abstract Porous weirs in river engineering have recently attracted the attention of researchers due to their advantages over the solid type. The hydrodynamics of this type of overflows is more complicated due to the flow of both internal and overpassing. In this research, the aim of the numerical analysis of the hydrodynamics of the wide-edge porous spillway body is. For this purpose, a total of 243 different models including 9 different overflow geometries with three different porosity of materials (40%, 47% and 50%) and 9 different flow rates between 10 and 30 liters per second have been analyzed in three dimensions using FLOW-3D numerical model. is In this research, the determination of the optimal granulation arrangement of the materials, the determination of the discharge coefficient based on different porosities, as well as the comparison with the theoretical relationships, as well as the examination of the hydraulic parameters and the presentation of relationships in this regard, have been discussed.

Slope breakers are the most common hydraulic energy structures that are used for energy consumption in irrigation   and drainage networks, water treatment systems, eroding waterways, and wastewater collection and disposal. When the natural slope of the ground is higher than the slope of the designed channel, slope breakers are used to transfer water.  The loss of energy in this structure occurs due to the impact of the water jet on the bottom of the channel and the creation of a hydraulic jump in the calm pond. Also, considering that in some irrigation and drainage networks, an overflow may be built upstream of the breakwater in order to control the water level. The effect of the construction of this structure on the hydraulics of the flow passing through the breakwater is discussed.  In general, the goals of this research include the numerical simulation of the flow passing through the vertical breakwater using Flow-3D software, the investigation of the amount of energy consumption passing through the vertical breakwater, the validation of the experimental relationships presented for the flow characteristics, the investigation of the effect of the overflow installation on the energy consumption, The study of supercritical and subcritical flow in the upstream channel is based on the characteristics of the flow.

   Flumes with a special cross-section and different degrees of convergence and divergence are used to measure flow indirectly. In many of these flumes that have been investigated in the rectangular channel, the stage-discharge relationship in the trapezoidal constriction section has been obtained using dimensional analysis. In this research, using the energy relationship between the upstream section and the throat (trapezoidal) section, a relationship has been developed to calculate the discharge. The correctness and accuracy of the proposed relationship were checked using different laboratory data. For the flume proposed by Aali and Vatankhah (2023), the proposed relationship has an NRMSE of less than 5%. In the hydraulic laboratory of Razi University, a wedge-shaped structure was installed in the middle of the rectangular channel with a width of 37 cm. This structure was designed and built with two different side slope and four different throat width (8 different configurations). The total sections of this structure in the throat are trapezoidal. For the side slope of 0.4 and 0.5, the NRMSE value is 10.9 and 6.1 percent, respectively. For this structure, relationships have been developed using dimensional analysis. The relationship proposed in this thesis can be used for rectangular channels with trapezoidal throat cross section. There is no need for calibration with laboratory data to calculate the flow using this relationship. Comparison with laboratory data has shown that this relationship has high accuracy in discharge prediction.

Velocity distribution is one of the most important subjects in open-channel hydraulics, as it enables the determination of parameters such as flow rate and shear stress on the channel walls. Velocity distribution in rivers is three-dimensional, and Navier-Stokes equations can be used to estimate the velocity distribution. Numerical solutions for governing flow equations in three dimensions are complex. In certain situations where structures are not present in the river path, the equations can be simplified and solved in two dimensions by making certain assumptions. In this research, a two-dimensional mathematical model proposed by Kien and his colleagues, which is a partial differential equation in the form of a Poisson equation, is utilized to estimate the two-dimensional velocity distribution. The governing equation is solved using the finite volume method with the application of boundary conditions. The grid generation is the first step in the numerical solution of differential equations. Using structured rectangular or triangular grids, velocity distribution in an open channel can be calculated. One of the common methods for dealing with complex geometries is the use of unstructured triangular grids. Due to their unstructured nature, these grids can represent elements with various shapes in the domain, regardless of geometric complexity. The aim of this study is to develop a two-dimensional model for velocity distribution in open channels with irregular cross-sections using numerical solution and triangular mesh generation. Furthermore, the influence of vortex viscosity estimation methods and slip and no-slip conditions at the boundaries on the velocity distribution is also investigated. The accuracy of the numerical solution is evaluated by comparing it with the experimental results of Linn (1986), Tominaga and his colleagues (1989), and the Soren River estuary. The investigations show that the numerical approach provides satisfactory accuracy in estimating the maximum flow velocity and velocity distribution pattern in floodplain areas and the main channel cross-section.   

تغيير اقليم و افزايش جمعيت موجب افزايش مصرف در شبكه‌هاي توزيع آب و به دنيال آن افزايش سرعت جريان در لوله‌ها و كاهش فشار در گره‌ها شده است. در اين حالت برخي مشتركين امكان دريافت آب موردنياز را نخواهند داشت. تعويض لوله‌ها با لوله‌ها با قطر بزرگتر يكي از راهكارها مي‌باشد. اما نيازمند صرف زمان و هزينه قابل توجه است. تحويل نوبتي آب مي‌تواند در شبكه‌هاي موجود براي حل مشكل به كار رود. تحويل آب براي 6 ناحيه شبكه توزيع آب شهر تازه‌آباد به صورت 12، 8 و 6 ساعته با هدف تامين آب مورد نياز و يكنواختي توزيع بالا با استفاده از الگوريتم جستجوي هماهنگ تك هدفه و دو هدفه بهينه شد. در مدل هيدروليكي از روش تحليل هيدروليكي مبتني بر فشار و روش گسيلنده براي تعيين دبي گره‌ها استفاده و نتايج باهم مقايسه شدند. در سناريوهاي مختلف امكان تحويل آب در 4، 3 و 2 نوبت بررسي شد. مقايسه نتايج نشان داد كه در الگوريتم تك هدفه نسبت آب تامين شده به آب مورد نياز بيش از الگوريتم دو هدفه است. اما يكنواختي توزيع در الگوريتم دو هدفه افزايش پيدا كرده است. در تمام سناريوها جواب‌هاي روش تحليل هيدروليكي مبتني بر فشار در تمامي نواحي شهر تازه‌آباد در ساعات اوج مصرف قرار گرفته است. به عبارتي نمي‌توان به صورت نوبتي آب را به نواحي مختلف تحويل داد. اما در روش گسيلنده معمولا در 2 بازه زماني آب تحويل داده شده است. در شبكه تازه آباد چنانچه در 2 نوبت آب تحويل داده شود، حداكثر دبي در شبكه بيش از حداكثر دبي شرايط موجود شبكه است. اما در صورت تحويل آب در 3 و 4 نوبت حداكثر دبي به حداكثر دبي شبكه نزديكتر خواهد شد. اختلاف حداكثر و حداقل دبي شبكه در الگوريتم دو هدفه كمتر از الگوريتم تك هدفه بوده است. تحويل آب در 4 نوبت كمترين تغييرات دبي و ضرايب مصرف را داشته است. با توجه به سناريوهاي بررسي شده در شبكه تازه آباد، تحويل آب در 8 ساعت به عنوان بهترين گزينه انتخاب شد. در اين حالت نسبت آب تامين شده به آب موردنياز حدود 70 درصد و يكنواختي توزيع حدود 87 درصد خواهد بود. حداكثر دبي در شبكه توزيع آب تقريبا برابر حداكثر دبي در شرايط فعلي است. همچنين محدوده تغييرات دبي و ضرايب مصرف كمتر از شرايط فعلي است. به عبارتي در شبكه تغييرات فشار كمتر از شرايط فعلي خواهد بود.   

   از عوامل اصلي آسيب وتخريب سازه‌هاي هيدروليكي، وقوع آبشستگي موضعي است. در بررسي و مطالعه سازه‌هايهيدروليكي درون رودخانه‌اي، تعيين ميزان فرسايش و رسوب‌گذاري امري ضروري مي‌باشد. ميزانفرسايش و يا رسوب‌گذاري هنگامي كه يك سازه هيدروليكي در حال اجرا است، باعث مي‌شوداز تخريب سازه و تغيير ژئومرفولوژي رودخانه جلوگيري كند و باعث كاهش هزينه هاياقتصادي شود. در اين پژوهش عملكرد مدل عددي Flow 3D به منظور شبيه‌سازي آبشستگي پايين دست كف بندافقي مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. نتايج صحت سنجي اين مدل عددي با مدل آزمايشگاهي نشان دهندهقابليت مدل مذكور در شبيه‌سازي پديده مورد نظر بود. با توجه به ماهيت بستر وكارايي كف‌بند افقي، از سناريوهاي مختلف شبيه سازي استفاده شد دراين پژوهش 45 آزمون با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Flow 3D به منظور تعيين ميزان آبشستگي، رسوب‌گذاري وتنش برشي انجام شد. شبيه سازي هاي اين تحقيق شامل پنج عدد فرود به مقادير ،0.32،0.3، 0.25، 0.2 و 0.15 و سه ضريب زبري مانينگ ، 0.025، 0.02 و 0.014 براي دانه بندي 0.85 ميلي متر، دانه بندي 1.4ميلي متر و هچنين تنش برشي در دانه بندي 1.8 ميلي متر مي‌باشد.پس از صحت سنجي مدل، حاصل شد كه مدل انتقال رسوب نلسون به همراه مدل آشفتگي ?-k بيشترين تطابق را باداده هاي آزمايشگاهي دارد. نتايجحاصل از شبيه‌سازي نشان داد كه با افزايش ضريب زبري، سرعت جريان گذرنده و آبشستگيپايين دست نيز كاهش يافته است. علاوه بر اين، نتايج اين پژوهش نشان داد كه باافزايش ضريب زبري، رسوب‌گذاري و تنش برشي افزايش پيدا كرده است. با توجه به تاثيرپذيري پديده آبشستگي و رسوبگذاري نسبت به عدد فرود، نتايج نشان داد كه با افزايشعدد فرود آبشستگي افزايش يافته است.

Camelina seed with its unique compounds and in this research, thirteen Camelina double haploid lines were conducted in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications. The studied characteristics included morphological, agronomic and biochemical traits  

Absteract Tourism has been identified as a vital environmental impact. Greenhouse gas emissions are related to travel, accommodation and leisure activities. It also not only causes global warming, but also destroys the host or ecological environment of the host destination. In addition, intentional and unintentional behaviors of tourists have caused environmental damage in many tourist destinations, such as disrupting the ecosystem of tourist destinations. In the meantime, to reduce the negative effects of tourists, special attention should be paid to environmentally responsible behaviors, so that several structures affect the environmentally responsible behavior of tourists. One of these very important structures is values. The aim of this study was to investigate the place of values ??in environmentally responsible behavior among tourists in Taq-e-Bostan Forest Park. The present study was a descriptive exploratory study. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire. Which was designed and compiled by examining the research background and using the Schwartz (2001) standard questionnaire. The statistical population of the study is the tourists of Taq Bostan Forest Park. The sampling method of this research is simple random. Cochran's formula was used to determine the number of research samples. The statistical sample of this study was 300 people. Statistical analyzes were performed using    and AMOS software. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used in inferential data analysis. Findings indicate that values ??of self-excellence, values ??of self-transcendence, values ??of conservatism and values ??of readiness to change the environmentally responsible behavior through individual norms, social norms, attitudes toward the environment And awareness of the consequences of environmental degradation is influential, as are values ??of attention to excellence inversely. The results of the present study showed that values ??have an important place in shaping the responsible behavior of tourists. But values ??alone do not affect environmentally responsible behavior, but also variables such as individual norms, social norms (as a moderating variable), attitudes toward the environment and awareness of the consequences of environmental degradation. They are of special importance.       Keywords: Environmentally, responsible behavior, Forest Park,values   

   Abstract    Access to shared water resources, especially in the agricultural sector, has always been a source of conflict and tension. This conflict can be examined from various angles. Understanding the nature of local water conflict behaviors and factors affecting it, is one of the basic prerequisites for efficient management of water resources through conflict management. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the surface water conflict behaviors of farmers and the factors affecting this behavior. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate water conflict behaviors among the agricultural surface users in the basinthe Nazlian diversion dam basin with New Ecological Paradigm (NEP). The statistical population of this study is 1388 agricultural surface water users which300 of them were selected as a sample and surveyed using a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using a panel of experts. The results of this study showed that attitudes, mental norms and perceived behavioral control affect the intention of conflict. Intention is the main predictor of conflict behavior and has a positive and significant relationship with conflict behavior. In addition, the results of this study confirmed the moderating role of environmental values ??in the formation of conflict behaviors. Based on the results of this study, suggestions were made to reduce conflict behavior among farmers. Keywords: Water Conflict, Planned Behavior Theory, New Ecological Paradigm, Farmers, Nazliani Deviation Dam.

Existence of high pressures in water distribution networks will increase leakage and drop in pipes and reduce pressure in some parts of the network. Distribution network pressure management is done to reduce high pressures by various methods such as the use of pressure relief valves, zoning, pumps with variable speed, etc. Reliability index is used to assess the network pressure status. Javanrood water distribution network has a rugged topography and faces the problem of high pressures.In this study, for Javanrood network, it was determined using multi-objective optimization algorithms in order to increase the reliability of the location and settings of pressure relief valves. For this purpose, various scenarios were designed and implemented. Among these scenarios, it is possible to increase the pressure reliability by 0.603 if adjusting pressure relief valves are used. Also, if the designer chose the diameter of the network pipes in order to maximize reliability, this index would increase to 0.6524.In the two-objective algorithm, with the aim of increasing the compressive reliability and reducing the cost of pipe preparation, the compressive reliability was increased by changing the diameter of the pipe and an adjustable pressure relief valve to 0.6259. However, the study of hydraulic parameters showed that in this case, the speed reliability is lower than the current situation. In other words, by reducing the diameter of the pipe, the speed increases and the pressure decreases.In general, the reliability indicators defined in any network will not be able to reach number one. The reason for this can be attributed to changes in water consumption during the day and night. As the consumption of nodes changes, the pressure in the node and the velocity in the pipes will change.Keywords:Reliability, pressure management, water distribution network, multi-objective algorithm, pressure relief valve

پيش‌بيني فشار در اثر پديده ضربه قوچ در طراحي خط انتقال و تجهيزات مقابله با ضربه قوچ از اهميت زيادي برخوردار است. روش‌هاي عددي مختلفي براي حل معادلات ضربه قوچ به كار مي‌رود. در اين پژوهش روش طيفي چبيشف و روش ويسكوزيته فوق طيفي چبيشف براي حل اين معادلات در حالت بسته شدن ناگهاني و آهسته شير با ضريب زبري ماندگار، شبه‌ماندگار و غيرماندگار به كار رفته است و با داده‌هاي آزمايشگاهي مقايسه شد. در تمام حالات نتايج روش طيفي چبيشف با ضريب زبري غيرماندگار نسبت به شبه ماندگار و ماندگار به داده‌هاي آزمايشگاهي بسيار نزديكتر است. در حالت بسته شدن سريع شير هر دو روش طيفي با ضريب زبري غيرماندگار داراي خطاي 4 درصد در پيش‌بيني فشار و نتايج هر دو روش برهم منطبق هستند. روش‌هاي طيفي فشار كمتر از داده‌هاي آزمايشگاهي را محاسبه مي‌كند. در اين حالت نتايج روش تفاضل محدود نيز داراي خطاي حدود 4 درصد و فشار را بيشتر از فشار واقعي محاسبه مي‌كند. اما در حالت بسته شدن آهسته شير با ضريب زبري غيرماندگار، تمام روش‌ها در محاسبه فشار داراي حداكثر خطاي 7 درصد در انتهاي لوله و 1/2 درصد در وسط لوله هستند و مقادير فشار حداكثر 0224/0 ثانيه ديرتر از زمان واقعي پيش‌بيني مي‌شود. روش طيفي چبيشف با تعداد گره و زمان محاسبات كمتر نسبت به روش‌هاي عددي روشي كارآمد در حل معادلات ضربه قوچ است.

Abstract This research is paradigmatic in the form of a mixed method consisting of qualitative and quantitative method and in terms of purpose in the field of applied research in the form of a survey strategy. The purpose of this study was to Analysis of the distinguishing factors of local Stakeholder responsibility in the management of Jobsorkh watershed located in Chardavol city. The statistical population of this study in a small part included all villagers (heads of households) in the sub-basin of Jobsorkh of Chardavol (N = 1968). To determine the sample size, Morgan table was used and the sample size was 320 people and was selected using stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment. Also, the study population in the qualitative section included experts from the General Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Ilam Province and Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Chardavol city and local elites of the target villages. In this study, using in-depth interviews with analysis units, the initial indicators of responsibility were determined and used in quantitative terms. In a quantitative part, a questionnaire was used, the validity of which was confirmed using content validity and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha method (0.769 to 0.813). In this study, the field information obtained was analyzed using    software. The results of this study showed that 54.1% of the subjects had a high level of responsibility towards the implementation of watershed management projects in the study area. Also, 28.8% had moderate level of responsibility and 17.2% of the subjects had low level of responsibility. Also, the results of diagnostic analysis showed that the variables of attitude, participation and cooperation had the highest standard coefficient and this indicates the importance of these variables in predicting the responsible behavior of the subjects in the three >   Key words: accountability, participation, local community, watershed, Jobsorkh watershed      

   Quercus   . is the most important and most abundant tree species in west of Iran, especially the Zagros region and Bisotun natural preserved area. Bisotun natural preserved area with an area of ??82100 hectares is located in a mountainous part in the Zagros Mountains in Kermanshah province. This area is located in height of 1320 meters above sea level. Mites are active arthropods in oak forests that have different roles, like pest, predator and decomposer. Due to the importance and role of oak in the western ecosystem of the country the fauna of Prostigmata associated with Quercus   . investigated in Bisotun natural preserved area. Samples were taken from the soil and aerial parts of the oak forest in 2018 -2019. Specimens were transferred to the laboratory, segregated using Berlese funnel or stereomicroscope, clarified in lactic­­ acid and mounted in Hoyer’smounting media. In this study totally,12 species and 16 genera belonging to 12 families were collected and identified. Among these species, Anystis baccarum L. belonging to the family of Anystidae and Tetranychus urticae Koch belonging to the family of Tetranychidae, had the highest relative baundance then to other collected species. Identified species in this study listed as below: Anystidae: Anystis baccarum Linnaeus, 1758; Bdellidae: Cyta coerolipes (Duges, 1834); Cunaxidae: Pulaeus glebulentus Den Heyer, 1980; Tydeidae: Lorryia woolleyi (Baker, 1968), Tydeus caudatus (Duges, 1834); Ereynetidae: Ereynetoides amplectorus Hunter, 1964; Iolinidae: Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor, 1932), Pronematus rykei Meyer & Rodrigues, 1966; Erythraeidae: Parerythraeus sp., Abrolophus sp.; Smarididae: Smaris sp., Fessonia sp.; Raphignathidae: Raphignathus sp.; Tetranychidae: Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836; Tetranychus turkestani (Ugarov & Nikolski), 1937, Eotetranychus frosti (McGregor, 1952); Trombidiidae: Allothrombium sp.; Cheyletidae: Acaropsellina sollers Kuzin, 1940.

      Abstract: Integrated exploitation of surface and groundwater resources is one of the most important challenges facing water researchers. Integrated use is the exploitation of surface and groundwater resources in order to increase the amount of available water and the sustainable use of available water resources. Therefore, proper planning in this field requires knowledge of how surface and groundwater interact in the region and the estimation and calculation of surface and groundwater parameters and factors affecting it. Therefore, one of the main objectives of the current study is to simulate the interaction of surface and groundwater by creating a dynamic connection between surface and groundwater resources in the mid-Darband and Bilehvar plains so that the data and results are monthly between the WEAP surface water model and the water model. MODFLOW underground is in circulation. In this research used combination of simulation and optimization models. WEAP model has been used for simulation two reservoir systems consist of Gavoshan and Shohada dams which are stated in Gavehrood basin .In this regard, reservoir operation modeling has been done according to current situation in operation area for 72 months in during 2007 to 2013 years. Hence afterData collection, formed the WEAP model input files and model has been calibrated . In this chapter, the results of simulation of river and aquifer interaction in the case of simultaneous exploitation of surface and groundwater resources based on a coupled WEAP-MODFLOW model are presented. The results of simulation of surface and groundwater using WEAP and MODFLOW models are presented and the current conditions of exploitation of water resources in the region will be examined if the existing policies continue. In the following, the results of the interaction of the river and the aquifer and the share of the mysterious river in feeding or draining the aquifer or groundwater in a statistical period are discussed. Finally, while examining the percentage of meeting the needs and related reliability, the balance of water resources in the region and the components of the balance in terms of integrated operation and Exchange of the mysterious river with the plain of Miandarband and Bilevar have been evaluated. So that the simulation results showed that one of the most important achievements of this research is the creation of simulation of saturated and unsaturated soil area using complete hydroclimatology balance components as a coupled model of surface and groundwater. Also, during the period of 6 years, the highest amount of aquifer feeding in the plain is in the months of November to February, and because of the high rainfall on the plain in these months. In these months, in addition to rainfall, there is some nutrition from the infiltration of irrigation water. But in the warm months of the year, irrigation is done only through the infiltration of irrigation water.

  Abstract:  Due to the complexity and structure of the water supply networks, a computer simulator is needed to analyze the performance of the networks during operation. One of the most important parameters in computer software is the close proximity of the modeling results to the actual state of the system which must be precisely adjusted to achieve this goal.To achieve this, model coefficients must be adjusted and calibrated by field data. Parameters that are constantly changing in water distribution networks are: pipe roughness coefficient and demand pattern coefficients. These variables are not explicitly calculated by direct measurement and are usually estimated by measuring the outputs of the outputs of the models and the steps to obtain these variables are like an inverse problem.In this study, EPANET hydraulic software and genetic algorithm were used to optimize the coefficient of roughness of water supply pipes and demand pattern coefficients. The objective function in this study is to minimize the sum of the observed and computational pressure difference in the network nodes.Increasing the number of data points increases the accuracy of the results, but the cost of calibration also increases Therefore, the overall objective of this study is to determine the hydraulic calibration of the water supply network with minimum pressure measurement points.In this case, there are usually many clusters of solutions that obtain acceptable error at the sampled points, but have many other errors that can be mistakenly selected as the model's final answer if not accurate. In this research, we have presented some strategies that can be used to obtain the realistic model solution while utilizing minimum sampling points.  Keywords: Pipe roughness coefficient - Demand pattern – Water distribution network - Genetic algorithm.  

  Considering severe water scarcity in current century, integrated water resources management is urgent need to sustain water resources and economic development. The objective of this study was to introduce the optimal planning method of water resources distribution in Bisotun dam (out of river bed) for agriculture, industry and environmental sectors. Biseton reservoir dam is capable for water transformation from Gamasiab river through still pipe with 3500 lit/s capacity during 6 months (late October to April) considering water supply for agriculture, industry and environment needs in East Kermanshah. However, simulation and optimal scenarios were selected using (LINGO) and Water Evaluation and Planning System Programming (WEAP) models considering two scenario; with built dam and its upstream and without   them for agriculture, industry and environmental needs. The results revealed that in both scenarios, the transformed water to dam was constant for industry and agriculture 37 and 14 million m3, respectively. In contrast considering, the Biston dam, there is about 2 million m3 surplus water for environmental needs. Thus, the reserved upper stream through Biston dam cause reduction in down discharge flow of Gamasiab river in rainfall season and consequently can be allocated about 42 million m3 water for environment sector. This situation related to water storage in reservoir dams that are built in upper stream during rainfall seasons. Adversely, during dry months, the reserved water from these dams flowed down stream for environment needs. It is concluded that environmental water needs can be supplied during dry months.

    In this Study, using the Ansys Fluent numerical software, the Azad dam’   Spillway has been simulated. Ansys Fluent is one of the most powerful software in Flow modeling that uses computational fluid dynamics to decompose and solve the governing equations of the phenomenon studied. In this study, the outputs of the software, such as the elevation of the boundary between water and air (water surface), the Static Pressure, the average velocity, and subsequently the values of the index of cavitation in the non-aeration mode during the spillway, were extracted in the experimental model and the numerical model of the Azad dam’s spillway And presented. Validation of results was performed using experimental results of Azad dam’s spillway model with 1:33.33 scale, and then a numerical model for the optimal mesh for the other flows was also performed. The Amounts of water surface, Static pressure, and average velocity were calculated using Tecplot software, and the cavitation index was calculated during the spillway, and it was observed that during a definite end of the Spillway (160 m in reality and 6.3 meters in the model), the cavitation phenomenon It will also happen on the Spillway. As a result, to eliminate cavitation on the Azad dam’s spillway, an aeration system has been used, with dimensions selected according to criteria. In the next step, the location of the aeration system and the number needed to eliminate cavitation on the spillway have been investigated. In this research, three scenarios (four, three, and two aeration systems at different intervals) have been used. Using the numerical model for each scenario, the values of Static pressure and velocity were extracted using TecPlot software, and The cavitation index was also calculated. With regard to the Static pressure in all three modes (four, three and two aeration systems), It was understood that the pressure for the aeration Flow, only in aeration position, has a slight disparity with the non-aerated state. Also, with regard to the mean velocity values, it was observed that the velocity values from the aeration system to a considerable distance at the downstream, were significantly reduced. also, It can be seen that, unlike the static pressure values, the aeration system has been able to reduce the flow velocity in the vicinity of duct coatings in critical areas and ultimately improve the flow state in terms of cavitation phenomena. Finally, the Spillway with two aeration systems was chosen as the best option, because by comparing the cavitation indexes it was found that the multiplicity of aeration system had little effect on the results and the two aeration systems were sufficient for this spillway at specified intervals. Choosing this scenario will also save you time and money.Keywords: Ogee Spillway, Azad dam’s, Cavitation, aeration system, Ansys Fluent.

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  Due to the severe limitations of available water resources, the cost of construction and operation of water supply systems and the rapid population growth and the growing demand for drinking water for this population, the optimal design of these networks, so that the best performance in The length of the operating period is of necessity. One of the most important network design factors is the choice of appropriate diameters based on the cost and lack of pressure and flow rates in the network. The issue of minimizing the cost is done by minimizing the diameter of the pipework, which reduces the pressure on the grid. Since the supply of proper pressure in the nodes is one of the important principles of design and low pressure will result in the lack of full water supply to the site, so in this research the problem of optimization in several sample networks with the objectives of minimizing cost and minimum Deficiency of pressure is defined throughout the network. EPANET software was used for hydraulic analysis of sample networks and the multi-objective optimization process was coded using PESA-II, NSGA-II, MOPSO, SPEA-II transcoding algorithms in MATLAB software environment and Connecting them to the EPANET body. cost dependant First, only by considering the relationship between cost and diameter and pipe lengths, the program was executed with 10,000 and 20,000 replications. Then, in the next definition, the cost of the violation of the permissible pressure range (minimum and maximum allowable pressure of 30 and 70 meters respectively) was added to this function and the program was repeated with 200 repetitions. The results showed that these algorithms have high ability to find optimal solutions and were able to optimize the network in terms of cost and pressure by finding the diameter of the pipes. In all of these algorithms, taking into account the cost of an exceedance of the permissible pressure limits leads to a reduction in the number of replicates with the number of optimal answers and the time to achieve convergence will be significantly reduced. But in general, in the latter case, the two algorithms PESA-II and SPEA-II had a better relative performance than the other algorithms, and the MOPSO algorithm was the last.

AbstractAbstract Flood routing is of greatimportance because of the possibility of predicting flood, especially in floodareas, and much research has been done so farSaint-Venant is a set ofone-dimensional equations of conjunction and motion size Which isused in numerical simulation of flood. These equations lack analyticalsolution, and to solve it different numerical models such as software mike11,hecras It is used. Considering theimportance of flood rotation in different sections of the river and itsapplication in designing of flood alert systems, as well as flood volume forecastin the downstream sections of the river, The aim of this study was to check theMIKE11 and backup vector machine (SVM) in flood rotation in the downstreamsections of the river. In the present study, a hydraulicroughness of the flood hydrograph between the two hydrometric stations ofHeilian and Tang-e-Sezabon was located in the range of the Seymareh River, Ilamprovince. For this purpose, 365 sections were considered. Each of these twomodels was calibrated by a hydrograph of flood calibration and the accuracy ofthe work was verified by two flood hydrographs. . Then flood hydrograph with different return periods wasgiven to these two applications, and the flood rotation was performed atdifferent sections and with different return periods. The results showed thatboth models were able to predict the output hydrographs. Therefore, because the SVM model needs less information, it can be usedto streamline the flood of this model instead of models like Mike11, whichrequires a lot of information   Keywords: hydraulic routing, flood hydrograph, MIKE11numerical model, backup vector machine(svm)  

  

  Drought is one of the most important environmental stresses in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world that has an inhibitory effect on plant growth and yield. In this regard, growth regulators such as salicylic acid play a vital role during the growth and development stages of plants, and therefore their proper application can improve plant yield and increase plant resistance in coping with drought stress. Adding superabsorbent polymers to the soil also acts as a reservoir for water storage and thus, when they are added to the soil, they absorb irrigation water and prevent it from subsiding. This feature is important for coping with drought and reducing the effects of drought stress on the crops. In this research, the effects of drought stress, superabsorbent polymer and salicylic acid on growth and yield of Mung bean (Vigna radiata) investigated. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a randomized complete design with three replications in the greenhouse of agricultural and natural resources campus of Razi University. The treatments included drought stress at three levels (soil moisture equivalent at 30, 60 and 100% field capacity), superabsorbent in three levels (0, 0.3 and 0.5 wt. %) and salicylic acid at four levels (250, 500 and 750 ?M in the spray application). The results showed that drought stress caused a significant reduction in many of vegetative and reproductive characteristics of Mung bean such as; stem length, root volume, leaf area, stem and leaf dry weight, protein yield, leaf relative water content and yield components at 1% level, while the use of salicylic acid and superabsorbent polymer significantly increased these characteristics compared to the control. Also, the interaction of drought and superabsorbent stress caused a significant difference in the number of seeds per plant, harvest index, stem and leaf dry weight, grain yield, biological yield, proline content, leaf relative water content, fresh and dry weight of the root, root area and volume. The interaction of drought stress and salicylic acid also significantly affected the number of seeds per plant, harvest index, stem length, grain yield, proline content, fresh and dry weight of root and root surface, and interaction of salicylic acid and superabsorbent significantly affected the number of seeds per plant, harvest index, proline content, relative water content of leaves, fresh and dry weight of root and root volume and surface. In addition, the interactions of all three factors, drought stress, superabsorbent and salicylic acid, also caused a significant difference between all the experimental parameters, except seed number per pod, 100 seed weight, stem length and root length. In general, under drought conditions, the different plant characteristics are affected by drought stress, and conversely, the use of 500 ?m salicylic acid or 0.3% by weight of superabsorbent has a positive role to reduce significantly the effects of extreme drought stress (30% FC) on the most traits than the control.Keywords: Drought stress, growth parameters, Mung bean, salicylic acid, superabsorbent.

  In the present study, a computer code is developed that will examine several issues in a complementary and interrelated way. Initially, hydraulic flow simulation for normal river sections is performed in tree-shaped systems of open channels under the program. In a tree system, the total flow of input to the system is known, and it is necessary to determine with the special algorithm that is considered in this study the discharge of each of the channels branched out from the main channel. Also, due to the fact that normal transverse sections have several different roughness coefficients on the flood and main channels, and in order to calculate hydraulic factors such as depth and flow velocity, it is necessary to determine the hydraulic equivalent roughness coefficient. In this subprogram, the values ??of the equivalent roughness coefficient The natural compound sections are calculated using different methods. In the present model, we examine 26 existing equations for calculating the equivalent roughness coefficient in normal periods and are evaluated in comparison with the previous measurement results and known commercial models of existing relationships. After hydraulic simulation, the flow of results, including the depth and flow velocity in different sections in each branch, is sent under the program of pollution. The surface water that flows in the form of rivers is the place where the waste water from the agricultural, industrial and urban wastewaters is discharged. These issues affect the quality of water resources for human consumption. Even sometimes, the amount and type of contamination are in a way that leads to irreparable damage to the environment and animal life. Therefore, adequate utilization of rivers requires adequate information on the amount and type of pollutants present in it. During this research, the pollution program is carried out using the numerical solution of the transmission and distribution equation.

  Abstract    Today, the   urvey and analysis of uncertainties in any program is considered necessary,So that without considering and analyzing these uncertainties The occurrence of unpleasant situations that their events challenge the programs goals, Not waiting. These studies are conducted within the framework of risk management .In principle, the Monte Carlo simulation method is used as a tool for analyzing and integrating the various combinations of uncertainties. Uncertainty is integral component of hydrological and hydraulic models. Proper assessment of uncertainty in hydrological models may help to avoid high risk decisions, high cost of product-life cycle, over design structures. The aim of this study was to quantify the uncertainty of flood zoning maps for the reach of Seymwreh River. In this area due to heavy rains, floods cause a lot damage. First, the HEC-RAS flood zoning was calibrated based on F factor. Subsequently, using artificial data generation, 30 artificial data series were generated for the period of returns of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years. In Finally, the probability boundaries of the flood plain of the river were determined at the probability level of 90% and 10%, using the probability curve. The results showed that the increase in uncertainty bandwidth will increase as the maximum uncertainty bandwidth of 450 hectares is related to the flood with a return period of 100 years performed according to Monte Carlo simulation method with random sampling of the parameters space (floodplain and channel roughness coefficients). The model was run 500 times, and the results were evaluated comparing with observed area based on the F factor. Response surface curves obtained from sampling Monte Carlo showed that the highest performance of F when the coefficient of roughness for the channel and floodplain is 0/046 and 0/058. Then using the cumulative distribution function of flood zones, an uncertainty was reached at the upper and lower limits.      Keywords: Uncertainty,   Probability flood plain, Mont Carlo, Seymareh river

  Crop management of weeds is one of the important strategies in sustainable agriculture. In this regard, identification of herbal traits affecting competitive ability and crop nutritional status is of particular importance. This experiment was conducted to identify the herbal properties affecting competitive ability of wheat cultivars with weeds at different levels of nitrogen in 1394 at the research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University of Kermanshah. The experiment was conducted as split plot in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The factors studied included the application of nitrogen at three levels (0, 50 and 100% recommended by soil test) as the main factor and wheat cultivars (Urum, Sirvan, Sivand, Parsi, Pishgam, Pishtaz and Mihan) as sub factors. . In order to investigate the effect of test factors on weed interference, each replication was split longitudinally from the middle to two halves, one of which weed control was controlled throughout the growing season, and in the other, no control was performed. The results showed that the highest and lowest nitrogen yields were 100 and 0%, respectively. Among the wheat cultivars, Pishgam cultivars were the highest and Orum and Mihan cultivars had the least yield. Also, with increasing nitrogen fertilizer application in terms of interference with weeds, the power index of competition tolerance of cultivars decreased and the density and dry weight of weeds increased, indicating more competitive weeds than wheat cultivars. The results showed that in competition with weeds Sivand, Pishtaz and Pishgam cultivars, due to the leaf area index, height, crop growth rate, seedling weights and number of spikes per square meter more, decreased the density and weeds biomass They had a higher competition index than other cultivars.  Key words: Interference, Competition, Variety, Wheat, Nitrogen, Plant Properties

باتوجه به كمبود آب در كشور افزايش عملكر هيدروليكي وبالابردن راندمان توزيع آب در شبكه هاي آبياري ضرروي مي باشد . يكي از راه كارهاي بالابردن راندمان بهره وري آب در كشاورزي افزايش دقت در اندازه گيري دبي و كنترل سطح آب مي باشد . به منظور كنترل سطح آب از دريچه هاي كشويي و قطاعي استفاده مي شود . تخمين ضريب دبي و به تبع آن دبي عبوري از اين دريچه ها ضرروريست . از اين رو دز اين پژوهش به بررسي تاثير آستانه بر ضريب دبي دريچه هاي كشويي و قطاعي در شرايط جريان آزاد با استفاده از نرم افزار فلوتردي پرداخته شده است .