The red rot disease of oak trees caused by Paecilomyces formosus is becoming a serious threat to the forests of western Iran, especially Kermanshah province. So far, no control measures have been taken against this pathogen. The use of chemical pesticides is not recommended in these sensitive ecosystems, so it is necessary to find sustainable and environmentally friendly biological control methods.  In this research, the biocontrol effect of 9 Trichoderma species including Trichoderma arundinaceum, T. asperellum, T. avecolar, T. brevicompactum, T. crassum, T. koningii, T. koningiopsis, T. longibrachiatum and T. virens were evaluated on P. formosus in laboratory and greenhouse. The results showed that T. brevicompactum and T. virens species were more effective than other treatments in the cross-culture test with 77.1 and 64.2 percent inhibition and in the mushroom extract test with 57.65 and 1.57 percent inhibition against the growth of pathogenic fungi, and T. brevicompactum, T. koningiopsis and T. longibrachiatum with 60, 56.3 and 54.5 percent inhibition in the volatile compounds test. They had the most effect in reducing the growth of P. formosusIn the examination of pathogenicity test in laboratory and greenhouse conditions, all Trichoderma species significantly reduced the length of canker caused by P. formosus. T. brevicompactum and T. arundinaceum were the most effective fungi with 89.8% and 69.4%, respectively, in reducing the canker length caused by P. formosus in the laboratory test. In the greenhouse test, T. virens and T. brevicompactum were more successful in reducing the canker length with 66.6 and 56.6%, respectively, compared to other treatments.

Root rot and seedling mortality diseases have been recognized as significant threats to the survival and growth of forest seedlings, particularly Iranian oak, worldwide. These diseases cause substantial economic losses to nurseries and pose serious challenges to forest restoration. This study aimed to accurately identify the pathogens contributing to root rot and seedling mortality in Iranian oak seedlings in Kermanshah Province, Iran. One hundred infected seedlings exhibiting symptoms such as yellowing, wilting, leaf drop, and crown and root rot were collected from Iranian oak nurseries in the province and transferred to the laboratory. The roots and crowns of infected seedlings were sectioned into 5 mm pieces, rinsed with tap water, and surface-disinfected with 10% sodium hypochlorite. The pieces were then rinsed three times with sterile water, dried on sterile filter paper, and cultured on potato dextrose agar medium containing 20 mg/L chloramphenicol and 50 mg/L streptomycin. The PARP medium was also used to isolate potential oomycetes involved in root rot. The grown fungi were morphologically identified using standard taxonomic keys and then definitively identified using molecular methods (sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA, elongation factor, large subunit of ribosomal DNA, and various regions of cytochrome oxidase). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on healthy seedlings to confirm the role of the isolated fungi in causing the disease. The results of this study revealed that the fungal species Phytopythium litorale, Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium redolens, and Diaporthe amygdali were the most important pathogens causing root rot and seedling mortality in Iranian oak seedlings in the studied nurseries. Re-isolation of these species from infected tissues was performed to fulfill Koch's postulates. Phylogenetic analysis placed our species in monophyletic groups with other valid species obtained from the GenBank of other countries. The findings of this study confirm the importance of root rot and seedling mortality diseases in threatening the survival of Iranian oak seedlings. The identification of pathogens is a crucial step in managing and controlling these diseases. The results of this study can be used in planning for the production of healthy seedlings and managing diseases in Iranian oak nurseries. Furthermore, more studies are needed to investigate the factors affecting the spread of these diseases and to develop biological control methods.

   Oak dieback disease caused by the fungus Paecilomyces formosus threatens oak trees in the Zagros forests in western Iran. Various insects, such as wood-infesting beetles (Coleoptera), may play a role in dissemination of P. formosus. We collected larvae and adult insects from branch wood of oak trees with dieback symptoms in the Zagros forests. For larval identification, the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COXI) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fungal isolates from wood and insects collected from the sampled oaks were identified by morphology, acid production on creatine sucrose agar (CREA) medium, phylogeny of DNA sequence data for the ?-tubulin gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA. To detect P. formosus in larvae and adult insects, we used a nested PCR assay with the species-specific primer pairs PaMF and PaMR. The insects that most often tested positive for P. formosus were larvae of the buprestids Acmaeodera sp. and Chrysobothris affinis, and larvae of the cerambycid Trichoferus campestris. Adults of C. affinis and Calchaenesthes diversicolis (Cerambycidae), which were collected from within their galleries, also tested positive. Beetle larvae of Anthaxia sp. (Buprestidae), Latipalpis plana (Buprestidae), Monochamus sp. (Cerambycidae) and Crypticus gibbulus (Tenebrionidae) also tested positive. Larvae that tested negative for P. formosus were species of Cossidae (Lepidoptera), Elateridae (Coleoptera), Gasteruptiidae (Hymenoptera) and Syrphidae (Diptera). Future research is needed to determine whether any of these insects can serve as vectors of P. formosus. These results can be used to target-specific insects for monitoring.

   Flumes with a special cross-section and different degrees of convergence and divergence are used to measure flow indirectly. In many of these flumes that have been investigated in the rectangular channel, the stage-discharge relationship in the trapezoidal constriction section has been obtained using dimensional analysis. In this research, using the energy relationship between the upstream section and the throat (trapezoidal) section, a relationship has been developed to calculate the discharge. The correctness and accuracy of the proposed relationship were checked using different laboratory data. For the flume proposed by Aali and Vatankhah (2023), the proposed relationship has an NRMSE of less than 5%. In the hydraulic laboratory of Razi University, a wedge-shaped structure was installed in the middle of the rectangular channel with a width of 37 cm. This structure was designed and built with two different side slope and four different throat width (8 different configurations). The total sections of this structure in the throat are trapezoidal. For the side slope of 0.4 and 0.5, the NRMSE value is 10.9 and 6.1 percent, respectively. For this structure, relationships have been developed using dimensional analysis. The relationship proposed in this thesis can be used for rectangular channels with trapezoidal throat cross section. There is no need for calibration with laboratory data to calculate the flow using this relationship. Comparison with laboratory data has shown that this relationship has high accuracy in discharge prediction.

  Abstract   The Hircanian forests of Iran, located in the north of the country and in the three provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan, are the most industrial and important forests of the country, the area of ??which is estimated to be about 1.9 million hectares. These forests with high species and genetic diversity and great age, which belong to the third geological era, are a lasting and valuable heritage.   But unfortunately, it is always threatened by fire as a phenomenon of natural and human origin. Although fire is an inseparable part of the forest ecosystem, this phenomenon is one of the most important factors in the destruction and destruction of these ecosystems. Fire causes changes and transformations in the function and structure of ecosystems, including the forest ecosystem, and has a very destructive effect on natural processes such as reproduction, seed bed, carbon and nitrogen cycles andsequence, diversity of species and wildlife, physical, chemical and soil fertility characteristics.In this research, fire occurrences of 23-year period (2001-2023) of Hyrcanian forests were obtained from MODIS sensor and 11-year period (2012-2022) from VIIRS sensor. Then these events were examined in terms of time (month, season and year) and place (physiography) and their relationship with physiographic characteristics (percentage of slope, direction of slope, altitude >The results of the frequency of fire incidents with time factors showed that the highest number of incidents was in 2021 with 70 incidents and the least in 2016 with 16 incidents. In terms of monthly review, three consecutive months, namely January with 59 cases, December with 71 cases and November with 50 cases, have the highest number of cases. The lowest number was in May with 11 cases and then April with 22 cases. In terms of seasonal analysis, the most events are in the autumn season.The investigation of spatial factors (physiography) showed that the slope >Also, the spatial pattern of fire occurrences during a 23-year period using MODIS and VIIRS sensor data showed that fire occurrences from a distance of 20 to 40 km have a random pattern and from a distance of 40 to 65 km have a cluster pattern. The results of time series analysis using ARIMA model showed that the peak of fire events until 2026 was similar for VIIRS and MODIS data, but the number of predicted events using VIIRS data is more than MODIS sensor.Key words: fire - Hyrcanian forests - modeling - prediction

جنگل‌هاي زاگرس كه به‌عنوان اكوسيستم­هاي جنگلي نيمه‌خشك تقسيم‌بندي مي­شوند وسيع‌ترين اكوسيستم جنگلي   ايران به شمار مي‌روند كه 44درصد جنگل‌هاي كشور را تشكيل داده و مهم­ترين رويشگاه گونه­هاي بلوط در ايران به شمار مي­روند. پژوهش   حاضر براي بررسي تنوع عملكرد ميكروبي خاك در ارتباط با جزاير حاصلخيزي در جنگل­هاي شاخه زاد بلوط زاگرس انجام شد. منطقه مورد مطالعه، در استان كرمانشاه، جنگل­هاي شهرستان گيلان غرب منطقه دار بادام قرار داشت. به‌منظور نمونه‌گيري، تعداد 4 ترانسكت در منطقه مورد مطالعه با فاصله‌هاي 50 متر در نظر گرفته شد. سپس، در راستاي ترانسك­ها، نمونه­برداري‌ از خاك با توجه تيمار­ها انجام گرديد. تيمارهاي مورد بررسي شامل محدوده تاج جست‌گروه‌ها (جست گروه­هاي با تعداد جست­هاي 1 تا 3، 3 تا10، 10 تا20 و بيشتر از 20) و فواصل مابين جست‌گروه­ها (تاج درختان به هم چسبيده (بدون فاصله)، فاصله تاج درختان 1 تا 3 متر و 3 تا 5 متر) بود. در هر كدام از تيمار­هاي فوق، قطعات نمونه با مشخصات ابعادي 25/0 ×25/0 متر و از عمق صفر تا 30 سانتي­متري و به‌طور كاملاً تصادفي برداشت شدند. هر يك از اين تيمار­ها، در هر ترانسكت با 4 تكرار در نظر گرفته و در مجموع تعداد 28 نمونه براي منطقه مورد مطالعه برداشت شد. نتايج نشان داد كه نتايج به دست آمده از مقايسه ميانگين ويژگي­هاي فيزيكي و شيميايي خاك درون تاج و بيرون تاج نشان داد كه ميانگين ويژگي­هاي كربن آلي، پتاسيم و شن در درون تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني­داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن­ها در فضا­هاي بيرون تاج درختان است. ولي ميانگين ساير ويژگي­ها از جمله واكنش شيميايي خاك، هدايت الكتريكي، فسفر، رس، سيلت و آهك در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج بود. همچنين ويژگي­هاي تنفس پايه و كسر متابوليك در زير تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني‌داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن­ها در فضا­هاي بيرون تاج درختان مشاهده شد، ولي ميانگين ساير ويژگي­ها از جمله تنفس برانگيخته، كربن زيست‌توده ميكروبي و بهره ميكروبي در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج به دست آمد. نتايج به دست آمده از مقايسه ميانگين آنزيم­هاي خاك درون تاج و بيرون تاج نشان داد كه ميانگين آنزيم­هاي فسفاتاز قليايي و ساكاراز در زير تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني‌داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن‌ها در فضاهاي بيرون تاج درختان است ولي ميانگين ساير آنزيم­ها از جمله فسفاتاز اسيدي و اوره آز در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج است.   

Zagros forests have been faced with many fires in recent years, so they can be aware of the effect of fire on trees and shrubs and their revitalization process can begiven to the vegetative response. After the fire, the forest was used to takeappropriate measures and operations to restore Zagros forests. Therefore, in this study, using Landstet satellite images, OLI sensor was examined during the period of 1399-1399 to investigate the recovery process of covering after fire. According to the date of fire in each of the areas studied, images were created before and after the fire, and the monitoring of the burnt areas was carried out at an annual interval with the image. April was considered to investigate the forest floor coverings and images of August and September to investigate the forest tree cover. NDVI and NBR indexes were used to investigate the recovery process of the vegetation and were determined by the results of the DNBR index. Due to the impact of rainfall on the masses of forest cover, rainfall data were used during the period 1396-1396. It is a vegetable cover and the increase in fuel and the risk of fire. Therefore, in the current research, the forest type and the intensity of fire were considered as factors affecting the process of forest recovery. It should be noted that in the Iranian oak type in the Jalalvand area and the Iranian-Mazodar oak in the Rijab area, the NBR and NDVI index recovery speed was higher than the Cormo-Renjen Brigade in the Qalajah area. In general, in forests where fires have been less severe, the process of repair is faster and in more severe fire floors, the repair is longer. The results of this study indicate that the NBR index is appropriate to investigate the timing of forest recovery in Zagros forests.

   Scale insects are important pests of agricultural, horticultural and forestry plants. This group of insects, has more than 8000 identified species in the world and more than 300 species in Iran. Scale insects often damage directly by feeding on plant sap; and indirectly by transmitting virus or by producing honeydew and disrupting photosynthesis. In this research, random sampling of plants and trees, was carried out in warm climatic area, including, Qasr-Shirin, Sarpol-Zahab and Gilan-Gharb regions. At the same time as collecting, recording information and field characteristics of the samples, photographing and transferring to the laboratory, some of the samples, in 75% alcohol, some for the breeding of scales and natural enemies related to them and some also mounted as microscope slides. The samples were identified using reliable sources at the genus and species level; The images and drawings of some samples, based on macroscopic and microscopic characters, were sent to the specialists for verification. In total, 14 plant scale insects from 4 families and 12 related natural enemy species were identified. Addition to the field research, the quarantine scales were divided into three categories based on location, including eight external quarantine scale species, one internal quarantine species, two species with internal quarantine potential of Kermanshah province and one species with external quarantine potential and updated. Among the samples, the species Lepidosaphes ulmi was found for the first time in the hypogeic form on the underground parts of Sorghum halepens in the world, and the species Phenacoccus solenopsis and Parthenolecanium persicae were found for the first time on wild lettuce (Lactuca serriola) and common Ash tree (Fraxinus excelsior) are reported in Iran. Parlatoria crypta, Planococcus ficus and Coccus hesperidum species are reported for the first time on raurel rose (Nerium oleander), fig (Ficus sp.) and judas tree (Cercis siliquastrum) respectively in Kermanshah province. In the following list, scale insects marked with one asterisk are reported for the first time from Iran and others with two asterisk are reported for the first time from Kermanshah province. Additionally, the natural enemies which associated with Kermes spatulatus marked with three asterisk are new for the science; and other natural enemies, which are marked with two asterisk, are new records for Iran. Diaspididae: Aonidiella orientalis**, Lepidosaphes ulmi, Parlatoria blanchardi, Parlatoria crypta, Parlatoria pergandii**, Odonaspis sp.** Pseudococcidae: Antonina graminis** (Natural enemies: Coccinellidae: Diomus rubidus**; Nephus sp.**), Nipaecoccus viridis** (foes:­ Aphelinidae: Marietta  leopardina**; Encyrtidae: Anagyrus sp.; Anagyrus pseudococci), Phenacoccus solenopsis** (foes: Coccinellidae: Nephus bipunctatus**; Scymnus sp.; Encyrtidae: Anagyrus orbitalis**), Planococcus ficus Coccidae: Coccus hesperidum, Parthenolecanium corni, Parthenolecanium persicae Kermesidae: Kermes spatulatus* (foes: Coccinellidae: Exochomus undulatus***; Eulophidae: Aprostocetus protasovi***; Phlaeothripidae: Haplothrips globiceps***) Keywords: Economic pests, morphology, external quarantine, biological control

One of the major challenges for weanling calves is the development of the lower digestive tract (Khan et al., 2016). Weanling calves do not have special digestive enzymes. Therefore, nutrient digestion and lipid absorption are self-limiting (Jones and Heinrichs, 2017). Fat digestion in calves begins in the mouth, where salivary lipase hydrolyzes milk fat. However, only 30% of total fat is hydrolyzed before reaching the small intestine (Davis and Drackley, 1998). When the fat reaches the small intestine, pancreatic lipases, lysolecithin and bile salts form micelles, maximizing the digestibility of milk fat by about 97% (Thor  erry et al., 2016). Studies have reported that limiting lipase activity may prevent the formation of mixed micelles in the intestinal lumen, thereby reducing fat digestion and nutrient absorption (Haetinger et al., 2021).  ecause dairy calves are fed a high volume of liquid ration per meal, the importance of emulsifiers is critical to fat metabolism and absorption. One of the key features of fat digestion in the gastrointestinal tract is micelle formation, which occurs after lipid digestion and complex emulsification (McFadden, 2019). Bile salts act as emulsifiers, stabilize an emulsion and prevent the fusion of dispersed phase globules in the digestive tract (Siyal et al., 2017). In fact, synthetic emulsifiers are derived from the hydrolysis phase of lecithin and have a similar function (Zhang et al., 2011).

   چكيده: آتش­سوزي يك عامل طبيعي در جنگل به شمار مي­رود كه به­ طور موقت باعث كاهش پوشش گياهي سطح خاك مي­شود.آتش­سوزي مي­تواند ريزجانداران و خصوصيات شيميايي خاك را در جهت مثبت و يا منفي تحت تأثير قرار دهد. اين مطالعه جهت بررسي اثر آتش­سوزي بر جنگل­هاي زاگرس در استان كرمانشاه، شهرستان گهواره در منطقه لريني انجام گرفت. از اين رو چند نقطه روي ترانسكت­ها با استفاده از متر مشخص شد و در فواصلي منظم (مهر، آذر، بهمن، فروردين و خرداد)، نمونه­برداري انجام گرفت حد فاصل رديف­هاي مورد مطالعه از هم 50 متر و فاصله هر نقطه از نقطه بعدي 20 متر بود. سه رديف در منطقه مورد آتش­سوزي و يك رديف در منطقه شاهد مشخص شد. نتايج ‌نشان‌ داد ‌آتش‌­سوزي‌ در هر دو محل زير تاج و خارج تاج سطحي بوده و تأثير چنداني بر ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي خاك نداشت. از اين رو در شاخص­هايي چون كربن آلي و هدايت الكتريكي خاك تغيير قابل توجهي ديده نشد و آتش­سوزي تنها موجب افزايش فسفر در مناطق سوخته نسبت به شاهد شد. به دليل رخ­ داد آتش­سوزي سطحي، احتراق موجب افزايش نه چندان چشمگيري در شاخص­هاي زيستي شد. در اين پژوهش در اثر آتش­سوزي جمعيت باكتري­هاي خاك پس ازگذشت 9 ماه تقريباً به سطح خاك شاهد رسيد اما جمعيت باكتري­هاي تثبيت­كننده ازت افزايش يافت. اين در حالي است كه جمعيت باكتري­هاي اسپوردار روند مشخصي در بازه­هاي زماني پس از آتش­سوزي را دنبال نكرد.       آتش­سوزي يك عامل طبيعي در جنگل به شمار مي­رود كه به­ طور موقت باعث كاهش پوشش گياهي سطح خاك مي­شود. آتش­سوزي مي­تواند موجب اثرات منفي و يا مثبت بر خصوصيات شيميايي و ريزجانداران خاك ­شود. اين مطالعه جهت بررسي اثر آتش­سوزي بر جنگل­هاي زاگرس در استان كرمانشاه، شهرستان گهواره در منطقه لريني انجام شد. بدين منظور نقاط با اندازه­گيري به وسيله­ي متر بر روي ترانسكت­ها مشخص شد و به صورت منظم و با فواصل زماني مشخص (مهر، آذر، بهمن، فروردين و خرداد)، نمونه­برداري از آ­ن­ها صورت گرفت. فاصله نمونه­ها در هر دريف 20 متر و فاصله رديف­ها از هم50 متر است به گونه­اي كه سه رديف در منطقه سوخته و يك رديف در منطقه شاهد مشخص شد. نتايج ‌نشان‌ داد ‌آتش‌­سوزي‌ در هر دو محل زير تاج و خارج تاج سطحي بوده و تأثير چنداني بر ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي خاك نداشت. از اين رو در شاخص­هايي چون كربن آلي و هدايت الكتريكي خاك تغيير قابل توجهي ديده نشد و آتش­سوزي تنها موجب افزايش فسفر در مناطق سوخته نسبت به شاهد شد. به دليل رخ­ داد آتش­سوزي سطحي، احتراق موجب افزايش نه چندان چشمگيري در شاخص­هاي زيستي شد. در اين پژوهش در اثر آتش­سوزي جمعيت باكتري­هاي خاك پس ازگذشت 9 ماه تقريباً به سطح خاك شاهد رسيد اما جمعيت باكتري­هاي تثبيت­كننده ازت افزايش يافت. اين در حالي است كه جمعيت باكتري­هاي اسپوردار روند مشخصي در بازه­هاي زماني پس از آتش­سوزي را دنبال نكرد.

2). One-way ANOVA was used to compare mean of soil properties for Tape-Gole, Sorkhak and their relevant control and T-test was used to compare soil properties for Gheshlagh and its relevant control. The results showed that there was no statistically significant changes of soil EC, PH, TNV in all the studied area. The amoughnt of OC%, P, K and BD in Sorkhak was significantly higher compare to its relevant control area. Among the measured soil microbial properties there was no significant changes in soil BR in all the studied area. However, soil carbon biomass (Cmic) and qCO2 was significantly higher in Sorkhak compared to control and Tape-Gole. The results showe that none of the measured soil properties was affected by the implementation of Sianat plans in Gheshlagh compared to its relevant control. It was concluded that the quality of the implementation of Sianat plans is very important issue to improve the soil properties.  

  آتش¬سوزي يك عامل اكولوژيك در جنگل به شمار مي¬رود كه طي آن اكثر گياهاني كه در حال رويش هستند، آسيب مي بينند. آتش¬سوزي با سوزاندن پوشش گياهي سطح خاك، مي¬¬تواند موجب اثرات منفي و يا مثبت بر خصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي، ميكروارگانيسم¬ها و پوشش گياهي خاك شود. قارچ¬هاي ميكوريزا از اصلي¬ترين ميكروارگانيسم¬هاي موجود در محيط خاك محسوب مي¬شوند كه رابطه همزيستي با گياه دارند. اين موجودات از اهميت بسياري در اكولوژي خاك برخوردارند. آتش محيط زندگي قارچ¬ها را با اثر بر ساختمان خاك، مواد غذايي در دسترس، مواد آلي و غير آلي لايه¬هاي زيرين خاك و ساير اجزاء زنده كه با قارچ¬ها ومخصوصاً ساير ريز موجودات در ارتباط مستقيم و يا غير مستقيم هستند تغيير مي¬دهد. اثر آتش بر قارچ¬ها به شدت متفاوت است و به عواملي مانند نوع خاك و گياه ، فاصله زماني بين آتش و تفاوت درشدت آتش بستگي دارد. نتايج بررسي¬هاي صورت گرفته نشان مي¬دهد آتش سوزي كه در منطقه مورد مطالعه (زير تاج و بيرون از تاج درختان منطقه زاگرس) رخ داده است سطحي بوده و قادر به ايجاد تغييرات چنداني در فاكتورهاي فيزيكي، شيميايي و زيستي خاك نبوده است. علاوه بر اين تأثير قابل توجهي از آتش سوزي سطحي بر شاخص هاي مورد مطالعه (تعداد، فراواني و چيرگي و ...) قارچ مايكوريزا ديده نشد.

Zagros forests are ecologically and economically one of the most important forest ecosystems in the country. Forest ecosystems, like other ecosystems, have three components: composition, function and structure. Structure is the most important characteristic that results from the establishment of the mass and is often influenced by management issues; Therefore, in order to a better understanding of forest ecosystems and optimal management of these areas, as well as to study the dynamics of these ecosystems, it is necessary to study the structure of the forest and the order of its components. Forest structure is one of the most important key components in describing forest ecosystems and biodiversity. Biodiversity is a key issue in the conservation of nature and biodiversity is one of its most important component. Species diversity, One of the important characteristics of biological communities and functional diversity of the species and size of the populations represented by the species in a region. In fact, it can be said that tree species diversity is the basis of biodiversity in the whole forest, because trees provide resources and habitat for all other forest species. In fact, resilience and stability in forest ecosystems are directly related to species diversity and structure in forest. In the meantime, to examine the relationship between forest structure and species diversity of trees should be an efficient tool to use. According to this issue, geoscience can be used. Research ahead aiming at the relationship between the structural characteristics and diversity of tree in zagros forests. Using 100% statistics, 606 plots were harvested. The normality of the data was checked using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Then the important structural characteristics of the trees including species, crown diameter, diameter at breast height, height, average diameter stem, number stem were measured. Using the measured data, the indices of Shannon, Sheldone and Menhinick for all trees were estimated. In the study, no anisotropy was observed between the data. Therefore, due to the isotropicity of the studied variables, their all-way variograms were prepared and the appropriate model was fitted. The results of this study showed that the average diameter of the crown is about 26 cm, the diameter at breast height is 8.59 cm, the height is 3.400 m, the average diameter stem is 4.52, and the number stem is 9.63. Also, the crown diameter and the average number stem followed the exponential model, the diamete at breast height, the height and the average diameter stem of tree followed the spherical model. The study of variograms showed the presence of spatial correlation in the indices of (Shannon), (Sheldon) and (Menhinick) of trees. The parameters obtained from the variograms and the models fitted to them showed strong spatial correlation indices for all three indices. Also, spatial changes in the structure and diversity of trees around 4 tree species including Prunus cerasus,   Quercus brantii, Quercus infectoria and Crataegus were studied. In this research, it seems that the relationship between the structure and diversity of trees is depending on the scale that requires to be more investigated.

AbstractWildfire is an integral part of all natural ecosystems and is one of the most important   threatening factors and factors of structural and ecological transformation of   forests and pastures.Given the protective and protective role of the Zagros forests, wildfire in these ecosystems can be a serious threat .In this study, considering   the value of Zagros pasture   and forest ecosystems and recent wildfires, data on the timing and location of wildfires in natural areas of Kermanshah during 2002 to 2018 using sensors MODIS extracted. Then the frequency of annual wildfire events, relation of   the frequency of events with environmental factors, and the pattern of temporal and spatial variations of wildfire events over a 17 year period were investigated. The result of Frequency   wildfire events in relation to temperature and rainfall parameters showed that the frequency of wildfire events increased with increasing temperature and decreasing rainfall.But in pastures, human factors appear to have a stronger role in the occurrence of wildfires than temperature and rainfall variables. Also comparing the frequency of wildfire events with physiographic factors showed that the slope of 0-15% with mean of 42.82 occurrences per year, height >  Keywords: Wildfire - MODIS Sensor - Zagros Forests - Spatial Pattern - Time Series - L and g Functio  

  This study investigates the relationship between the structure of Iranian oak forests and its effect on soil properties around the crown and also the diversity of soil macrofauna affected by the structure of Iranian oak forests in Kermanshah province (Ravansar area). For this purpose, 4 transects were considered in the study area at intervals of 50 m and then due to different structures of branching trees, 8 treatments with three replications were carried out from under their canopy. A total of 96 sections of 50 × 50 cm profiles with 15 cm depth were cut and macrofauna were collected manually. Soil moisture and organic matter content increased significantly in the soil under the canopy of these shrubs due to shading and accumulation of nutrients, so-called "fertile islands". Statistical comparison results showed that the abundance and diversity of soil macrofauna and also Some soil properties within the group and outside the group had a significant difference at the 95% probability level. Increase in macrofauna abundance and diversity within the group showed a significant correlation with litter depth and crown area, due to increased organic matter, nutrient concentration, and organisms' access to food resources in the litter and also outside the group. It was. According to the results of the present study, the effect of the group as a habitat micro-habitat with suitable living conditions and presence of soil organisms can be pointed out. Soil passes through or into surface debris and their populations are highly dependent on ecosystem management practices. In many ecosystems of semiarid regions, shrubs play a key and complex role in providing soil moisture and nutrients.

   In addition to its economic role in the country's development, the forest contributes to environmental protection and biodiversity, reducing pollution, regulating temperature, protecting water and soil, and consequently reducing soil erosion and increasing water resources. Therefore, the purpose of this realization is to evaluate the structure of Zagros forest Structureand quantitatively evaluate its impact while also comparing the impact of different forest, rangeland and agricultural land uses on hydrological components and soil physical and chemical properties in part of the river basin. Death is located in Chahar Azar in Kermanshah province. Accordingly, an area with degraded forest land (with severe, medium and low level of degradation) along with rangelands and agricultural lands was selected. In the study area, three forest mass with a total area of ??0.5 hectares and all characteristics Trees were measured in the desired area and then the nearest distance sampling method was applied in this area. Subsequently, the study area was divided into three compaction categories. Hydrological parameters were measured in each forest condensation area and in both agricultural and pasture land uses. Precipitation was run at a rate of 83 mm / h for 24 minutes. Rain simulation was repeated six times per user. Samples of surface soil (0-20 cm) were collected along each plot to study the soil characteristics of each land use. The results showed that sample fragment 1 and 2 have random distribution pattern and sample fragment 3 has clumped distribution pattern and based on the accuracy criterion for estimating the quantitative characteristics of density and canopy cover presented by Byte and Ripley give better results for the approach of the nearest person to mass one and for estimating height for masses one and three. The results of soil studies in three forest mass showed that the physical and chemical properties of soil in the three studied mass were not significantly different, while the percentage of organic matter and nitrogen in the three forest, pasture and agricultural land uses were not significantly different. So that the amount of nitrogen and organic matter in forest and rangeland soil was higher than agricultural land. Rainfall simulation results also showed that runoff time, suspended sediment load, sediment concentration and runoff coefficient were not significantly different in the three studied populations, but the volume of runoff produced was significantly different between treatments. Species with masses one and three were statistically equal and both were less than mass two. But in the three land uses the volume and coefficient of runoff and load and sediment concentration were significantly different between treatments, so that the volume and coefficient of runoff were higher in forest mass and sediment load and concentration were lower than the other two uses. On the other hand, the results of organic matter loss measurements showed that there were no significant differences among the three forest mass, but there was a significant difference among the three land uses so that more organic matter forest land Wasted by the rain. Therefore, one of the most important services and functions of forest ecosystems is to prevent soil erosion, which should prevent soil erosion in the country by preserving and preventing deforestation and changing land uses.

  Purpose: In order to preserve the diversity of tree species and ensure the continuity of the forest, it is necessary to protect and study microhabitats. For this purpose, in order to achieve conservation and management planning, determining the frequency and diversity of soil macrophauna among different microhabitats, and also identifying the microhabitat with the highest number and the most diverse soil macrophauna, is one of the main and important strategies in this direction.  Research Methodology: Sampling was dowith use from census network and on basis of regular random. In this research, was used from network of20meters × 20meters which were picked up apart at the intersection of the sides of the network in four plots of 5 meters × 5 meters. In order to evaluate the soil macrophaunabiodiversity, the frequency (total number of observed macrophauna perSample piece) and macrophauna biodiversity indices including uniformity (Evenness index), diversity (Shanoon index) and Richness (Menhinick index) were calculated by using Past 3.22 software. The statistical description of the data was carried out in order to obtain a summary of the statistical information of each feature, by using the    23 software.  Results: A stronger association was found between arthropods, beetles and spiders with other organisms throughout the habitat. Earthworms and millipedes were associated with the characteristics of the tree, while beetles, arthropods, and ants were associated with percent of floor covering. soil macrophauna correlation with Shanoon diversity index was stronger than the association of soil organisms with other macrophauna diversity indices. Also, the most diverse soil macrophauna related to the Quercus brantii- infectoria, Crataegus pontica and Quercus brantii microhabitats, and the least, was related to microhabitat of the open air. Among the biodiversity indices, the Menhinick richness index and Shanoon diversity index have shown a stronger relationship with the tree's characteristics,especiallyhave shown a stronger relationship withpercent of canopy, number of tree and tree height.Conclusion: abundance and biodiversity indexes of soil macrophauna are influenced by the type of microhabitat, therefore, it is different in the five types of microhabitats studied. Also, abundance and diversity of macrophauna has been associated with all the characteristics of trees, especially percent of canopy, In the whole forest, and has been associated with percent of floor covering in microhabitats, because in microhabitats, the abundance of beetles, spiders and ants is more than the earthworms and millipedes, which this arthropods with percent of floor coveringare connected.Key words: Biodiversity, Uniformity, Richness, Microhabitat, Macrophauna, Earthworm.

  The research was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of informal vocational training of wheat farming in the province of Kermanshah. The study population of this study is trained farmers in the field of wheat farming in Kermanshah province, which was trained in the field of wheat cultivation in 1395-1393. They are unaware of wheat farming. This research was carried out using qualitative method. For sampling and collecting data, a semi-structured interview was used. In this regard, 22 of the participants in the dir="RTL">  

  Forests provide a lot of benefits of economic, social and environmental   for mankind and as a backbone for any country, which of these benefits can be described as one of the forest services.For this purpose investigate of forest vertical and horizontal structure   for better understand of ecological conditions and providing necessary information for forest management. So that in forest ecosystems term structure of space layout is being investigated set of tree features including age of the tree, dimensions, species, gender and so on . In result, having knowledge about forests structure helps to us to support of sustainable management activities for policy development is in line with the goals of forest and correct management   .Although forests from aspect of structures and species from aspect of regeneration process are diverse but their destruction and growth processes are similar and in result exact determine of structural informatio  and birth processes in the several forest can be used for other forests in similar cases. Forest masses structure under of manage through comparing them with normal and normal structures and subsequently implementing correct management can background of deployment one regeneration appropriate for future generations . Species diversity is one of the important components of biodiversity. In fact, it can be said diversity of tree species is the basis of biodiversity in the whole forest because trees provides resources and habitat for all other forest species In fact, flexibility and stability in forest ecosystem  has direct relationship with variety of species and structure in the forest  .In the meantime, for investigate relationship between forest structure and tree species diversity must be used effective tool. .According to this subject can be used earth science statistics. This research is part of the cradle protection forests in Kermanshah province in the common system of Brihi Khani (11 year old area) with a longitude of 46 36’ 87” to   46 39’ 07” eastern and latitude"   34 23’ 37”to 34 19’ 29” North was done. Sampling with use of randomized random network done to dimensions 200 × 200 m which are dismantled   25 original plots with dimensions 20 × 20. Then, in the 1.4 region, 25 plots of 20 × 20 with   distance of 50 meters from each other were taken as subplots. and in these plots was picked structural features,   diversity of trees and diversity of regeneration that harvested specifications in these plots are as follows:In each plot was measured species type, crown diameter, diameter of breast, height of trees, number of searches, frequency percentage of coppice and seedling plots was measured in each plot   .

هدف از اين تحقيق مطالعه تأثير ارتفاع از سطح دريا و جهات جغرافيايي بر روي ويژگي‌هاي كمي و كيفي پوشش گياهي (درختي، درختچه‏اي و علفي) و تنوع گونه­اي آن در جنگل­هاي زاگرس در جنگل آموزشي و پژوهشي دانشگاه رازي كرمانشاه‏ مي‏باشد. در منطقه مذكور سه طبقه ارتفاعي (700تا1000متر،1000تا1300متر و1300تا1700متر) و دو جهت اصلي جغرافيايي (شمالي و جنوبي) را در شش محل به شرح دامنه شمالي سرميل، دامنه جنوبي سرميل، دامنه شمالي قراويز، دامنه جنوبي قراويز، دامنه شمالي گاوچالي و دامنه جنوبي رفيع در نظر گرفته و در هرطبقه ارتفاعي 32 قطعه‌نمونه، در هر محل 16 قطعه‏نمونه ودر هر طبقه جهت جغرافيايي 48 قطعه‏نمونه دايره‌اي 10آري(جمعاً 96 قطعه‌نمونه)، براي اندازه‌گيري مشخصه‌هاي كمي و كيفي درختان و نيز ميكرو پلات‌هايي در داخل پلاتهاي اصلي به مساحت (25) مترمربع جهت بررسي لايه درختچه اي و ميكرو پلات‌هاي ديگري در داخل پلاتهاي اصلي به مساحت (1) مترمربع جهت بررسي لايه علفي پياده گرديد. در داخل قطعات نمونه ده آري اطلاعاتي شامل، ارتفاع از سطح دريا، جهت و وضعيت بهره­برداري­هاي انساني ثبت شدند و سپس مشخصه­هاي كمي و كيفي درختان شامل ، قطر برابر سينه بزرگ‌ترين جست، ارتفاع، قطر بزرگ و كوچك تاج، گونه، وضعيت سلامت درختان (سالم، نيمه سالم و خشكيده)، وضعيت آلودگي درختان به گياه نيمه انگل موخور (شديد، متوسط و بدون آلودگي) يادداشت گرديد. سپس در داخل هر ميكرو پلات 25 مترمربعي اطلاعات زادآوري به تفكيك گونه، ارتفاع (كمتر از 5/0،1/30 -5/0 و بيشتر از 1/30   متر) و سلامت زادآوري (سالم، نيمه سالم و خشكيده) برداشت شد. براي بررسي تنوع زيستي پوشش علفي كف تعداد كل گياهان كف به تفكيك گونه برداشت مي­شوند و در فرم­هاي آماربرداري ثبت گرديد. برايدر هر ميكروپلات يك مترمربعي تعداد گونه‏هاي گياهي به تفكيك گونه ثبت گرديد و در هر قطعه‌نمونه مقدار شاخص­هاي تنوع زيستي محاسبه شد. نتايج نشان‏داد: بيشترين مقدار ميانگين مشخصه­هاي سطح مقطع برابر سينه و درصد تاج پوشش در طبقه ارتفاعي 1300 تا 1700 متر از سطح دريا و دامنه شمالي مشاهده شد و نتايج آزمون تجزيه واريانس و تي مستقل نشان داد كه بين ميانگين مشخصه­هاي كمي درختان در طبقه­هاي ارتفاع از سطح دريا و جهت‏هاي جغرافيايي اختلاف معني­دار وجود دارد. توده داراي ساختار ناهمسال جوان است، و درختان واقع در دامنه شمالي و طبقه ارتفاعي 700 تا 1000 متر در طبقه­هاي قطري بزرگتر، بيشتر پراكنش دارند. بيشترين مقدار زادآوري در هر سه طبقه‏ي ارتفاعي به ترتيب متعلق به بلوط ايراني، ديگرگونه‏ها، زالزالك و آلبالوي وحشي است. همچنين بيشترين تعداد و درصد زادآوري سالم در طبقه ارتفاعي 1300-1700 متر و نيمه سالم در طبقه ارتفاعي 1000-1300 متر و خشكيده در طبقه ارتفاعي 700-1000 متر مشاهده گرديد. بيشترين تعداد در هكتار و درصد ارتفاع زادآوري كمتر از نيم متر و بيشتر از 130 سانتي‏متر، در طبقه ارتفاعي 1300-1700 متر و نيم متر تا 130 سانتي‏متر در طبقه ارتفاعي 1300-1000 متر حضور داشته اند، گونه‏ها و ارتفاع زادآوري در سه كلاسه ارتفاعي بدون اختلاف معني‏دار و سلامت زادآوري داراي اختلاف معني‏دار است. درختان در طبقه كيفي خشكيدگي شديد، در دامنه جنوبي و طبقه ارتفاعي 700 تا 1000 متر از سطح دريا مشاهده گرديد، درختان با آلودگي شديد به گياه نيمه انگل موخور در دامنه شمالي و طبقه ارتفاعي 700 تا 1000 متر از سطح دريا مشاهده شد. همچنين بيشترين مقدار تنوع براي پوشش درختي، درختچه‏اي وعلفي درطبقه مياني ارتفاع (1000-1300) مشاهده گرديد و   بيشترين تنوع براي پوشش درختي و درختچه‏اي در دامنه شمالي و براي پوشش علفي در دامنه جنوبي مشاهده گرديد. در منطقه مورد پژوهش تعداد 56 گونه گياهي مشاهده شد و در كل خانواده­هاي Compositae (با 14 گونه)،   Gramineae (با هشت گونه) و Rosaceae (با هشت گونه) بيشترين فراواني را در منطقه مورد پژوهش داشتند. بيشترين تعداد و درصد گياهان شناسايي شده به ترتيب مربوط به فرم‏هاي زيستي Hemicryptophyte ، Phanerophyte ، Therophyte، Chamaephyte، Geophyte مي‏باشد.  نتايج كلي نشان داد كه عوامل فيزوگرافي جهت و ارتفاع از سطح دريا بر مشخصات كمي و كيفي و تنوع گونه­هاي گياهي اين جنگل­ تاثير دارد.  

  One of the uses made in the northern Zagros pollarded oak trees and the foliage for feeding livestock. Several centuries in Europe to control and adjust the height of the trees they are pruned. This operation is called Lopping (pollarding) is said. To study the effects of pollarding on forest structure and spatial pattern of trees on both quantitative and qualitative characteristics in forests voshkalan, located in the city of Marivan, two standes are 20-hectar pollarding and not pollarding   was investigated. 10 ar 60 plots in each stand for grid dimensions 50 x 50 randomly Systematic, and Quantitative features of trees (Diameter at breast, density, canopy, and height) were measured. The qualitative features of them (resprouting Well, resprouting average, resprouting weak, the number of healthy trees, dry trees , mistletoe on trees and tree density infectoria) are measured and recorded. UTM coordinate system to GPS location points moved. Statistical Summary trees in the stand showed a significant effect of pollarding on forest structure factor is the marked decline in the area of the canopy so that the volume of this factor is almost half of pollarding on forest structure. To see that the average size of the canopy intact stand 188.57 cubic meters. Whereas the characteristics of this factor (pollarding on forest structure) and showed a significant difference to the amount of 80.29 cubic meters as a result of this characteristic is involved. The results of statistical tests (t-test) showed the characteristic features of four little tree canopy, average diameter at breast height, average height and density of trees undisturbed tannic between two bodies of pollarding and there is a significant difference, So that the characteristic average diameter at breast height pollarding average stand of workers is intact and features of the cover and density as a result of this operating tannic trees (pollarding) declined. The qualitative features of the all features had significant differences between the two populations. So that the stand resprouting and pollarding of healthy trees have been much better condition than the standes. Two specifications of dry trees and mistletoe on the trees in the intact stand relative to the stand pollarding more.The results Spatial structure indicate that the most quantity characteristic exponential models were examined in two areas. The average height and average diameter of the spherical model showed in both populations studied. The results of the spatial structure features of the study also showed that all the parameters in the two regions has a correlation ratio was 25-75 percent, so the spatial average showed. The qualitative characteristics of spatial structure suggests that two variables in a pile of dried tree pollarding and resprouting Well undisturbed stand strong correlation with ltr">