Abstract With the continuous growth of the global population and the increasing demand for sustainable food security, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plays a vital role as one of the major sources of calories and protein for a large portion of the world’s population. However, its production in temperate and arid regions such as Iran is severely constrained by abiotic stresses, particularly terminal drought and heat stress. Earliness is an important agronomic trait in wheat that enables plants to escape such end-season stresses. The present study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity among 48 bread wheat genotypes (40 lines and 8 checks), identify early-maturing and high-yielding lines, and assess the genetic structure of phenological and yield-related traits under the environmental conditions of Kermanshah, Iran. The experiment was carried out during the 2023–2024 cropping season at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University of Kermanshah, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The seeds were selected from advanced lines derived from crosses among nationally released cultivars. Phenological, agronomic, and biochemical traits were recorded. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all studied traits, indicating considerable genetic potential for use in wheat breeding programs. Genotypes 10, 5, and 22 were identified as the earliest lines, while genotypes 1 and 24 were the latest. The highest grain yields were recorded for genotypes 32 (770.37 g/m²), winter backcross ‘Roshan’ (766.40 g/m²), 30 (760.15 g/m²), and 10 (696.79 g/m²). Grain yield showed significant positive correlations with spike weight per square meter, harvest index, and spike number per square meter, emphasizing the importance of these traits in yield improvement. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted six principal components explaining 81.29% of the total variance, with the first component mainly associated with phenological traits and the second with yield-related traits. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into five clusters, among which cluster III comprised the earliest-flowering and earliest-maturing genotypes, characterized by the highest mean spike number, grain yield, and biological yield. These findings confirm the presence of sufficient genetic diversity for the improvement of phenological and yield-related traits in bread wheat. Identifying early-maturing, high-yielding lines (particularly those in cluster III) represents an effective strategy for developing stress-tolerant cultivars and improving water-use efficiency in future wheat breeding programs. Keywords Terminal drought, Heat stress, Genetic diversity, Grain yield, Earliness   

جنگل‌هاي زاگرس كه به‌عنوان اكوسيستم­هاي جنگلي نيمه‌خشك تقسيم‌بندي مي­شوند وسيع‌ترين اكوسيستم جنگلي   ايران به شمار مي‌روند كه 44درصد جنگل‌هاي كشور را تشكيل داده و مهم­ترين رويشگاه گونه­هاي بلوط در ايران به شمار مي­روند. پژوهش   حاضر براي بررسي تنوع عملكرد ميكروبي خاك در ارتباط با جزاير حاصلخيزي در جنگل­هاي شاخه زاد بلوط زاگرس انجام شد. منطقه مورد مطالعه، در استان كرمانشاه، جنگل­هاي شهرستان گيلان غرب منطقه دار بادام قرار داشت. به‌منظور نمونه‌گيري، تعداد 4 ترانسكت در منطقه مورد مطالعه با فاصله‌هاي 50 متر در نظر گرفته شد. سپس، در راستاي ترانسك­ها، نمونه­برداري‌ از خاك با توجه تيمار­ها انجام گرديد. تيمارهاي مورد بررسي شامل محدوده تاج جست‌گروه‌ها (جست گروه­هاي با تعداد جست­هاي 1 تا 3، 3 تا10، 10 تا20 و بيشتر از 20) و فواصل مابين جست‌گروه­ها (تاج درختان به هم چسبيده (بدون فاصله)، فاصله تاج درختان 1 تا 3 متر و 3 تا 5 متر) بود. در هر كدام از تيمار­هاي فوق، قطعات نمونه با مشخصات ابعادي 25/0 ×25/0 متر و از عمق صفر تا 30 سانتي­متري و به‌طور كاملاً تصادفي برداشت شدند. هر يك از اين تيمار­ها، در هر ترانسكت با 4 تكرار در نظر گرفته و در مجموع تعداد 28 نمونه براي منطقه مورد مطالعه برداشت شد. نتايج نشان داد كه نتايج به دست آمده از مقايسه ميانگين ويژگي­هاي فيزيكي و شيميايي خاك درون تاج و بيرون تاج نشان داد كه ميانگين ويژگي­هاي كربن آلي، پتاسيم و شن در درون تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني­داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن­ها در فضا­هاي بيرون تاج درختان است. ولي ميانگين ساير ويژگي­ها از جمله واكنش شيميايي خاك، هدايت الكتريكي، فسفر، رس، سيلت و آهك در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج بود. همچنين ويژگي­هاي تنفس پايه و كسر متابوليك در زير تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني‌داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن­ها در فضا­هاي بيرون تاج درختان مشاهده شد، ولي ميانگين ساير ويژگي­ها از جمله تنفس برانگيخته، كربن زيست‌توده ميكروبي و بهره ميكروبي در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج به دست آمد. نتايج به دست آمده از مقايسه ميانگين آنزيم­هاي خاك درون تاج و بيرون تاج نشان داد كه ميانگين آنزيم­هاي فسفاتاز قليايي و ساكاراز در زير تاج درختان بلوط به‌طور معني‌داري بيشتر از ميانگين آن‌ها در فضاهاي بيرون تاج درختان است ولي ميانگين ساير آنزيم­ها از جمله فسفاتاز اسيدي و اوره آز در محدوده بيرون تاج بيشتر از درون تاج است.   

   آگاهي از وضعيت تغذيه­اي باغات ميوه به منظور افزايش كميت و كيفيت محصول يك امر ضروري و اجتناب­ناپذير است. همچنين، مديريت پايدار حاصلخيزي خاك يكي از مؤلفه­هاي مهم مديريت خاك در راستاي كشاورزي پايدار است كه ارزيابي آن از طريق سنجش ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي امكان­پذير مي­باشد. اين پژوهش با هدف بررسي تأثير چالكودهاي تلفيقي مختلف از كودهاي آلي، شيميايي و زيستي بر رفع كلروز آهن در درختان هلو و شليل، تعادل عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه درختان تيمار شده و برخي ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي خاك انجام گرفت. پيش از اعمال تيمارهاي چالكود، نمونه­هاي خاك از دو عمق 30-0 و 60-30 سانتي­متري به ‌صورت مركب از باغ مورد مطالعه تهيه و ويژگي­هاي شيميايي (pH، EC، ماده آلي و فسفر و پتاسيم فراهم) و زيستي (تنفس پايه، كربن زيست­توده ميكروبي، تنفس ناشي از سوبسترا و كسر متابوليك) آن­ها تعيين شدند. اين پژوهش به صورت آزمايش فاكتوريل در قالب بلوك­هاي كامل تصادفي در 3 بلوك و 5 تيمار اجرا شد. اواسط اسفند 1398، تيمارهاي آزمايشي به صورت چالكود در يك سوم بيروني سايه­انداز درختان به اين صورت اعمال شدند: كود دامي كاملاً پوسيده (A)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين (B)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + باكتري باسيلوس (C)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + تيوباسيلوس + گوگرد پودري (D)، كود دامي + اوره + فسفات آمونيوم + كلات آهن سكوسترين + باكتري باسيلوس + تيوباسيلوس + گوگرد پودري (E). مقادير نيتروژن، فسفر، پتاسيم، آهن، منگنز، مس و روي در برگ و ميوه درختان در سال­هاي 1399 و 1400 و كلروفيل برگ در سال 1400 اندازه­گيري شدند. پس از برداشت ميوه­ها در تابستان 1400، نمونه­هاي خاك از دو عمق 30-0 و 60-30 سانتي­متر و از كنار محل چالكود با استفاده از اوگر برداشته شد. ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي در خاك­هاي تيمار شده، اندازه­گيري و با ويژگي­هاي خاك قبل از چالكود مقايسه شدند. نتايج نشان داد كه كمترين و بيشترين مقادير كلروفيل برگ و عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه هلو و شليل به ترتيب در تيمارهاي A و E به دست آمدند. بر اساس آناليز واريانس كيت-نلسون، عملكرد 1/50 و 2/43 كيلوگرم در درخت به عنوان عملكرد بحراني براي تفكيك جامعه با عملكرد بالا (تيمارهاي D و E) از جامعه با عملكرد پايين (تيمارهاي A، B و C) به ترتيب در درختان هلو و شليل به دست آمد. آهن و فسفر، محدودكننده­ترين عناصر غذايي در برگ و ميوه هلو و شليل در جامعه با عملكرد پايين بودند. همچنين، نتايج نشان داد كه pH خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري نسبت به خاك شاهد كاهش يافت و كمترين مقدار pH مربوط به تيمار E بود. همچنين، با افزايش عمق، مقدار pH در خاك­هاي چالكود شده كاهش پيدا كرد، در حالي­كه در خاك شاهد افزايش يافت. مقدار EC خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري بيشتر از خاك شاهد بود. با اين حال، افزايش EC در خاك­هاي تيمار شده به اندازه­اي نبود كه منجر به شوري خاك شود. اثر تيمارهاي چالكود بر افزايش مقدار ماده آلي خاك معني­دار بود. مقدار ماده آلي خاك در عمق 30-0 سانتي­متري، از 09/2 تا 23/2 درصد متغير بود كه بيشترين و كمترين مقدار آن به ترتيب براي خاك شاهد و تيمار E به دست آمد. دامنه اين پارامتر در عمق 60-30 سانتي­متري، 90/2-69/1 درصد بود كه بر خلاف لايه اول، بيشترين مقدار در تيمار E و كمترين مقدار در خاك شاهد اندازه­گيري شد. مقدار فسفر فراهم خاك به طور معني­داري نسبت به شاهد افزايش پيدا كرد، در حالي­كه بين مقادير اين پارامتر در خاك­هاي چالكود شده، تفاوت معني­داري وجود نداشت. مقدار پتاسيم فراهم در خاك­هاي چالكود شده به طور معني­داري نسبت به شاهد افزايش پيدا كرد و اين تفاوت در عمق 60-30 سانتي­متري چشمگيرتر بود. تيمارهاي چالكود به طور معني­داري تنفس پايه، تنفس ناشي از سوبسترا و كربن زيست­توده ميكروبي را نسبت به شاهد افزايش دادند، در حالي­كه اثر آن­ها بر كسر متابوليك معني­دار نبود. به طور كلي، مي­توان گفت كه مديريت تلفيقي چالكود در تيمار E، بيشترين تأثير را در بهبود كلروز آهن، تعادل تغذيه­اي درختان و كيفيت شيميايي و زيستي خاك داشت.

Bacterial Leaf Stripe/Streak is one of the important diseases of this strategic plant in the world. In recent years, this disease has spread in Kermanshah province following the change in climatic conditions, and due to its seed-borne nature, it has caused significant damage in some areas. Recently, during a survey, the physiological, biochemical, genetic, and pathogenic characteristics of disease-causing bacteria were identified in Kermanshah province, and along with determining the disease-causing pathovars, their distribution in the province was determined. The present research was conducted to identify epiphyte bacteria of wheat in Kermanshah province and to evaluate their ability to biologically control the two pathogens undulosa and cerealis from Xanthomonas translucens bacteria, the stripe agent of wheat in this province. For this purpose, during the spring of 1400, wheat leaves were sampled in different regions of Kermanshah province, and epiphyte bacteria were isolated and purified. The effect of inhibiting 233 epiphytic bacteria from the growth of the disease agent in laboratory conditions was investigated with various tests including the production of volatile compounds and antibiotic production, and then five isolates that showed better results in laboratory conditions were selected from among the epiphyte bacteria and their effect They were examined for the disease in greenhouse conditions. To identify isolates, physiological and biochemical tests were performed for all isolates. 11 isolates had the highest yield in the volatile compounds production test, and seven isolates had the highest halo diameter inhibiting the growth of the disease agent. Based on the results of these tests and the total performance of isolates in volatile compounds production and antibiotic production tests, five isolates showed high performance. The inhibitory effect of these isolates against the disease was investigated in greenhouse conditions and the form of a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 3 replications. The index of contamination percentage of wheat leaf surface was examined during three periods with an interval of one week and the resulting data were statistically analyzed. The results showed that the investigated treatments had a significant difference at the 5% level. Isolate 75 had the greatest effect on reducing the percentage of leaf contamination. Based on the results of physiological and biochemical tests, this Bacillus sp. It was identified that after determining the sequence of the 16S rRNA region for this isolate and comparing it with the information available in NCBI, it was determined that the superior isolate in the biological control of bacterial stripe disease in Kermanshah province corresponds with 100% similarity to Bacillus pumilus bacteria.   

   چكيده: آتش­سوزي يك عامل طبيعي در جنگل به شمار مي­رود كه به­ طور موقت باعث كاهش پوشش گياهي سطح خاك مي­شود.آتش­سوزي مي­تواند ريزجانداران و خصوصيات شيميايي خاك را در جهت مثبت و يا منفي تحت تأثير قرار دهد. اين مطالعه جهت بررسي اثر آتش­سوزي بر جنگل­هاي زاگرس در استان كرمانشاه، شهرستان گهواره در منطقه لريني انجام گرفت. از اين رو چند نقطه روي ترانسكت­ها با استفاده از متر مشخص شد و در فواصلي منظم (مهر، آذر، بهمن، فروردين و خرداد)، نمونه­برداري انجام گرفت حد فاصل رديف­هاي مورد مطالعه از هم 50 متر و فاصله هر نقطه از نقطه بعدي 20 متر بود. سه رديف در منطقه مورد آتش­سوزي و يك رديف در منطقه شاهد مشخص شد. نتايج ‌نشان‌ داد ‌آتش‌­سوزي‌ در هر دو محل زير تاج و خارج تاج سطحي بوده و تأثير چنداني بر ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي خاك نداشت. از اين رو در شاخص­هايي چون كربن آلي و هدايت الكتريكي خاك تغيير قابل توجهي ديده نشد و آتش­سوزي تنها موجب افزايش فسفر در مناطق سوخته نسبت به شاهد شد. به دليل رخ­ داد آتش­سوزي سطحي، احتراق موجب افزايش نه چندان چشمگيري در شاخص­هاي زيستي شد. در اين پژوهش در اثر آتش­سوزي جمعيت باكتري­هاي خاك پس ازگذشت 9 ماه تقريباً به سطح خاك شاهد رسيد اما جمعيت باكتري­هاي تثبيت­كننده ازت افزايش يافت. اين در حالي است كه جمعيت باكتري­هاي اسپوردار روند مشخصي در بازه­هاي زماني پس از آتش­سوزي را دنبال نكرد.       آتش­سوزي يك عامل طبيعي در جنگل به شمار مي­رود كه به­ طور موقت باعث كاهش پوشش گياهي سطح خاك مي­شود. آتش­سوزي مي­تواند موجب اثرات منفي و يا مثبت بر خصوصيات شيميايي و ريزجانداران خاك ­شود. اين مطالعه جهت بررسي اثر آتش­سوزي بر جنگل­هاي زاگرس در استان كرمانشاه، شهرستان گهواره در منطقه لريني انجام شد. بدين منظور نقاط با اندازه­گيري به وسيله­ي متر بر روي ترانسكت­ها مشخص شد و به صورت منظم و با فواصل زماني مشخص (مهر، آذر، بهمن، فروردين و خرداد)، نمونه­برداري از آ­ن­ها صورت گرفت. فاصله نمونه­ها در هر دريف 20 متر و فاصله رديف­ها از هم50 متر است به گونه­اي كه سه رديف در منطقه سوخته و يك رديف در منطقه شاهد مشخص شد. نتايج ‌نشان‌ داد ‌آتش‌­سوزي‌ در هر دو محل زير تاج و خارج تاج سطحي بوده و تأثير چنداني بر ويژگي­هاي شيميايي و زيستي خاك نداشت. از اين رو در شاخص­هايي چون كربن آلي و هدايت الكتريكي خاك تغيير قابل توجهي ديده نشد و آتش­سوزي تنها موجب افزايش فسفر در مناطق سوخته نسبت به شاهد شد. به دليل رخ­ داد آتش­سوزي سطحي، احتراق موجب افزايش نه چندان چشمگيري در شاخص­هاي زيستي شد. در اين پژوهش در اثر آتش­سوزي جمعيت باكتري­هاي خاك پس ازگذشت 9 ماه تقريباً به سطح خاك شاهد رسيد اما جمعيت باكتري­هاي تثبيت­كننده ازت افزايش يافت. اين در حالي است كه جمعيت باكتري­هاي اسپوردار روند مشخصي در بازه­هاي زماني پس از آتش­سوزي را دنبال نكرد.

2). One-way ANOVA was used to compare mean of soil properties for Tape-Gole, Sorkhak and their relevant control and T-test was used to compare soil properties for Gheshlagh and its relevant control. The results showed that there was no statistically significant changes of soil EC, PH, TNV in all the studied area. The amoughnt of OC%, P, K and BD in Sorkhak was significantly higher compare to its relevant control area. Among the measured soil microbial properties there was no significant changes in soil BR in all the studied area. However, soil carbon biomass (Cmic) and qCO2 was significantly higher in Sorkhak compared to control and Tape-Gole. The results showe that none of the measured soil properties was affected by the implementation of Sianat plans in Gheshlagh compared to its relevant control. It was concluded that the quality of the implementation of Sianat plans is very important issue to improve the soil properties.  

  آتش¬سوزي يك عامل اكولوژيك در جنگل به شمار مي¬رود كه طي آن اكثر گياهاني كه در حال رويش هستند، آسيب مي بينند. آتش¬سوزي با سوزاندن پوشش گياهي سطح خاك، مي¬¬تواند موجب اثرات منفي و يا مثبت بر خصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي، ميكروارگانيسم¬ها و پوشش گياهي خاك شود. قارچ¬هاي ميكوريزا از اصلي¬ترين ميكروارگانيسم¬هاي موجود در محيط خاك محسوب مي¬شوند كه رابطه همزيستي با گياه دارند. اين موجودات از اهميت بسياري در اكولوژي خاك برخوردارند. آتش محيط زندگي قارچ¬ها را با اثر بر ساختمان خاك، مواد غذايي در دسترس، مواد آلي و غير آلي لايه¬هاي زيرين خاك و ساير اجزاء زنده كه با قارچ¬ها ومخصوصاً ساير ريز موجودات در ارتباط مستقيم و يا غير مستقيم هستند تغيير مي¬دهد. اثر آتش بر قارچ¬ها به شدت متفاوت است و به عواملي مانند نوع خاك و گياه ، فاصله زماني بين آتش و تفاوت درشدت آتش بستگي دارد. نتايج بررسي¬هاي صورت گرفته نشان مي¬دهد آتش سوزي كه در منطقه مورد مطالعه (زير تاج و بيرون از تاج درختان منطقه زاگرس) رخ داده است سطحي بوده و قادر به ايجاد تغييرات چنداني در فاكتورهاي فيزيكي، شيميايي و زيستي خاك نبوده است. علاوه بر اين تأثير قابل توجهي از آتش سوزي سطحي بر شاخص هاي مورد مطالعه (تعداد، فراواني و چيرگي و ...) قارچ مايكوريزا ديده نشد.

لازم به ذكر است كه علاوه بر باكتري­ها، قارچ­ها و مخمر ها نيز داراي توانايي متابوليك استفاده از كربن موجود در تركيبات هيدروكربني براي سنتز سلولي خود مي­باشند. در واقع متوسط ميزان تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي نفتي به وسيله قارچ­ها مي­تواند از باكتري­ها بيشتر باشد. در اين بررسي به منظور بررسي اثر برهم­كنش باكتري و مخمر در تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي موجود در نفت خام در محيط مايع M9 حاوي 2 درصد نفت خام چهار سويه باكتري كه داراي بيشترين توان رشد و تحمل در محيط­هاي آلوده به هيدروكربن نفتي بودند، از كلكسيون ميكروب­هاي آزمايشگاه بيولوژي دانشكده كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي استان كرمانشاه به دست آمد، كه قبلا كارايي آن­ها در حذف آلاينده­هاي نفتي اثبات شده بود، سويه هاي باكتري شامل Bacillus.thuringiensis،   taphylococcus.gallinarum،Arthrobacter.citreus و   aenarthrobacter.nitroguajacolisبود. هم­چنين باتوجه به مطالعات قبلي و توانايي مخمر Candida.catenulata در تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي نفتي اين گونه مخمر از دانشكده نفت و پتروشيمي دانشگاه رازي تهيه و جز تيمارهاي مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. توئين 80 به ميزان 10 درصد نفت خام، به عنوان سورفكتانت استفاده شد. آزمايش­هاي تجزيه زيستي در محيط مايع M9 حاوي 2 درصد نفت خام به عنوان تنها منبع كربن و با در نظر گرفتن فاكتورهاي باكتري و مخمر و سورفكتانت در دو بازه زماني 7 و 14 روز انجام شد. در مرحله اول آزمايش ابتدا توانايي تجزيه زيستي نفت خام توسط كشت خالص سويه­هاي باكتري و مخمر كانديدا كاتنولاتا در مدت زمان 7 و 14 روز مورد بررسي قرار گرفت.   نتايج حاصل از تجزيه زيستي نشان داد هركدام از جدايه هاي باكتريايي و مخمر كاتنولاتا قادر به حذف به ترتيب 21 ، 48، 53 ، 35   و 65 درصد نفت خام در مدت زمان 7 روز بوده­اند. براي بررســي تأثيــر ســورفكتانت در تجزيــه نفت خام از بيوســورفكتانت توئين80 (1/0%)استفاده شد كه به طور متوسط عملكرد جدايه­هاي باكتري را 10% افزايش داد.   به منظور بررسي اثر بر هم كنش باكتري-مخمردر محيط كشت، تلقيح همزمان هركدام از سويه هاي باكتريايي و مخمر در محيط كشت انجام شد. مقدار تجزيه نفت خام در محيط حاوي كنسرسيوم­هاي ميكروبي   برابر با 55،58،72 و 64 بود كه به ترتيب   متعلق به كنسرسيوم هاي + C.catenulata B.thuringiensis،   S.gallinarum+C.catenulata،A.citreus + C.catenulata   و   P.nitroguajacolis+ C.catenulataبود. بيشترين مقدار حذف هيدروكربن در محيط مربوط به تلقيح همزمان همه چهار جدايه باكتريايي و مخمر در حضور سورفكتانت بود كه برابر با 95 درصد در مدت زمان 7 روز بوداين نتايج نشان داد زمان بهينه براي تجزيه هيدروكربن­هاي موجود در نفت خام برابر با 7 روز است و استفاده از كنسرسيوم هاي ميكروبي نسبت به كشت خالص آن­ها عملكرد بهتري در تجزيه نفت خام دارد. كليدواژه: آلاينده­هاي نفتي، باكتري، نفت شهر، هيدروكربن، مخمر كانديدا كاتنولاتا

      Abstract   In organic farming, organic fertilizers not only provide the nutrients needed by the plant but also improve the soil physical structure and its biological activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of vermicompost enriched with bacterial strains on the vegetative yield of basil (Ocimum basilicum) and physical and chemical properties of soil. Bacterial isolates were isolated from worm and vermicompost samples. Screening of the bacterial isolates was performed based on improving basil dry weight in greenhouse conditions. Finally, three bacterial isolates (28, 54 and 56) were selected and used in the main greenhouse experiments along with the two reference strains B. velezensis Fol and B. pumilus INR7. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design and the experimental treatments included mature animal manure, vermicompost without inoculation and vermicompost inoculated with each of the bacterial isolates. After two months, the basil plants were harvested and the factors related to plant growth, soil and plant nutrients and soil biological characteristics were evaluated. The results showed a significant advantage of vermicompost inoculated with bacterial isolate 56 compared to other treatments. The highest shoot and root growth and nutrient elements in plant leaves were observed in this treatment. The highest wet and dry weight with 30.7 g and 3.54 g, respectively, were achieved in the treatment with isolate 56 and the lowest values ??(13.2 g) and (1.48 g) were obtained in soil amended with mature animal manure. The effect of vermicompost enrichment was significant on plant iron, zinc, copper and manganese content at 1% level and on nitrogen content at 5% level. But there was no significant difference between the amounts of plant potassium and phosphorus between the treatments. The highest levels of elements take up by plant were observed in the treatment with isolate 56, so that the concentrations of iron, copper, manganese, zinc and nitrogen increased 38.3%, 27.7%, 25.8%, 41.6%, compared to treatment with mature animal manure, respectively. The effect of bacterial isolates on soil pH and soil micronutrients (copper, manganese and iron) was not significant, but was significant on soil potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus at 1% and zinc at 5% probability level. The highest amounts of soil elements were obtained in the treatment with isolate 56. The amount of potassium, nitrogen, phosphorus and zinc increased compared to the treatments of animal manure up to 39.46, 54.4, 69.3 and 45.4 %. In fact, the highest concentration of organic carbon and plant growth were recorded in soil treatment with vermicompost enriched with isolate 56. Therefore, it can be expected that more root exudates increased microbial activity in the soil, showing it effect on soil biological indices.   

° C higher than the system without tillage  

   Phytoremediation is one of the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly ways to reduce adverse effects of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in the environment. The present study was conducted to investigate the bioaccumulation factor (BF) and translocation factor (TF) of Cd and Pb in muskweed (Myagrum perfoliatum) and foxtail sophora (Sophora alopecuroides). The impact of contamination on some growth responses of plants and soil biological indicators was also evaluated. A non-contaminated soil sample was divided into several subsamples: one subsample was left as control (without contamination) and the others were separately contaminated with three levels of Cd (3, 5, and 10 mg kg1) and Pb (100, 300, and 600 mg kg1). Pot experiments were performed under greenhouse conditions. The BF values of Cd were greater than 1 at all contamination levels indicating the potential of muskweed and foxtail sophora for the uptake and phytostabilization of Cd. The only TF > 1 was obtained for Cd in muskweed grown at the highest Cd contamination level. The TF values of Pb were much lower than those obtained for Cd indicating that Cd was more translocated from root to aerial parts of muskweed and foxtail sophora compared to Pb. The highest contamination levels of Cd and Pb did not significantly affect growth responses of muskweed and foxtail sophora. Furthermore, the cultivation of muskweed and foxtail sophora reduced the impact of Cd and Pb contamination on biological indicators including carbon mineralization ratio (CMR), substrate-induced respiration (SIR), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and metabolic quotient (qCO2).

از جمله مشكلاتي كهدر قرن حاضر وجود دارد، مسئله فرسايش خاك و اثرات زيست محيطي ناشي از آن است كه نهتنها باعث كاهش كربن آلي، تخريب ساختمان خاك و باروري خاك شده بلكه كشاورزي پايداررا نيز تهديد مي­كند.بر همين اساس اصلاح­كننده­هاي آلي خاك با تأثيري كه در نفوذآب به خاك، ضريب آبگذري و زهكشي خاك دارند، به عنوان يك راهكار مناسب در كاهشفرسايش خاك شناخته شده است. در اين راستا پلات­هايي با ابعاد2در1متر مربع در قالبطرح بلوك كاملاً تصادفي و با سه تكرار در دو كاربري(مرتع و كشاورزي) مستقر گرديد.مقايسه خصوصيات رواناب و رسوب بين كاربري زراعي و مرتع و تأثير دو اصلاح­كننده­ ­آليخاك (كودگوسفندي و كمپوست زباله شهري) به منظور كاهش ميزان توليد رواناب و رسوب بااستفاده از باران طبيعي در دو مقطع زماني مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفت. همچنين مقايسهتأثير اصلاح كننده ها بر خصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي و بيولوژيك خاك و فعاليت سهآنزيم اوره آز، اينورتاز و فسفاتاز قليايي مورد بررسي قرار گفت. نتايج درسال اول(قبلاز اضافه نمودن مواد اصلاحي) طي 5 رخداد بارندگي نشان داد كه تغيير كاربري از مرتعبه زراعي منجر به افزايش رواناب و رسوب در كاربري زراعي شد. مقايسه كاربري مرتع وزراعي در 4 رخداد بارندگي سال دوم نيز همانند سال اول نشان دهنده افزايش حجم روانابو رسوب در كاربري زراعي بود. همچنين اصلاح كننده هاي آلي منجر به كاهش حجم روانابو رسوب در كرت هاي حاوي اين كودها شدند. تأثير اصلاح كننده هاي آلي بر تمامخصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي و بيولوژيك خاك در سال دوم نشان داد كه كود هاي آلي سبببهبود خصوصيات فيزيكي، شيميايي و بيولوژيك خاك و همچنين فعاليت آنزيم ها در خاكحاوي اين كودها مي شود. نتايج مقايسه بين كود گوسفندي و كمپوست حاكي از تأثير بيشتركود گوسفندي نسبت به كمپوست زباله شهري در بهبود خصوصيات خاك و كاهش حجم رواناب ورسوب بود.  

  Abstract Tillage is an important component of soil management that affects crop production. In addition, tillage can contribute to agricultural sustainability and improve soil quality by altering the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. One of the most useful tools for assessing soil management status in different tillage systems is soil quality assessment and the use of quantitative indices is one of the most appropriate methods for determining and comparing soil quality. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of different tillage systems on chemical, physical and biological quality. Accordingly, in order to investigate the effects of tillage systems on some of the physical, chemical and biological properties of soils in the Campus Agriculture and Experimental Natural Resources factorial in a randomized complete block design at two depths of 0-25 and Physical, chemical and biological properties of soil such as bulk density, diffusible clay, calcium carbonate equivalent, pH, EC, respiration, microbial biomass and urease and invertase enzymes measured in soil. Were. The results showed that tillage system affected all the studied traits with different intensities. By changing the tillage system from traditional to more conservative, the soil properties had a positive change which resulted in improved quality. It was dirt. So that the apparent bulk density in the conservation tillage system in the surface and deep layer was 18.86% and 18.02%, respectively, compared to the traditional tillage system and soil organic carbon was 21.74% and 18.87%, respectively. The percentage of increase and the highest variation among the biological characteristics of microbial biomass carbon was 53.49% and 42.45% respectively. Cumulative and developmental indices had the highest values in conservation, reduction and traditional tillage systems, respectively. Overall, the cumulative quality index was more accurate in determining soil quality.

  This study investigates the relationship between the structure of Iranian oak forests and its effect on soil properties around the crown and also the diversity of soil macrofauna affected by the structure of Iranian oak forests in Kermanshah province (Ravansar area). For this purpose, 4 transects were considered in the study area at intervals of 50 m and then due to different structures of branching trees, 8 treatments with three replications were carried out from under their canopy. A total of 96 sections of 50 × 50 cm profiles with 15 cm depth were cut and macrofauna were collected manually. Soil moisture and organic matter content increased significantly in the soil under the canopy of these shrubs due to shading and accumulation of nutrients, so-called "fertile islands". Statistical comparison results showed that the abundance and diversity of soil macrofauna and also Some soil properties within the group and outside the group had a significant difference at the 95% probability level. Increase in macrofauna abundance and diversity within the group showed a significant correlation with litter depth and crown area, due to increased organic matter, nutrient concentration, and organisms' access to food resources in the litter and also outside the group. It was. According to the results of the present study, the effect of the group as a habitat micro-habitat with suitable living conditions and presence of soil organisms can be pointed out. Soil passes through or into surface debris and their populations are highly dependent on ecosystem management practices. In many ecosystems of semiarid regions, shrubs play a key and complex role in providing soil moisture and nutrients.

  Hedge parsley (Torilis arvensis) is one of the important weeds of cereal and plants of the Apiaceae family, which produces two types of mericarps, spiny and hairy. In order to investigate the germination, phenology, and power (vigor) of weed competition, 3 experiments were carried out in the years 2016-2018. In the first experiment, the effects of environmental factors such as after-ripening, light and temperature, osmotic and salinity stress, acidity, seed burial depth, seed position and thermal shock on germination of Hedge parsley were investigated. The results of this part of the experiment showed that both seed types were dormant at harvesting, but the spiny type had a deeper dormancy level and required a more prolonged after-ripping period. So, after about eight weeks from harvesting, the germination percentage of spiny and hairy seeds is increased by 60% and 97%, respectively. Light did not affect seed germination. Germination was the highest at a temperature of 20°C (Germination percentage of spiny and hairy seeds was 58% and 96.9%, respectively.). T. arvensis was sensitive to osmotic stress induced by NaCl or PEG6000. The highest germination percentage was observed in pH 7. So that, he percentage of germination of spiny and hairy seeds reached 60% and 100%, respectively. No seedlings emerged when the seeds were buried at soil depth of 6 cm and deeper soil depths. The results of interaction of seed placement, temperature and seed shape showed that the temperature and seed shape had a significant effect on germination percentage. The depth of burial, the interaction between burial depth and thermal shock and the interaction between burial depth and seed shape had a significant effect on seed germination. The second experiment was to evaluate the phenology of this weed in the Kermanshah region. The results also showed that hedge parsley is a spring weed that its phonological stages completed in 141.6 days and to complete growth and development period need to 1847.38 degree day. In the third experiment, the effect of salinity and nitrogen on the competition between coriander and hedge parsley was investigated. Nitrogen and salinity affected on coriander growth characteristics. With the increasing salinity level, plant height, leaf number, fresh and dry weight of plant and leaf, yield and leaf area decreased. But nitrogen had a positive effect on morphological characteristics studied. The interaction between salinity and nitrogen showed that in all three levels of salinity with increasing nitrogen concentration increased coriander growth characteristics. Under salinity stress conditions, application of nitrogen 90 kg ha-1 could reduce the negative effects of salinity stress by increasing growth and finally improving the morphological characteristics of the plant.

  The grapes is from one important products of garden in the words and Iran. This value crop use, of for certain reason product is fresh, ra  erry, oil and so on. The most important limiting factor the growth   of fruit trees in arid and semi arid regions is deficit   available water. The use of nutritional, such as the of appropriate fertilizes, can improve plant Performannce   in underwater conditions. This research was carried out to investigate of seedless grapes under water stress conditions with 4 treatments and 2 water treatmeant in 4 replications was conducted as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. The treatments including of: control treatment (without fertilizer) and potassium sulfate, compost and biochar treatments ( 10 g, 5 and 10 %), water treatment 40 and 80(control), field capacity, till the occurrence of stress indication was done. Collected data was analyzed by SAS software. The results showed that potassium sulfate increased soil and plant potassium. The compost increased phosphorus, sodium, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon and nitrogen, iron, zinc and copper. Biochar also increased potassium. Organic carbon, potassium and phosphorus plants. Biochar and compost under water stress conditions increased leaf RWC, photosynthesis, tra  iration, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll and protein. Peroxidas enzymes and superoxide dismutase had the lowest amount under water stress conditions in biochar fertilizer treatments. Compost and biochar are more effective in improving the condition of grapes under the conditions of water stress chemical fertilizers of potassium sulfate.

  The role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on reduction of drought stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).

Evaluation of the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) role on alleviation of salinity stress in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)

  Today, heavy metalspollution has become a serious environmental problem. Due to the importance of human health andenvironmental protection, the problem of toxic metals must be solved. However, due to thehigh cost of clean-up in the way of the current technology, the interest inrefining contaminated sites is increasing with the use of the phytoremediation.phytoremediation is a low-cost and relatively quick solution to pollution. Compared tophysical and chemical methods, this method has many benefits, such asincreasing biodiversity and reducing soil erosion. Due to the importance ofthis issue, hence, in this study, the exploration of heavy metals of lead andcadmium in rapeseed and Camelina plants was investigated. Experiments wereconducted in a completely randomized design with cadmium (control, 3, 5 and 10mg / kg), and lead (control, 100, 300 and 600 mg / kg) with three replicationsin a research greenhouse of agricultural campus of Razi University. After the end ofexperiments and harvesting of plants, the stem and root parts were separatedand the rate of accumulation of metals in root, aerial part and transfer factorfor cadmium and plant lead and soil biological quality indices were calculated. The results of thisstudy showed that in the stress condition of lead. The concentration of this element at alllevels was higher in the root of the rapeseed than in the Camelina. Also, under conditions ofcadmium stress, the concentration of this element was applied at all levels, inthe root of the Camelina was more than rapeseed. Most biological indices ofsoil quality measured under stress conditions of cadmium were significantlyreduced in cultivated soil at the highest concentration (10 mg / kg of cadmium)in the control soil compared to the soil under rapeseed cultivation. While under stress conditions, thebiodegradation indices of soil under cultivation of rapeseed plants decreased. High concentrationsof cadmium and lead in the root of rapeseed plants and Camelina, and the lowerrate of these two metals in the shoot and the lower transfer coefficientobtained for both metals showed that none of the two plants studied in thistest typically had the capability It is not suitable for the extraction ofheavy metal cadmium and lead from contaminated High concentrations of lead androot cadmium in studied plants and the low transfer factor in them indicate thehigher efficiency of these plants for use in plant fixation technique.Therefore, rapeseed plants and Camelina are able to grow completely in soilcontaminated with cadmium and lead, so that the plant absorbs more cadmium thanrapeseed without significantly reducing its yield. The rapeseed plant also has more lead thancompletely absorbed. Therefore, it can be concluded that rapeseed plants andCamelina are perfectly suitable for the stabilization of cadmium and lead fromsoil.

Bacteria are most abundant microbes in the soil that most of them have a free living. They have specific importance, because of cyclic of carbon and nitrogen and the other changes which are related plants.Thiobacillus has an important role in sulfur cyclizing these bacteria gain their energy by the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds to sulfate. The oxidation of sulfur by Thiobacillus and produce sulfuric acid that reduces the soil pH and them also increases the availability of some nutrient elements except molybdenum in Calcareous soils. Therefore, these bacteria are very important in soils. The purpose of this study was detecting the T. thioparus and T. novellas bacteria and T. denitrificans in rain fed and irrigation soil, including (Ajab Shir, Shirvan Cheravdel, Ghorve, Songhor and Kermanshah ) Researching Farm of Agricultural Faculty, Razi University.

. Soil quality has a key role in sustainable agriculture is influenced by different techniques of agricultural land management changes. Good management, improved soil quality to have, if traditional farming systems, in the long run will reduce the quality and stability of the soil. One method of using a moldboard plow Management false and burning vegetation. Because in our country is still incorrect methods of tillage is done, the effect of no-till and conservation tillage methods and modern methods such as soil characteristics and ecosystem sustainability is essential. Therefore, the present study was to evaluate the effects of conventional tillage, no-till and conservation tillage on the physical, chemical and biological soil bulk density, Average weight diameter, dispersible clay, lime percentage pH, Ec, cation exchange capacity, soil respiration, microbial biomass and enzyme activities of urease, invertase, aryl sulfatase and alkaline phosphatase in irrigated fields of wheat, pea in dryland farming in Kermanshah province for a factorial randomized complete block design in two climates (cold and temperate), were studied. In general it can be concluded that no-till soils can be improved biological indicators of kidney and so this method instead of traditional farming in drylands is recommended 

  Dust Storm as climatic phenomenon occurs in all climatic conditions. But as a typical phenomenon in arid and semi-arid region, is an obstacle to human activities, agriculture, social infrastructure, tra  ort and industry. Also by the large size of the particles tra  orted to the troposphere, the Earths energy balance is affected, followed weather conditions and climate of this region is also affected. In this study, the subsidence rate and spatial distribution of atmospheric dust and some associated heavy metals, also relationship between dust subsidence rate with some climatic factors, were studied in a one-year period in the Javanroud city. Random sampling of dust in 35 urban and rural spot with good distribution was carried out. The average rate of subsidence dust in the study area was 3.77 kilograms per hectare per day, which is more than defined standards for most parts of the world. Average concentrations of metals chromium, zinc, copper and nickel in the dust samples was, 117.9, 220.5, 46.3 and 85.6 milligrams per kilogram respectively. According to the authorized rate of heavy metals entering the soil, the large amounts of these metals are entered into the soils of the region via atmospheric subsidence, yearly. Given the limits of heavy metals in soils for environmental protection, region dust samples have been infected to the metal chromium, zinc and nickel. The dangers of large amounts of dust and associated heavy metals in studying area where much more, due to the direct effect of dust on the respiratory and immune systems of humans. Strong correlation between the concentration of some heavy metals in the region dust samples that show the common origin of these metals, have been observed. Also the strong correlation between the rate of subsidence dust with some climatic factors show the direct influence of climatic factors on the occurrence of Dust Storms and the amount of atmospheric subsidence in studying area.