براي بررسي تنوع عملكرد ميكروبي خاك در ارتباط با جزاير حاصلخيزي در جنگل­هاي شاخه زاد بلوط زاگرس انجام شد. منطقه مورد مطالعه، در استان كرمانشاه، جنگل­هاي شهرستان گيلان غرب منطقه دار بادام قرار داشت. به‌منظور نمونه‌گيري، تعداد 4 ترانسكت در منطقه مورد مطالعه با فاصله‌هاي 50 متر در نظر گرفته شد. سپس، در راستاي ترانسك­ها، نمونه­برداري‌ از خاك با توجه تيمار­ها انجام گرديد. تيمارهاي مورد بررسي شامل محدوده تاج جست‌گروه‌ها (جست گروه­هاي با تعداد جست­هاي 1 تا 3، 3 تا10، 10 تا20 و بيشتر از 20) و فواصل مابين جست‌گروه­ها (تاج درختان به هم چسبيده (بدون فاصله)، فاصله تاج درختان 1 تا 3 متر و 3 تا 5 متر) بود. در هر كدام از تيمار­هاي فوق، قطعات نمونه با مشخصات ابعادي 25/0 ×25/0 متر و از عمق صفر تا 30 سانتي­متري و به‌طور كاملاً تصادفي برداشت شدند. هر يك از اين تيمار­ها، در هر ترانسكت با 4 تكرار در نظر گرفته و در مجموع تعداد 28 نمونه براي منطقه مورد مطالعه برداشت شد. نتايج نشان داد كه نتايج به دست آمده از مقايسه ميانگين ويژگي­هاي فيزيكي و شيميايي خاك درون تاج و بيرون تاج نشان داد كه ميانگين ويژگي­هاي كربن آلي، پتاسيم و شن در درون تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني­داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن­ها در فضا­هاي بيرون تاج درختان است. ولي ميانگين ساير ويژگي­ها از جمله واكنش شيميايي خاك، هدايت الكتريكي، فسفر، رس، سيلت و آهك در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج بود. همچنين ويژگي­هاي تنفس پايه و كسر متابوليك در زير تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني‌داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن­ها در فضا­هاي بيرون تاج درختان مشاهده شد، ولي ميانگين ساير ويژگي­ها از جمله تنفس برانگيخته، كربن زيست‌توده ميكروبي و بهره ميكروبي در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج به دست آمد. نتايج به دست آمده از مقايسه ميانگين آنزيم­هاي خاك درون تاج و بيرون تاج نشان داد كه ميانگين آنزيم­هاي فسفاتاز قليايي و ساكاراز در زير تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني‌داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن‌ها در فضاهاي بيرون تاج درختان است ولي ميانگين ساير آنزيم­ها از جمله فسفاتاز اسيدي و اوره آز در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج است.   

Zagros forests have been faced with many fires in recent years, so they can be aware of the effect of fire on trees and shrubs and their revitalization process can begiven to the vegetative response. After the fire, the forest was used to takeappropriate measures and operations to restore Zagros forests. Therefore, in this study, using Landstet satellite images, OLI sensor was examined during the period of 1399-1399 to investigate the recovery process of covering after fire. According to the date of fire in each of the areas studied, images were created before and after the fire, and the monitoring of the burnt areas was carried out at an annual interval with the image. April was considered to investigate the forest floor coverings and images of August and September to investigate the forest tree cover. NDVI and NBR indexes were used to investigate the recovery process of the vegetation and were determined by the results of the DNBR index. Due to the impact of rainfall on the masses of forest cover, rainfall data were used during the period 1396-1396. It is a vegetable cover and the increase in fuel and the risk of fire. Therefore, in the current research, the forest type and the intensity of fire were considered as factors affecting the process of forest recovery. It should be noted that in the Iranian oak type in the Jalalvand area and the Iranian-Mazodar oak in the Rijab area, the NBR and NDVI index recovery speed was higher than the Cormo-Renjen Brigade in the Qalajah area. In general, in forests where fires have been less severe, the process of repair is faster and in more severe fire floors, the repair is longer. The results of this study indicate that the NBR index is appropriate to investigate the timing of forest recovery in Zagros forests.

   Scale insects are important pests of agricultural, horticultural and forestry plants. This group of insects, has more than 8000 identified species in the world and more than 300 species in Iran. Scale insects often damage directly by feeding on plant sap; and indirectly by transmitting virus or by producing honeydew and disrupting photosynthesis. In this research, random sampling of plants and trees, was carried out in warm climatic area, including, Qasr-Shirin, Sarpol-Zahab and Gilan-Gharb regions. At the same time as collecting, recording information and field characteristics of the samples, photographing and transferring to the laboratory, some of the samples, in 75% alcohol, some for the breeding of scales and natural enemies related to them and some also mounted as microscope slides. The samples were identified using reliable sources at the genus and species level; The images and drawings of some samples, based on macroscopic and microscopic characters, were sent to the specialists for verification. In total, 14 plant scale insects from 4 families and 12 related natural enemy species were identified. Addition to the field research, the quarantine scales were divided into three categories based on location, including eight external quarantine scale species, one internal quarantine species, two species with internal quarantine potential of Kermanshah province and one species with external quarantine potential and updated. Among the samples, the species Lepidosaphes ulmi was found for the first time in the hypogeic form on the underground parts of Sorghum halepens in the world, and the species Phenacoccus solenopsis and Parthenolecanium persicae were found for the first time on wild lettuce (Lactuca serriola) and common Ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior) are reported in Iran. Parlatoria crypta, Planococcus ficus and Coccus hesperidum species are reported for the first time on raurel rose (Nerium oleander), fig (Ficus sp.) and judas tree (Cercis siliquastrum) respectively in Kermanshah province. In the following list, scale insects marked with one asterisk are reported for the first time from Iran and others with two asterisk are reported for the first time from Kermanshah province. Additionally, the natural enemies which associated with Kermes spatulatus marked with three asterisk are new for the science; and other natural enemies, which are marked with two asterisk, are new records for Iran. Diaspididae: Aonidiella orientalis**, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Parlatoria blanchardi, Parlatoria crypta, Parlatoria pergandii**, Odonaspis sp.** Pseudococcidae: Antonina graminis** (Natural enemies: Coccinellidae: Diomus rubidus**; Nephus sp.**), Nipaecoccus viridis** (foes:­ Aphelinidae: Marietta  leopardina**; Encyrtidae: Anagyrus sp.; Anagyrus pseudococci), Phenacoccus solenopsis** (foes: Coccinellidae: Nephus bipunctatus**; Scymnus sp.; Encyrtidae: Anagyrus orbitalis**), Planococcus ficus Coccidae: Coccus hesperidum, Parthenolecanium corni, Parthenolecanium persicae Kermesidae: Kermes spatulatus* (foes: Coccinellidae: Exochomus undulatus***; Eulophidae: Aprostocetus protasovi***; Phlaeothripidae: Haplothrips globiceps***) Keywords: Economic pests, morphology, external quarantine, biological control

One of the major challenges for weanling calves is the development of the lower digestive tract (Khan et al., 2016). Weanling calves do not have special digestive enzymes. Therefore, nutrient digestion and lipid absorption are self-limiting (Jones and Heinrichs, 2017). Fat digestion in calves begins in the mouth, where salivary lipase hydrolyzes milk fat. However, only 30% of total fat is hydrolyzed before reaching the small intestine (Davis and Drackley, 1998). When the fat reaches the small intestine, pancreatic lipases, lysolecithin and bile salts form micelles, maximizing the digestibility of milk fat by about 97% (Thor  erry et al., 2016). Studies have reported that limiting lipase activity may prevent the formation of mixed micelles in the intestinal lumen, thereby reducing fat digestion and nutrient absorption (Haetinger et al., 2021).  ecause dairy calves are fed a high volume of liquid ration per meal, the importance of emulsifiers is critical to fat metabolism and absorption. One of the key features of fat digestion in the gastrointestinal tract is micelle formation, which occurs after lipid digestion and complex emulsification (McFadden, 2019). Bile salts act as emulsifiers, stabilize an emulsion and prevent the fusion of dispersed phase globules in the digestive tract (Siyal et al., 2017). In fact, synthetic emulsifiers are derived from the hydrolysis phase of lecithin and have a similar function (Zhang et al., 2011).

2). One-way ANOVA was used to compare mean of soil properties for Tape-Gole, Sorkhak and their relevant control and T-test was used to compare soil properties for Gheshlagh and its relevant control. The results showed that there was no statistically significant changes of soil EC, PH, TNV in all the studied area. The amoughnt of OC%, P, K and BD in Sorkhak was significantly higher compare to its relevant control area. Among the measured soil microbial properties there was no significant changes in soil BR in all the studied area. However, soil carbon biomass (Cmic) and qCO2 was significantly higher in Sorkhak compared to control and Tape-Gole. The results showe that none of the measured soil properties was affected by the implementation of Sianat plans in Gheshlagh compared to its relevant control. It was concluded that the quality of the implementation of Sianat plans is very important issue to improve the soil properties.  

  آتش¬سوزي يك عامل اكولوژيك در جنگل به شمار مي¬رود كه طي آن اكثر گياهاني كه در حال رويش هستند، آسيب مي بينند. آتش¬سوزي با سوزاندن پوشش گياهي سطح خاك، مي¬¬تواند موجب اثرات منفي و يا مثبت بر خصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي، ميكروارگانيسم¬ها و پوشش گياهي خاك شود. قارچ¬هاي ميكوريزا از اصلي¬ترين ميكروارگانيسم¬هاي موجود در محيط خاك محسوب مي¬شوند كه رابطه همزيستي با گياه دارند. اين موجودات از اهميت بسياري در اكولوژي خاك برخوردارند. آتش محيط زندگي قارچ¬ها را با اثر بر ساختمان خاك، مواد غذايي در دسترس، مواد آلي و غير آلي لايه¬هاي زيرين خاك و ساير اجزاء زنده كه با قارچ¬ها ومخصوصاً ساير ريز موجودات در ارتباط مستقيم و يا غير مستقيم هستند تغيير مي¬دهد. اثر آتش بر قارچ¬ها به شدت متفاوت است و به عواملي مانند نوع خاك و گياه ، فاصله زماني بين آتش و تفاوت درشدت آتش بستگي دارد. نتايج بررسي¬هاي صورت گرفته نشان مي¬دهد آتش سوزي كه در منطقه مورد مطالعه (زير تاج و بيرون از تاج درختان منطقه زاگرس) رخ داده است سطحي بوده و قادر به ايجاد تغييرات چنداني در فاكتورهاي فيزيكي، شيميايي و زيستي خاك نبوده است. علاوه بر اين تأثير قابل توجهي از آتش سوزي سطحي بر شاخص هاي مورد مطالعه (تعداد، فراواني و چيرگي و ...) قارچ مايكوريزا ديده نشد.

AbstractWildfire is an integral part of all natural ecosystems and is one of the most important   threatening factors and factors of structural and ecological transformation of   forests and pastures.Given the protective and protective role of the Zagros forests, wildfire in these ecosystems can be a serious threat .In this study, considering   the value of Zagros pasture   and forest ecosystems and recent wildfires, data on the timing and location of wildfires in natural areas of Kermanshah during 2002 to 2018 using sensors MODIS extracted. Then the frequency of annual wildfire events, relation of   the frequency of events with environmental factors, and the pattern of temporal and spatial variations of wildfire events over a 17 year period were investigated. The result of Frequency   wildfire events in relation to temperature and rainfall parameters showed that the frequency of wildfire events increased with increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall.But in pastures, human factors appear to have a stronger role in the occurrence of wildfires than temperature and rainfall variables. Also comparing the frequency of wildfire events with physiographic factors showed that the slope of 0-15% with mean of 42.82 occurrences per year, height >  Keywords: Wildfire - MODIS Sensor - Zagros Forests - Spatial Pattern - Time Series - L and g Functio  

  This study investigates the relationship between the structure of Iranian oak forests and its effect on soil properties around the crown and also the diversity of soil macrofauna affected by the structure of Iranian oak forests in Kermanshah province (Ravansar area). For this purpose, 4 transects were considered in the study area at intervals of 50 m and then due to different structures of branching trees, 8 treatments with three replications were carried out from under their canopy. A total of 96 sections of 50 × 50 cm profiles with 15 cm depth were cut and macrofauna were collected manually. Soil moisture and organic matter content increased significantly in the soil under the canopy of these shrubs due to shading and accumulation of nutrients, so-called "fertile islands". Statistical comparison results showed that the abundance and diversity of soil macrofauna and also Some soil properties within the group and outside the group had a significant difference at the 95% probability level. Increase in macrofauna abundance and diversity within the group showed a significant correlation with litter depth and crown area, due to increased organic matter, nutrient concentration, and organisms' access to food resources in the litter and also outside the group. It was. According to the results of the present study, the effect of the group as a habitat micro-habitat with suitable living conditions and presence of soil organisms can be pointed out. Soil passes through or into surface debris and their populations are highly dependent on ecosystem management practices. In many ecosystems of semiarid regions, shrubs play a key and complex role in providing soil moisture and nutrients.

  The research was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of informal vocational training of wheat farming in the province of Kermanshah. The study population of this study is trained farmers in the field of wheat farming in Kermanshah province, which was trained in the field of wheat cultivation in 1395-1393. They are unaware of wheat farming. This research was carried out using qualitative method. For sampling and collecting data, a semi-structured interview was used. In this regard, 22 of the participants in the dir="RTL">