Abstract With the continuous growth of the global population and the increasing demand for sustainable food security, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plays a vital role as one of the major sources of calories and protein for a large portion of the world’s population. However, its production in temperate and arid regions such as Iran is severely constrained by abiotic stresses, particularly terminal drought and heat stress. Earliness is an important agronomic trait in wheat that enables plants to escape such end-season stresses. The present study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity among 48 bread wheat genotypes (40 lines and 8 checks), identify early-maturing and high-yielding lines, and assess the genetic structure of phenological and yield-related traits under the environmental conditions of Kermanshah, Iran. The experiment was carried out during the 2023–2024 cropping season at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University of Kermanshah, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The seeds were selected from advanced lines derived from crosses among nationally released cultivars. Phenological, agronomic, and biochemical traits were recorded. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all studied traits, indicating considerable genetic potential for use in wheat breeding programs. Genotypes 10, 5, and 22 were identified as the earliest lines, while genotypes 1 and 24 were the latest. The highest grain yields were recorded for genotypes 32 (770.37 g/m²), winter backcross ‘Roshan’ (766.40 g/m²), 30 (760.15 g/m²), and 10 (696.79 g/m²). Grain yield showed significant positive correlations with spike weight per square meter, harvest index, and spike number per square meter, emphasizing the importance of these traits in yield improvement. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted six principal components explaining 81.29% of the total variance, with the first component mainly associated with phenological traits and the second with yield-related traits. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into five clusters, among which cluster III comprised the earliest-flowering and earliest-maturing genotypes, characterized by the highest mean spike number, grain yield, and biological yield. These findings confirm the presence of sufficient genetic diversity for the improvement of phenological and yield-related traits in bread wheat. Identifying early-maturing, high-yielding lines (particularly those in cluster III) represents an effective strategy for developing stress-tolerant cultivars and improving water-use efficiency in future wheat breeding programs. Keywords Terminal drought, Heat stress, Genetic diversity, Grain yield, Earliness   

The Poaceae family plays an important role in human and animal nutrition. Oat, as a cereal and high-quality forage, has special significance. Increasing forage production is required due to livestock demand and resource limitations. This study evaluated the morphological, phenological, forage, and chemical diversity of 40 hexaploid oat genotypes with the aim of identifying genotypes possessing desirable forage and agronomic traits. The experiment was conducted during the 2022–2023 cropping season at the Research Farm of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah Province. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 40 treatments, consisting of forage-type genotypes selected from previous trials, was applied with three replications. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for all traits except plant height. The results of this study showed that there were significant differences between the studied genotypes in terms of most agronomic and qualitative traits. The RYHTI, CHINESE, HOUDAN and STORMONT IRIS genotypes were superior in quantitative traits such as fresh forage weight, harvest index and grain yield, number of spikes and straw yield, while the JARLE, VENTURA, RUBIDA and ALASKA genotypes were distinguished by qualitative traits such as ash content, crude fat percentage, crude protein percentage and crude fiber percentage. Phenologically, the KENT genotype was introduced as the earliest and the SUPPORT genotype as the latest, which are suitable for regions with short and long growing seasons, respectively. The results of cluster analysis also confirmed the findings of the mean comparison and introduced the JARLE and FORWARD genotypes as well as ACACIA and CHINESE genotypes as superior in terms of a set of agronomic and qualitative traits. The correlation study of traits showed that some quantitative traits had a negative correlation with qualitative traits, while there was a positive correlation between some qualitative traits, indicating that genotypes focused on a group of traits. Finally, using the ideal genotype selection index, the ACACIA genotype was introduced as the superior genotype for continuing breeding programs. Keywords: Principal component analysis, Cluster analysis, Crude protein, Genotype selection index, Ether extract

The need to increase wheat yield and quality, tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses, adaptation to climate change, and the increase in the world population have increased the need for wheat breeding through its wild ancestors, including emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum   .dicoccoides). Emmer wheat's ability to produce high yields in poor soils, and its resistance to disease and tolerance to drought and heat stress have made it an important species with a very rich gene pool. In the present study, in order to investigate the genetic diversity of Amr wheat germplasm in terms of phenological and agromorphological characteristics as well as grain quality traits including iron, zinc and soluble protein concentrations, 150 Amr wheat genotypes originating from different countries (Iran, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Iraq and occupied Palestine) were evaluated in an alpha lattice design with two replications in the 1401-1402 crop year under rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions at the research farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of environment was significant for all measured traits except spike length and peduncle length, the effect of genotype was significant for all traits except leaf chlorophyll index, and the interaction effect of genotype × environment was significant for all traits except leaf chlorophyll index and days to spike. The highest general heritability (0.86) was obtained for the plant height trait under dryland conditions, which can indicate the possibility of successful selection for this trait. Based on the results of phenotypic and genotypic correlation analysis in both conditions, plant height had a positive and significant correlation with spike length and number of grains per spike, as well as spike length with number of grains per spike and peduncle length. In both conditions, a positive and significant correlation was observed between the grain iron and zinc content traits, and it is likely that these two traits can be increased simultaneously. In supplementary irrigation conditions, a negative and significant correlation was observed between zinc content and grain soluble protein. Cluster analysis using UPGMA and WARD methods was performed based on the measured traits, and according to the results of the false F, the Amer wheat genotypes were divided into four groups under dryland conditions and into two groups under supplementary irrigation conditions. Keywords: Genetic diversity, drought tolerance indices, phenological traits, grain quality traits, morphological traits, Amer wheat  

   Abstract    The genetic diversity of desirable alleles for resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, yield and traits related to yield and quality traits were preserved in the wild relatives of cultivated plants. Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides, 2n = 4x = 28), hulled with wide genetic diversity, is the wild ancestor of tetraploid and hexaploid agricultural wheats, which grows widely in unfavorable areas for agriculture. Emmer wheat is a source of genetic diversity and it has valuable genes from its ancient wild relatives that were extension during the domestication of hexaploid wheat, so investigating the genetic diversity of emmer wheat is necessary to improve the yield and quality of crops. Tra  osons are parts of the organism's genome that move in the host's genome, they may select parts of the genome that help them to move to the new genomic location. In this research, using nine markers based on IRAP retrotra  oson and identifying the quantitative trait loci of different agricultural traits, including morphological, phenological and physiological traits were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 104 wild emmer wheat genotypes. The percentage of polymorphic loci for IRAP markers was 86/74%. The variation range of Jaccard's genetic similarity coefficient was from 0/41 to 0/90, which indicates a high amount of genetic diversity in the studied samples. Based on the GLM and MLM models, a total of 201 and 160 significant locations associated with the studied traits were identified at 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively. Pearson's correlation between traits showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between zinc content and iron in dry conditions, and there was a negative and significant correlation between grain zinc content and spike length. Considering that Pearson's correlation coefficients in dry conditions were higher than genetic correlation coefficients, it is possible that increasing the number of Pearson's correlations of studied traits is the limiting factor for the strong influence of these traits on environmental changes. In this research, increasing the length of the spike and the height of the plant led to an increase in the number of grains in the spike of emmer wheat, which is considered as a strategy for increasing wheat yield. In principal component analysis PCA, the first three components explained 67.6 percent of the molecular changes and 63.38, 2.24, and 1.98 percent of the changes, respectively, and the total changes (100 percent) were explained by 104 components.    Keywords: genetic diversity, Emmer wheat, IRAM, REMAP

      Useful omega-3, lignans (plant estrogens) and phytosterols in various oil seeds in heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, treatment, cancer, high blood pressure, etc., probably due to disease diagnosis. And their opposite has been proven. Also, oilseeds grow all over the world and become important economic products. Recently, oilseeds have received much attention due to the presence of phytonutrients that have health benefits, especially in the treatment of many non-communicable diseases. Chia (Salvia hispanica L) is a herbaceous plant that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Chia is an oilseed plant that is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, high quality nutrients, a large amount of dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins. Also, this plant has various properties of polyphenol antioxidants. . It protects the oil of this plant against chemical and microbial damage. The purpose of this experiment was to optimize the conditions of callus induction and micropropagation of chia plant under different growth regulators and to use different explants for different explants of chia plant. Callus induction experiment using three hypocotyl and cotyledon explants. and leaves and growth regulator 2,4-D in the conditions of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/liter along with 0.1 of BAP growth regulator. The factorial design was carried out in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications. The results of this experiment showed that the best combination for the induction of 100% callus was obtained at the level of 1.5 mg/liter of 2,4-D along with 0.1 mg/liter of BAP and hypocotyl explants. Direct regeneration experiment with five explants. including terminal bud, cotyledon, hypocotyl, leaf and node and BAP at seven levels including 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4 and 6 mg/liter and factorially and in the form of a completely random design . It was done in three repetitions. The results of the direct regeneration test showed that the highest percentage of direct regeneration was 100% and the highest number of stems in the explant (8.21) was obtained in the combination of shoot tip explant and BAP growth regulator in the amount of 2 mg/liter. The initial experiment was conducted with the growth regulator IBA at 0, 1 and 2 mg levels in a completely randomized design with three replications. The results of the rooting tests showed that the highest percentage of rooting was 100%, the highest number of roots (4.89) and the highest root length (7.03 cm) in the control treatment and in the MS culture medium without IBA growth regulator. Achieved. Key words: Chia, micro-propagation, tissue culture, culture medium   

   Abstract

Camelina seed with its unique compounds and in this research, thirteen Camelina double haploid lines were conducted in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications. The studied characteristics included morphological, agronomic and biochemical traits  

  Tomato are one of the most important horticultural   roducts in the world and are the most consumed vegetable after potatoes due to their freshness and ability to be processed. tomato as a model plant   is also the subject of many researches. genetic diversity is the basis of plant breeding in order to select new cultivars with desirable traits and compatible with the environment. In this research, ISSR molecular markers were used to investigate genetic diversity and identify markers associated with 21 morphological traits in 99 tomato genotypes. among 20 primers which were used,   17 primers created polymorphic. the mean polymorphism was 97% and nine primers were 100% polymorphic. The results displaied that the UBC 876 had the highest values ??of Marker Index.  Identifyication the Quantitative Traits Locus is effective in accelerating the breeding process. Based on the results We identified 100 loci for 19 morphological traits (P?0.01). we also founed that three loci (UBC 3-1130, UBC 808-820 and UBC 580-825) showed signification association with multiple traits, suggesting pleiotropic effects of QTL. A total of loci are   useful resource for marker-assisted selection to improve traits in tomato.  Key Words: Linkage analysis, trait correlation, microsatellite marker, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.  

  

   In order to study the genetic diversity of 361 oat genotypes in terms of different agronomic and morphological traits, an experiment was conducted in the form of a square lattice design with two replications in 2019-2020 cropping year in the Research Farm of Razi University, Kermanshah. The results of analysis of variance showed the existence of diversity for all traits at the 1% probability level. The results of correlation coefficients for grain yield showed that this trait had a positive correlation with harvest index, number of   panicle per m2 , thousand grain weight, biological yield and hectoliter weight. In factor analysis, 76.05% of the data variations were justified by three factors. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that76.2% of the variations in grain yield were justified by number of panicle per m2, thousand grain weight, number of grain per panicle, biological yield, days to physiological maturity, plant height and hectoliter weight. Based on the results of path analysis, biological yield followed by number of   grain per panicle and thousand grain weight had the most positive direct effect on grain yield, respectively. The most positive indirect effect on grain yield was shown by number of panicle per m2   throught day to physiological maturity. Cluster analysis divided the studied genotypes into ten groups. Based on the results of cluster analysis and the Selection Index of Ideal Genotype (SIIG), genotype number 285 (220-NMO-758) was recognized as a high-yield genotype among 361 studied genotypes.

Breeders can carefully select genotypes with acceptable and stable yield by evaluating the interaction of genotype ×environment in different environmental conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the grain yield stability of 25 bread wheat genotypes (23 genotypes and two Pishtaz and Pishgam cultivars) in the cropping seasons of 2019-2020 in the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Farm of Razi University of Kermanshah in rainfed and irrigation conditions.The experimental design was randomized complete blocks in three replications. The results of simple and combined analysis of variance for the studied traits (grain yield, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per spike and number of spikes per square meter) showed that genotypes in rainfed conditions were different in terms of 1000-seed weight, the effect of environment and the effect of genotype for 1000-seed weight were significant. In order to determine the stability of genotypes, grain yield in the 2019-2020 and three years before (eight environments E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7 and E8) were evaluated. The results of combined analysis showed that the effect of year, year × place, genotype and genotype × year was significant for grain yield. Yield stability analysis of wheat genotypes based on AMMI model was performed to analyze the interaction of genotype × environment and the first four components were significant at the level of 1% probability. The first and second major components accounted for 49.38% and 26.42% of the total interaction squares, respectively, for a total of 76% of the total interaction squares. Genotypes 7, 21, 5 and 9 were identified as stable genotypes due to having the lowest values of the first component and genotypes 7, 5 and 9 were identified as genotypes with high general compatibility due to their average yield close to the total mean. Based on AMMI1 model plot, genotypes 7, 21, 5 and 25 were identified as genotypes with general and stable compatibility and genotypes 7 and 25 as genotypes with high yield and stability. According to AMMI2 model, genotypes 21, 7, 23, 6 and 5 are introduced as genotypes with general stability and according to GGE biplot method, genotypes 1, 16, 2, 10 with high stability are introduced. Keywords: AMMI model, Genotype × environment interaction, Stability, wheat.

  مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسي تاثير استفادهاز پودر لارو سوسك زرد آرد Tenebrio molitor، غني شده با مخمرو يا باكتري درجيره­ي غذاييمرغ‌هاي تخم­گذار بهعنوان جايگزين بخشي از ذرت و سويا، بر عملكرد و صفات كيفي تخم‌مرغ انجام شد. دراين آزمايش از 180 قطعه مرغ تخم­گذار نژاد لوهمن سفيد Lohmann LSL-Lite در سن 68 هفته­اي با 5 تيمار و 6 تكرار و هر تكرار حاوي 6 مرغبه مدت 8 هفته انجام شد. تيمارهاي آزمايشي شامل 1) سطح صفر درصد پودر ميلورم به عنوانتيمار شاهد 2) جيره حاوي دو درصد ميلورم 3) جيره­هاي حاوي دو درصد ميلورم به همراهباكتري 4) دو درصد ميلورم به همراه مخمر 5) دو درصد ميلورم به همراه باكتري و مخمرغني سازي شدند.

Abstract Drought is one of the most important factors in reducing production in arid and semi-arid regions. It is important to study the response of plants to drought stress to reduce water consumption in areas facing water shortages. Among the wild relatives of wheat, diploid species with desirable characteristics have high potential in crop modification. One of the important epigenetic changes that is associated with the pattern of gene expression and causes genetic instability is DNA methylation. In this study, the Coupled Restriction Enzyme Digestion-Random Amplification (CRED-RA) technique and five RAPD primers were used to identify changes in genome methylation in two einkorn wheat genotypes (H9 and S10) collected from Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces in four moisture stress regimes (irrigation at 100%, 75%, 50% and 25 % of field capacity) in two stages including 14 days after application of drought stress and 14 days after re-irrigation. A  factorial experiment  wa  conducted  ased on a  completely randomized desig  with  three replications in the greenhouse of Razi University, College of Agriculture. Physiological traits measured included relative leaf water content, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and stomatal conductance. The results of analysis of variance after moisture stress showed the effect of stress on the measured traits. The most changes in methylation pattern were observed as a result of severe moisture stress in irrigation treatment at 25% of field capacity in both genotypes. Most of the fragments that showed a change in methylation pattern due to moisture stress, returned to the pre-stress state after stress removal, which indicates the reversibility of methylation changes in the genome. Fragments with similar methylation pattern variability in the three replications can be used after recovering and sequencing to study the genomic regions involved in response to drought stress in einkorn wheat. Keywords: CRED-RA technique, DNA methylation, einkorn wheat, moisture stress   

Abstract Camelina (camelina sativa) is an   an oilseed, medicinal, low-expectation and tolerant plant to meet environmental stresses, and identification of genetic variation in its germplasm is essential. Understanding genetic diversity is important and the basis of plant breeding research. In this experiment, the genetic diversity of 45 camelina’s doubled haploid lines resulted   from a cross of 29 parents was examined based on molecular characteristics, fatty acid profiles and morphological traits in greenhouse conditions. Greenhouse experiment was performed in 2019-2020 cropping season in the research greenhouse and molecular experiments were performed in the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeedind, Razi University. Analysis of variance of morphological traits showed significant difference between lines for branch length, sub-branch length, number of lateral branches, number of pods on main branch, number of pods on sub-branch, height to first lateral branch, root length, length of pods, pod weight, total plant weight, root weight per plant, shoot weight, 1000-seed weight, plant yield and harvest index. Cluster analysis based on morphological traits using squared Euclidean distance coefficient and Ward method divided the lines into two separate groups. Factor analysis using principal component analysis and varimax rotation showed that five factors with eigen values ??above one accounted for a total of 78.40% of the total variation. To evaluate the efficency of REMAP and IRAP markers in the study of molecular diversity of 45 camelina’s doubled haploid lines, three rapeseed cultivars and one Arabidobsis genotype, 14 single and combined primers were used. The eight IRAP primers produced a total of 103 fragments, 95 of which were polymorph (92.23%), while the six REMAP primers produced 54 fragments, 49 polymorph fragments (90.70%). The results of molecular studies showed that IRAP marker had higher values ??than REMAP marker in terms of number of produced fragments, resolution power, effective marker ratio, marker index and polymorphism percentage. Cluster analysis based on IRAP and REMAP markers using Complete method divided the lines into five groups, which in some cases were similar to grouping based on morphological traits. Coordinate analysis based on IRAP and REMAP markers divided the studied lines into five groups. According to Mantel test, distance matrices obtained from IRAP and REMAP markers showed a weak and significant negative correlation with the data obtained from the measurement of phenotypic traits and fatty acid profiles. In general, the used retrotra  oson markers separated the camelina lines well. The observed diversity between Camelina lines can be used in germplasm management and breeding programs to produce cultivars with desirable characteristics. Keywords: Agronomic traits, Camelina, Genetic diversity, Retrotra  oson markers            

Abstract Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.   . Durum) is one of the most important foods due to its widespread consumption in the world as pasta and having a high percentage of protein (12-14%). Genetic diversity is the basis of breeding programs and selection depends on the existence of desirable genetic diversity in terms of the characteristics under study. Due to the importance of durum wheat, identifying its genetic diversity is of great importance. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of 69 durum wheat lines received from ICARDA along with Saji cultivar using SCoT marker and to investigate the relationship between this marker and five important agronomic traits measured in two cropping seasons (2017-2018 and 2018-2019). A total of 177 bands produced by 12 primers, of which 97 bands were polymorphic (54.86%). The highest number of polymorphic bands was related to SCoT16 primer and the lowest was related to SCoT14 primer. The mean of polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.448 and the highest and lowest values ??belonged to SCoT33 and SCoT30 primers, respectively. The genetic similarity of the genotypes using the Jacquard similarity’s coefficient ranged from 0.184 to 0.734. In the cluster analysis, the genotypes were divided into four groups, and the results of principal component analysis also corresponded to this grouping. The primers used in this study showed a moderate polymorphism, and among them, the SCoT16 primer was highly efficient in differentiating genotypes. The range of high genetic similarity coefficient showed high genetic diversity among the studied lines. In the association analysis by generalized linear regression method in the first year of study , 25 and in the second year of study 35 informative markers and using mixed linear regression method in the first year of study, 22 and in the second   year of study, 32 significant association between genomic locations and five studied traits were identified. For each traits, days to flowering, plant height, days to physiological maturity and 1000-kernel weight, a stable marker was identified across two years. Keywords: association analysis, genetic diversity, genetic structure, SCoT marker, Triticum turgidum L.   

 Being the second most important vegetable crop, Tomato (Sol lycopersicum) is an excellent source of health-promoting compounds that its production adversary affected by ranges of biotic and abiotic stresses worldwide. Amongst, parasitic weed Orobanche sp. (=Phelipanche sp.) is one of the most important threats that causes heavy economic losses both in greenhouse and fields. The present study shows the effects of Orobanche parasitism on tomato through differential expression analysis via Oligo-dT anchored cDNA-SCoT technique to identify differentially expressed fragments in 2 tissues of tomato during 4 developmental stages. Amongst 36 evaluated SCoT primers, 11 primers showed a clear differential display. Comparison of expression pattern between infested and corresponding control samples showed both down- or up-regulation of fragments resulting in the following identification of functional genes involved in the interaction of tomato with the parasite.

About a third of the food produced for humans disappears. three billion tons of food produced are consumed by humans According to the FAO, approximately. transgenic plants can be used to induce characteristics such as: the potential for agricultural production, the potential for the environment, the potential for human health, in plants According to the FAO report. The term vitamin is used to define a number of organic compounds that must be obtained from different foods because living organisms cannot synthesize it and needed for their life. Vitamin C is a generic name for L-ascorbic acid (AsA) derived from a six-carbon sugar L-threo-hex-2-enono-1,4-lactone. The GME enzyme converts it to GDP-L-galactose with an effect on the GDP-D-mannose glucose, thus creating an interaction between the pathway for synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides and the synthesis of vitamin C. The GME enzyme has the highest degree of protein conservation in the pathway of vitamin C biosynthesis. In this research, the isolation of the gene of GDP Mannose -35epimerase (GME) from Actinidia deliciosa cultivar Hayward was performed by primers based on the sequence of Actinidia deliciosa cultivar qinme by PCR reaction using Total RNA extracted. Then, isolated genes The pTG19 vector was replicated and shipped to South Koreas MICRO GENE for sequencing. Separated sequence in the NCBI database is most similar to the 1973 score with kiwi Actinidia deliciosa cultivar qinmei with access number (GU339037.1) and the least similarity with 1002 rating with a species of banana called Musa acuminata with access number (XM_009394784 .2). The rows of segments separated by two sequences of kiwifruit from the NCBI bank were performed using MEGA7 software based on the nearest neighbor method. Using the SWISS-MODEL modeling technique, the three-dimensional structure of the gene was simulated with QMEAN score (0.97).Keywords: GME, cloning, kiwi, vitamins .

  AbstractRapeseed (Brassica napus) is one of the most important oil seed plants in the world. The presence of rapeseed weeds and control them by chemicals is a problem for its cultivation and development. Among conventional herbicides, glyphosate is a common and broad-spectrum herbicide that inhibits E   enzymes. In the present study, in order to induce resistance to glyphosate, a mutated gene with three mutations with a non-mutated gene under control of the CaMV35S promoter and the NOS terminator were first transferred to the pUC18 plasmid and then to the PBI121 plasmid. The transformation to rapeseed RGS003 spring variety was carried out via Agrobacterium tumefaciense (strain LBA4404) method. Resistance of putative transgenic plants to kanamycin was used in order to initial evaluation. In greenhouse conditions, 142 lines of T1 generation were evaluated for resistance to 10 mM glyphosate herbicide. The results were analyzed by Chi-square test. T2 Transgenic plants were evaluated in the in vitro conditions in a factorial experiment in concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 mM glyphosate herbicide. Also, the T2 plants were examined in greenhouse at concentrations of 0, 1.2, 2.4, 4.2, 19.2, 38.4, 76.8, 156.6mM glyphosate. The results of herbicide effects on plants in greenhouse conditions showed that there is a significant difference between the control and transgenic lines for herbicide tolerance, and in the T1 generation, resistance to herbicide has Mendelian inheritance. Among the plants,there were some lines that were resistant to glyphosate but sensitive to kanamycin. In addition to resistance to kanamycin and herbicide, physiological traits, yield and yield components, boilingtime was also measured. According to the results of this experiment, increasing the concentration of herbicide, stomatal resistance, partial steam pressure, leaf surface temperature and photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and active photosynthesis radiation, stomatal carbon dioxide, yield and yield components were decreased.   Keywords: Rapeseed, herbicide resistance, glyphosate, E  

  Evaluation and comparisonof Iranian and Europeanbarley(Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars under field and laboratoryconditions

  Abstract :  In order to assess triple superphosphate application and compound of proline and lysine on Broomrape control and effect   on tomato and as well as   response of tomato variates to this treats, the experiment was conducted factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors contains: 1- Broomrape in two levels (infested and no  hy;infested), 2- variate in three levels (Eden, 3402, Pill ztp3), 3- compound of proline and lysine in four levels (zero, 10, 20 and 30 mM), 4- triple superphosphate fertilizer in four levels (zero, 100, 200 and 300 kg/ha). The results showed that usage compound of proline and lysine in each three concentration in intraction with zero and 100 kg/ha triple superphosphate fertilizer, have most inhibition efficacy on Broomrape. Nonetheless for some traits as dry and fresh matter weight of Broomrape branched and tubercle, inhibition 20 mM concentration was most than remnant. Also, this concentration hadnt negative effect on majority traite of tomato. Assess of variate and triple superphosphate fertilizer intraction shown that 300 kg/ha have most inhibition efficacy on Broomrape, in each three variate increase of dry and fresh matter weight of Broomrape tubercle observated in 200 kg/ha toward control. Intraction variate and triple superphosphate fertilizer significant for majority traite of tomato. Variate Pill ztp3 was slightly different than another variates in response to triple superphosphate fertilizer. Generally, in each three variate, both environmental situation (infected and no  hy;infected) with increasing amount of triple superphosphate fertilizer, increased important traites of tomato as dry and fresh matter weight of root and branche. Nonetheless, this increasing toward control, in infested condition was more than no  hy;infested condition. Moreover intraction of variate and compound of proline and lysine significant only for physiological traits as chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid, also significant for some morphological traits as medium stem diagonal, fresh matter weight root and branch of tomato. Hereon Variate Pill ztp3 in response to compound of proline and lysine was slightly different than another variates. Also as for traits as single fruit weight, number of fruit per plant and medium yield per plant, respectively variate 3402 and Variate Pill ztp3 had least and most yield decrease in competition with Broomrape.   Key words : tomato, Broomrape, triple superphosphate fertilizer, proline, lysine  

ٍEvaluation of kernel iron and zinc conentrations in einkorn wheat populations collected from the west of Iran

  AbstractOne of the oldest traditional crops is fig (Ficus carica L.) tree that extensive present in several countries around the Mediterranean basin. Iran is the important centers of publishing and distribution of many plant species. Thus, Knowledge of fig genetic diversity is so important. The present study was done to investigate the genetic diversity of 147 fig genotypes in west of Iran by using morphological traits and ISSR and SCoT markers. Genotypes were collected from 25 regions in the provinces of Kermanshah, Kordestan and Ilam. In morphological part, genotypes in terms of 58 traits related to characteristics of tree, leave and fruit were studied. The results of cluster analysis based on the morphological traits divided the genotypes into five groups. Principal component analysis, divided the genotypes into five groups. Factor analysis results showed that 18 factors justified about 75.62% of the total variation that the first three factors could be named as leaf and fruit size factor, growth form and factor affecting little lateral lobes. Correlation analysis also showed significant correlations between traits. In molecular studies, 10 ISSR and SCoT primer showed polymorphic. A total of 155 bands were produced by ISSR markers that among which 144 bands were polymorphic and the average polymorphic was 92.83%. Also 10 SCoT primers produced 183 bands that 169 bands were polymorphic and the average polymorphism was 90.91 percent. The size of the bands based on ISSR and ScoT markers were varied between 250 to 2200 and 250 to 3007 base pair, respectively. In cluster analysis based on ISSR and ScoT markers, genotypes respectively were evaluated in three and five groups which in some cases were similar with morphological dir=ltr>Keywords: Fig, genetic diversity, west of Iran, ISSR, SCoT