December 2017, and the lowest chlorophyll a concentration in February 2017  

The Heshilan Wetland serves as a temporary resting place for migratory birds and plays a significant role in the growth of specific plant species, the nourishment of groundwater, and the climate of the province. The unique economic values of the wetland, such as the presence of small and large islands with recreational and tourism potential, the exploitation of reeds, pastures, and the promotion of agriculture and livestock farming, have attracted people to this natural environment. This study was conducted with the aim of calculating the environmental water needs of the Heshilan Wetland under various climatic conditions, based on a comprehensive method. In this study, all social, economic, ecological, and hydromorphological indicators were considered, and by valuing and selecting indicators for each section, the aquatic bird, the Eurasian coot, was chosen as the final ecological indicator due to its highest degree of importance. To estimate the area of the water surface and vegetation cover of the Heshilan Wetland from 2000 to 2024, Landsat satellite images and the software ENVI and ARC GIS were utilized. To calculate the environmental water needs of the wetland, the relationship between the area of the wetland's water surface and the number of Eurasian coots under targeted conditions was examined at three levels, resulting in the conclusion that the volume of water required to achieve optimal, acceptable, and minimum conditions is 1,240, 900, and 580 thousand cubic meters, respectively. The results indicated that to maintain the volume of the wetland under drought and normal conditions, in order to meet the minimum acceptable ecological conditions, approximately 5.40 and 0.3 million cubic meters of water per year will be needed in the first six months of the water year, while there will be no shortage during the first six months of the water year under wet conditions. Therefore, as a management strategy, by creating new water inflow sources to the wetland through the irrigation and drainage canal of the Gavshan Dam, the required water can be supplied without harming other consumers, bringing the water level of the wetland to the targeted ecological level. These results can assist policymakers and water resource managers in taking more effective actions to preserve and manage aquatic ecosystems in the Heshilan Wetland basin.   

      Determining changes in underground water reserves,especially in arid and semi-arid regions, is a vital issue for managing and planning underground water resources.GRACE sateiiite produces changes in water storage with a spatial resolution of 1degree by using the changes in the earth`s gravity field.In this research,it was tried in two cells of one square degree of Kurdistan province (Dehgolan and Qorveh plains and bijar plains), along the geography of 47 to 48 degrees east,which include a part of the total ares of the aquifer.Using the data of two   data processing centers of GRACE satellite named JPL and CSR ,the changes of monthly underground water level in the period of August 2002 to june 2022 have been evaluated.Using the values of ground water availability (TWS) produced from GRACE satellite data,snow equivalent water and water stored in the canopy of plants extracted from the GLDAS model , which has a spatial resolution of 1 resolutio   of   1 degree and Monthly statements are provided.to estimate the monthly changes in the underground water ievel.Also , an estimate of the monthly changes in the GLDA   model was obtained at a resolution of 0.25 degree in order to compare with the results of the GRACE satellite data.Monthly observation data from piezometric wells of the study area , which were used to validate the resultsThe results show that ,except for a few months, in most of the study period ,the estimation made by all the data of different GRACE processing centers is more than the values obtained from the observational piezometric weel data.It should be noted that values estimated by the GLDAS model show a more suitable estimate compared to the GRACE, data compared to the observational data.Also, based on the MAE and RMSE statistical indicators, it can be concluded that the data produced in the GLDAS model is a more accurate estimate and closer to the reality than the data of piezometric wells and the CSR processing center of the GRACE satellite.

   Abstract: In water resource management, irrigation and drainage network design, and hydraulic structures, estimating reference evapotra  iration (ETo) plays a critical role. Most methods for estimating ETo start with the prediction of the reference ETo value. Although lysimeters are recommended for accurate ETo measurement, their high cost and limitations prevent widespread use. Instead, weather stations use various climatic data, such as wind speed, solar radiation, temperature, and humidity, to calculate ETo. However, the quality of available data may be insufficient or not accessible in different parts of the world, and many weather stations lack long-term data necessary for accurate ETo estimation. Satellite data can serve as a suitable alternative to weather station data, offering broader spatial coverage over shorter time periods at lower costs. This study initially used weather station data to calculate ETo employing the FAO Penman-Monteith method. Subsequently, ETo was estimated using the FAO Penman-Monteith equation with climatic data from ERA5 and ERA5-Land. Additionally, ETo values from the WaPOR dataset were also utilized. The comparison of daily ETo estimates derived from ERA5 and ERA5-Land reanalysis data with those from synoptic weather station data revealed that, despite high R² values at all 13 stations in Kermanshah province, only the stations of Kangavar, Harsin, Kermanshah, Ravansar, Islamabad-e Gharb, Javanrud, and Gilan-e Gharb (for ERA5) and Kangavar, Gilan-e Gharb, and Javanrud (for ERA5-Land) had nRMSE values below 30%. Furthermore, the comparison of ETo from the WaPOR dataset with ETo from synoptic weather stations showed that, while high R² values were present at all 13 stations, stations such as Sonqor, Tazehabad, Sarpol-e Zahab, and Gilan-e Gharb had nRMSE values exceeding 30%, indicating that WaPOR performed better in terms of the number of stations with errors above 30% compared to the other datasets. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the WaPOR, ERA5, and ERA5-Land datasets, in that order, provide suitable performance for calculating ETo at the examined stations and can be effectively utilized as alternatives for this purpose in the study area.

 Underground water is one of the important sources of water supply in the world and in Iran. Due to the increase in population and the development of human activities, the quality of underground water is decreasing. This can cause problems for human health, environment and agriculture. Iran is located in an arid and semi-arid region with an average annual rainfall of less than a third of the global amount. The spatial and temporal distribution of regional rainfall is also not uniform, estimates indicate It is that by 2025, Iran will become one of the salt marshes that will face the crisis of water resources shortage, which shows the necessity of managing water resources and considering measures to reduce water consumption. Absence of water resources has been observed in the regions of the country. Underground water resources provide more than half of Iran's annual water needs. It is estimated that 50% of drinking water in the world and about 63% of drinking water in Iran are provided through underground water sources. The increase in agricultural activities and the development of urbanization in dry areas have faced a big challenge for sustainable development, and it has faced a shortage of surface water resources. and the amount of water demand has increased significantly, which is why these sources have been exposed to a high risk of pollution and have faced one of the main challenges for drinking water suppliers. Groundwater is the main source of water in arid and semi-arid regions. The importance of these sources should not be underestimated. In addition to supplying the water needed by a certain region for drinking and irrigation, it is also important for other surrounding regions. That's why its quality is also important. It has been seriously considered In this research, taking into account the important qualitative factors in the study area of Bijar plain of Kurdistan province during the years 1392 to 1401, it was conducted in more than ten wells of Bijar plain area and the results of the collected data are the average of the wells. Hasan Abad 1 and 2, Takht Bijar, Halvai 1 and 2, Qamishlo 1, 2 and 3, and Yasukand, Salavat Abad and Tashe Abad 1 and 2 from the samples taken, which include the physicochemical parameters of the water, such as the pH level, water temperature, color, and nitrate turbidity. and nitrite and ammonia, iron and magnesium, carbon dioxide, COD, and dissolved oxygen are included

   Surface waters such as rivers are among the most important sources of water that play a crucial role in supplying water for various activities such as agriculture, industry, drinking, and electricity generation. The Gharasoo River, which is one of the key surface water sources in Kermanshah Province, has had a good water quality in the past, to the extent that it has been used as a water source for the city of Kermanshah for many years. Unfortunately, in recent years, due to the influx of pollution from urban and industrial wastewater, agricultural runoff, hazardous chemicals, microbe-contaminated sewage, and more, the water quality of the river has significantly deteriorated. This study examines the water quality and quality >  

   Abstract Plant coefficient is one of the important plant parameters in the calculation equation of plant evaporation and tra  iration, and the method of its calculation is very important. Due to the fact that the necessary information for calculating the plant factor by direct methods is not available in most of the country's lands, so collecting information to calculate the plant factor using direct methods requires a lot of time and money, today, we are looking for new methods to obtain Vegetation coefficient is one of these methods that is suitable for large areas is the use of satellite images and remote sensing. Using these methods, the required parameters can be obtained spatially on a large scale. In this research, the plant factor of potato was determined using the lysimetric method. For this purpose, data such as the amount of irrigation water, the amount of drained water, the amount of soil moisture before irrigation and the amount of rain water were measured. According to the measured values, evaporation and tra  iration of reference plant and potato plant were determined. Further, by dividing the evaporation and tra  iration of the potato plant by the evaporation and tra  iration of the reference plant, the plant coefficient was obtained for the initial, middle and final stages, respectively, 0.69, 1.02, and 0.86. Then, using Landsat 8 satellite images and Sebal algorithm, the value of potato vegetation coefficient was obtained for the initial, middle and final stages, respectively, 0.06, 0.75, 0.43. Finally, the vegetation coefficient obtained using these two methods were compared by RMSE, ME, MBE, NRMSE, MAE and R^2 statistical indices. The values of these indices were obtained as 0.14, 0.012, 0.22, 0.11, 0.08 and 0.76, respectively, which shows that the results obtained using the two methods are close to each other. Next, the relationship between vegetation coefficient and vegetation indices SAVI and NDVI was found using linear regression; The correlation coefficient (R^2) between SAVI and NDVI was 0.33 and 0.62, respectively. Also, a regression was performed between the potato vegetation index and the combination of SAVI and NDVI vegetation indices, and the correlation coefficient value was 0.90. According to the values of R^2, it can be concluded that the plant coefficient calculated using the combination of SAVI and NDVI indices will give a better result than using these indices alone. Keywords: evapotra  iration, potato, remote sensing, plant factor, Landsat 8, SAVI, NDVI

    Water resources management planning is one ofthe most practical and necessary human measures to preserve and preserveavailable fresh water resources, since available freshwater resources arelimited, finding a balanced relationship between environmental needs and humanneeds is an important step in the sustainability of water resources. For properplanning for water resources management in the first place, having sufficientand reliable climatic parameters and hydrology based on which the mostappropriate planning can be necessary.In thisresearch, first, the existing data of the hydrometric stations under theGamasiab basin have been investigated by different methods and prepared forprediction, purification and reconstruction of the data, and differentdimensions of dependent variables, taking into account the spatial dimensions ortime dimensions of the parameters, have been created in two differentscenarios, in each scenario, 80% and 20% of the data have been used to trainand test the model, respectively. Also, using principal component reductionmethods, appropriate dimensions are selected and modeled by genetic algorithmin Python programming environment using known methods of machine learning andoptimization. Finally, according to the percentage of matching and validationof each of these methods, the most accurate option and prediction method havebeen selected.Theresults of prediction and data purification in the first scenario (by spatialmethod) showed that the results were more favorable in the conditions that thedata were standardized and also the results of the non-temporal approach werebetter than the time series in similar situations, so that the highestcoefficient obtained from NSE for the data of the training stage was 0.85 andfor the testing stage was 0.6. In general, the best result in this scenario isrelated to the non-temporal approach and by selecting the model feature by theSVR model optimized by genetic algorithm.Ingeneral, prediction and data purification are influenced by different factors,the results of this study showed that data processing, taking into account thetime sequence of data, reducing the input dimensions of the model and usinggenetic optimization algorithm have the greatest impact on obtaining thedesired result and with high accuracy for accurate prediction and purificationof data, respectively.

   Management of River surface water quality is very important. Qualitative indicators of pollution can show the trend of changes in water quality over time and place. This study was conducted to evaluate the water quality of Golin River using five quality indicators: IRWQIsc, NSFWQI, CWQI, WQI, Liou. For this purpose, the water of Golin River in Najjar village station was sampled twice every month in a one-year period from April 2019 to March 2020. Also, for statistical analysis, sampling frequency was considered as replication and the desired station was considered as treatment.Comparison between data was done by Duncan statistical method at the level of five and one percent. Studid Parameters was include Do, PH, BOD5, COD, TDS, No3, Po4, Ec, Fe, K, Ca, water temperature, air temperature, O2, salinity, No2, So4, Cu, total hardness, CaCo3, Co2, turbidity.   The results of the research using different indicators showed that the IRWQIsc quality index was classified in the index between (30.15-41.88) in relatively poor quality and from (26.70 - 27.85) in poor quality and According to the obtained results, Rural sewage disposal, agricultural wastewater and animal waste are the main causes of reduced river water quality in the studied station. The results of NSFWQI index showed that the river water quality during the study period in the summer is in the bad group and it's only suitable for irrigation of agricultural land also in spring, autumn and winter, it is exsist in the middle group, and if it is used to supply drinking water, it needs advanced purification. Also, according to the NSFWQI index, the Golin River water was suitable for breeding fisheries and water-resistant species and also drinking water for domestic animals. The values of CWQI index based on water quality standard for environmental protection of aquatic ecosystem of cold-water fish also showed that water quality status is in the bad category (0-44) and in terms of the standard of use of the agricultural industry is placed in the border category (45-64). The results of the WQI quality index also showed that the water quality index is in a good category with a limited (50-100) and is suitable for drinking water. In Liou index, the results showed that water quality is in the relatively polluted category between 3.1-6 and with increasing oxygen, the value of the index decreases.

   Abstract    Due to limited water resources, its cost of supply, and proper management of it, the use of modern irrigation methods in the agricultural sector, especially gardening is essential. Among the new irrigation methods, we can name the drip irrigation system, which is used in high-efficiency water distribution for optimal use of water resources due to its potential. Evaluation of irrigation systems to improve and manage them is essential. In this study, 5 drip irrigation systems in the city of Salas Babajani were selected and evaluated. The assessments were performed according to the guidelines of the US Department of Soil Conservation (SCS) and the Merriam and Keller method. In this evaluation, in each of the systems, the operation methods and management, technical problems and issues (design and implementation), and chemical quality of water, have been analyzed. The results showed that in most of the systems, due to the lack of central control device and proper filtration system, most of the drippers were blocked, and also due to the inadequate pressure of the drippers, the uniformity of the drop in the studied systems was reduced. The wetting area varied from 14.89 to 33.49% of the total area, so that in all systems except one system, the wetting percentage was less than the minimum recommended design value (33%). The minimum and maximum uniformity of water distribution in the systems (EUs) was 29.49% and 62.56%, respectively, which indicated the low performance of the systems based on this index so that the uniformity of distribution of systems in all evaluated farms was in the weak range. Low-quarter potential application efficiency (PELQs) values ranged from 26.83% to 53.3%, indicating poor system performance on all farms. Low-quarter application efficiency systems (AELQs) ranged from 29.48 to 62.56%   according to this index, the performance of systems in all farms was assessed as poor. According to the values of Langelier saturation index (LSI) obtained from water sources in the studied farms, there was a tendency of calcium carbonate deposition in two farms, but in other farms, there was no risk of sedimentation. In general, the poor performance of systems was due to various reasons such as lack of central control station or proper filtration system in the systems, low wetting area, unsuitable type and the number of droplets, droplet clogging, pressure difference in systems, inadequate pressure and uneven distribution, improper distribution. The irrigation cycle and duration and ultimately poor management were exploitative.       Keywords: Drip irrigation, evaluation, Uniformly distribution, Potential efficiency, Actual Efficiency, Langer saturation index

      Generally, in many parts of the world, the water needed for various uses is obtained from groundwater resources. In recent years, excessive use of groundwater has led to a drop in groundwater levels and a decrease in groundwater quality. Although the concept of groundwater quality seems obvious, some methods need to be considered and evaluated. The agricultural sector with a 95% share and more than 80% share of groundwater resources plays a major role in the quantitative and qualitative changes of aquifers. In arid and semi-arid regions, which include most of the plains of our country, due to the scarcity of surface water resources and the ease of harvesting from groundwater aquifers, people are more dependent on groundwater resources than others. Groundwater is one of the most important water resources in agriculture, drinking and industry in arid regions such as Iran. It is one of the countries that due to lack of surface water resources, consumes most of water in agriculture from water. Groundwater ensures that the quality of these waters is increasingly diminished as a result of overcrowding, flooding and interference of the freshwater fronts. This study was carried out on Bijar Plain aquifer located in Kurdistan province in west of the country. To achieve the stated goals, rainfall data from 1366 to 1391, quantitative and qualitative data from 1388 to 1397 were used. We are. In this research, by using qualitative and quantitative data analysis from Kurdistan Regional Water Company and using GIS software, Mod flow has attempted to achieve the following goals. 1. Overview of groundwater abstraction in Bijar-Divandareh plain and its effect on water quality and quantity of studied plain. 2. Investigation of groundwater in the studied plain in terms of corrosion and sedimentation. 3. Evaluation of groundwater response to drought in different periods 4. Simulation of groundwater level changes in Bijar-Divandareh Plain using Mod flow software At first, the groundwater quality of the plain under study has been interpreted and analyzed in terms of drinking, agriculture, sedimentation and corrosion during the statistical period. In general, the results indicate that the western and central plains are more potent than the eastern plains in both low-water (high-humidity) and high-water (June) months, according to the standards. . The results also show the desirability of groundwater quality for agricultural use in the west of the plain, in a small part of northeast of the groundwater plain has poor quality for agricultural purposes. In terms of corrosion and sedimentation, it should be noted that according to the results, the western part of the plain has the corrosive property and the eastern part has sedimentation with different intensities.

   Nowadays water resources are one of the great treasures of human beings, for which proper operation requires effective rules and management regarding the different demands, lacks and limitations in using the resources. Dams are applied for different purposes. Optimal operation of dam reservoirs is one of the important issues in water management. In this study, optimal operation of dam has been examined in order to supply maximum dam tailwater needs, in deterministic and probabilistic system. The case study is Qeshlaq dam constructed on Maryamnegar River, 15 Kilometer northwest of Sahneh in Kermanshah province. The aim of Qeshlaq reservoir dam construction is supplying drinking water demand in Sahneh, providing environmental and agricultural demands of Chemchemal valley and establishment of irrigation network in Sahneh city. Water management simulation and planning of this area was done by WEAP simulator software. Regarding the precipitation being indecisive and its direct effect on the inflow, probabilistic flow is more certainly. Therefore, the system probabilistic conditions were studied by making the inflow probabilistic and examining the effect of probabilistic cumulative distribution function (CDF) on demand supply. This probabilistic approach was codded in Lingo software based on definite optimization by linear planning under probabilistic limitations. In this approach, the inflow to reservoir was compared using two different ways including CDF calculation by Weibull distribution and the best fitness distribution. The results of simulation and optimization by deterministic approach shows that supplies in agricultural, drinking, and environmental demands are, respectively, 92%, 95% and 95%. Due to reservoir inflow decrease in probabilistic than deterministic approach, the reservoir optimal volume was, first, estimated considering the inflows and deterministic demands. It was 27.6 Million cubic meter which shows the high estimation in designing the reservoir of Qeshlaq dam than the reservoir designing volume (47.6 Million cubic meter). In addition, all demands are fully supplied in this condition.

  ABSTRACT:Measuring the area of cultivated lands is important for management of problems related to these lands.   Measuring the area of cultivated lands based on traditional methods for large – scale studies is very difficult, time consuming and costly due to low accuracy. Nowadays, modern methods are used to estimate the area of cultivate lands, that use vegetation indices as their inputs.   In this study, three unregulated, supervised and hierarchical justify; MARGIN: 12pt 62.35pt 0pt" >Keywords:acreage cultivated, maize plant, Remote sensing, Sentinel 2, NDVI and SAVI vegetation index.  

  Abstract: Water in plants seems essential. In this study, the evaluation of scenarios for increasing the water use efficiency of rainfed barley in Kermanshah province using Aquacrop plant growth simulation model is investigated. For this purpose, the required model data including climatic, vegetation and soil data related to the plant were given to the model. Considering the elements and climatic factors affecting the barley yield in Kermanshah province, also the results of aquakrap model implementation and tests performed between yield values and climatic variables, it seems that the amount of rainfall during the growth period and its distribution is the most important. The influencing parameter on the amount of rainfed barley yield at the five stations studied. Also, the stations with higher rainfall showed better performance. But for the blue atmosphere, there is no significant relationship between the values of blue water yield and precipitation, as the blue atmosphere is more dependent on irrigation and management methods. The highest average rainfall performance simulated by the Aquavrap model was at the Ravansar station and the lowest at the Sarpul-Nab station. Meanwhile, the spatial variability of rainfed barley yield in the province is much greater than the blue one, which may reflect the rainfall differences in the region and its effect on the rainfed climate. Also, the highest average performance of blue atmosphere is related to Sarpolzahab station and the lowest average is for Kangavar and Islamabad stations.Based on the results of the aquacraft model, the simulated performance of blue barley and rainfed was significantly more sensitive to planting date variations. Among the dates executed for the model, the date with the highest average yield was considered as the optimum date for planting. The optimal planting date for rainfed barley at Kermanshah and Ravansar Station is October 20 (October 28), Islamabad and Kangavar October 10 (October 18), and Sarpulzabab November 20 (October 4-5), as well as the optimal planting date for barley Blue at Kermanshah and Islamabad stations is October 30 (October 8), Kangavar and Ravansar October 10 (October 18) and Sarpolzadeh November 10 (November 19). In general it can be stated that due to the general limitations of the model implementation, the aquacraft model has been able to properly simulate different stages of barley. Keywords: Barley, Water Use Efficiency,, Aquacrop Simulation Model

  Water is a critical and critical source of harm. The increasing global population and the reduction of water resources are one of the most important challenges facing human today. Since water resources can directly affect social and economic development, it is considered to be the basis for developmental activity. One of the most important issues of the current century is the issue of global warming, which is exacerbated by the greenhouse effect and is expected to cause changes in climate variables. In the past, management decisions were made in the context of a future climate of the past. But now, a wide range of changes in the future climate is due to human activities, such as greenhouse gas emissions, by fossil and inhuman fuels such as volcanic activity. In this regard, understanding the constraints on planning water resources management and the proper understanding of the behavior of phenomena that affect the status of water resources and the implementation of policies that are appropriate and adapted to climate conditions are important. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of climate change on the quality and quality of the Khorramrud basin in Congarev County under RCP scenarios. For this purpose, at the outset, the output of four climatic models was extracted under RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP8.5 scenarios for the baseline period from 2015 to 1983. The MOTP method was used to reduce uncertainty in climate models. Then, the results of the climate models were compared with the Moore period. The results indicate the proper performance of the models, and the weighted model of the model. Most climate models predict a declining trend for precipitation parameters. Long-term yields in RCP8.5 scenarios are reported to be lower than RCP 4.5 and RCP6. The results of the climate change of the temperature parameter also show an increase. The temperature changes in the period 2053 were more than the 2020 period. So, in the period 2020 under the scenario RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP 8.5 were predicted to increase by 1, 1.5 and 2 ° C, and in the period 2053, 2, 3 and 4 ° C. In order to investigate the runoff condition of the catchment area, two models of artificial neural network and Eeyacher rainfall-runoff models were compared for the base period. The results indicate the superiority of rainfall-runoff model in Ahexers runoff simulation in Khorramrud basin. Then, in order to investigate the future runoff status of the basin, the outputs of climate models were used. The artificial neural network model was used to assess the qualitative status of the Khorramrod River catchment area. The quality parameters of total solvent solids (TDS) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were calibrated for the 20 year base period. At the end of the output of the climatic models and Precipitation-Eichers runoff was used to predict the qualitative status of future river quality parameters

  Research was conducted to determine the water requirement and different plant coefficients and of Ambarbo rice variety in Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus. A series of Lysimetric experiments in the field and greenhouse were conducted during two years of 1396 to 1397. Experiment were conducted for two years. In the field condition three drainage lysimeters with diameter of 1.2 and height of 1.4 meters and in the glass room 6 lysimeter with diameter of 0.40 and height of 0.80m with 20*20 plant distance were used. Also, during both years of investigation and based on meteorological data, the total potential evapotra  iration in field conditions was calculated using the Penman-Monteith FAO method as 435.61 and 438.65 mm for both years of investigation respectively. The same parameter was estimated in greenhouse conditions by (pan dir=rtl align=right>    Keywords: Ambarbo Rice variety, Water requirements, Drainage Lysimeter, crop coefficients, Greenhouse and farm conditions  Research was conducted to determine the water requirement and different plant coefficients and of Ambarbo rice variety in Razi University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus. A series of Lysimetric experiments in the field and greenhouse were conducted during two years of 1396 to 1397. Experiment were conducted for two years. In the field condition three drainage lysimeters with diameter of 1.2 and height of 1.4 meters and in the glass room 6 lysimeter with diameter of 0.40 and height of 0.80m with 20*20 plant distance were used. Also, during both years of investigation and based on meteorological data, the total potential evapotra  iration in field conditions was calculated using the Penman-Monteith FAO method as 435.61 and 438.65 mm for both years of investigation respectively. The same parameter was estimated in greenhouse conditions by (pan dir=rtl align=right>    Keywords: Ambarbo Rice variety, Water requirements, Drainage Lysimeter, crop coefficients, Greenhouse and farm conditions  

     In this research, the effect of egg shell, rice shell, wheat straw and oak leaves on the removal of nitrate ions from aqueous solutions by continuous and discontinuous systems was investigated. In discontinuous experiments, the effects of factors such as pH, balance time, optimum adsorbent mass and initial concentrations of nitrate ions were studied, In addition, in order to evaluate the efficiency of the adsorbents studied and its use in discontinuous experiments, depletion tests were carried out. In continuous experiments, the effect of changes in the concentration of nitrate entering the column was evaluated in increasing the efficiency of the absorption column and the application of continuous absorption models was described in the description of the failure curves. By increasing the pH of the solution from 3 to 8, the efficiency of removal of nitrate ions by egg shell, rice shell, wheat straw and oak leaves (93.05-98.03), (81/53-92/51 , (86/23-89/15) and (90/76-94/22) percent and nitrate adsorption capacity were from (1/49-1/51), (1/32-1/49), (1/34-1/35) and (1/48-1/49) mg/g increased. According to the results, the optimum absorption pH for the adsorbents was 5. The equilibrium time for egg shell, rice shell and wheat straw was 30 minutes and 120 minutes for oak leaves Adsorbents. By increasing the adsorbent mass from 0/3 to 1/6 g, at the time of equilibrium and optimal pH, the adsorption efficiency of nitrate ion in mass of 0/5 g of egg shell, rice husk and wheat straw absorbents was maximum (97/24 ), (93/50) and (90/14) and in the mass of 0/7 gram of oak leaves absorbent reached the maximum value (93/82) percent. With increasing initial concentration of nitrogen ion from 5 to 120 mg/l, the efficiency of removal of nitrate ion by egg shell, rice shell, wheat straw and oak leaves were (99/42-87/38), (92/54-85/44), (89/49-73/60) and (94/41-89/35) percent respectively. The absorption process follows the Ho model and Freundlich isotherm. The results of continuous experiments showed that the total amount of nitrate absorbed and the column absorption capacity increased with the increase in the concentration of nitrate entering the column and the Thomas model was more consistent with experimental data. Based on the results of this study, egg shell, rice shell, wheat straw and oak leaves have high removal potential of ion nitrate.                Key word: Nitrate, egg shell, rice shell, wheat straw, oak leaves, aqueous solution, continuous system.

  In the present study the effects of nanostructure wheat straw, rice husk, oak leaves and egg shells on the removal of sodium from water solution and soil columns by batch and Continuous adsorption experiments was investigated. In batch experiments, the effect of factors such as pH, equilibrium time, optimum adsorbent mass, initial concentration of sodium ion was studied. In order to study the practical usefulness of the adsorbents and their possible, use, desorption experiments were conducted, as well. The results of the study showed that with pH of the solution varying from 3 to 8, for straw, rice husk, oak leaves and egg shells, nanostructure adsorbents, the removal efficiency (%) of sodium ion (79.5-86), (84.2-87), (88-95.9) and (87-91), respectively and the sodium adsorption capacity for the adsorbents increased from 1.30 to 1.39, 1. 53 to 1.61, 1. 58 to 1.77 and 1. 57 to 1.65 mg/g, respectively. According to the results, the optimum absorption pH for the adsorbents was 5. The equilibrium time was determined for straw, rice husk and egg shells adsorbents, 30 min and for oak leaf adsorbents120 min. With increase in the initial concentration from 5 to 120 mg/L, the removal percentage of sodium for straw, rice husk, oak leaves and egg shells nanostructure adsorbents were obtained (85.49-68.08), (89.43-68.20), (94.72-73.49) and (89-68) respectively. Higher initial ions concentrations led to lower removal percentages and higher adsorption capacity. With an increase in the adsorbent dosage from 0.3 to 1.6g, at equilibrium time and pH, the R% of sodium was reached maximum 90.37%, 90.43% and 92.75% for 0.5g straw, rice husk and egg shells absorbents respectively, and 97.32% for 0.7g oak leaf adsorbents. According to the    analysis, for oak leaves, egg shells, rice husk and straw adsorbents had more removal efficiency, respectively. The desorption efficiency of sodium ion by straw, rice husk, oak leaves and egg shells adsorbents in 5 cycles of adsorption-desorption was investigated, the maximum value of which in the first cycle was obtained 37.16, 39.63, 83.36 and 87.92% respectively. The adsorption process for all adsorbents followed pseudo-second order kinetic model (R2=0.88-0.97 and RMSE=0.24-0.73) and Freundlich isotherm (R2=0.96-0.99 and RMSE=0.23-0.44). The results of continuous experiments showed that the total amount of sodium was adsorbed and the column adsorption capacity increased with increasing sodium concentration in the column, and the Bed Depth Service Time, Thomas and Yon-Nelson models were more consistent with experimental data. The results of the study showed that nanostructure adsorbents had higher ability for sodium ions adsorption from water solution.

    Any atmospheric phenomenon that causes the weakening and destruction of economic, social and physical capabilities, such as financial and psychological damage and the destruction of infrastructure and economic resources, is defined as Atmospheric disasters. Each of the atmospheric elements can only cause significant atmospheric hazards such as heat wave, dust storms, heavy rainfall, hail, frosty, and frostbit, but most of the mortal and financial losses are based on combined atmospheric phenomena and secondary dangers arising from them.The main objective of this paper is to identify atmospheric hazards in Kermanshah province. For this purpose, the data of the Meteorological Organization of Kermanshah province on a daily and monthly basis for 5 synoptic meteorological stations in the province of Kermanshah for a period of 30 years (1987-2016) were used which were investigated the thirteen significant of atmospheric hazards.In general, the phenomena were studied in two main ways: 1. the use of certain meteorological codes determined by the World Meteorological Organization for each of the phenomena. 2. For some the hazards were exploited by separate and special methods to adequately reflect the occurrence of the phenomenon. Taking into account the similarities and differences, the thirteen of atmospheric hazards were >Parts of the center and south of Kermanshah province are among the most vulnerable areas due to the frequency of occurrences, while the western parts have the lowest amount of risk. The Space patterns of hazardous represents increasing trends of risks related to visibility from the south and center towards the west and east of province and versus have a reverse pattern in terms of precipitation and temperature hazards. It is found that the rate of occurrence of precipitation and temperature hazardous decreases from south to east and west.In Kermanshah province, frosty, wind chill, days with dust and rainfall have showed the highest occurrence rate among of the thirteen of atmospheric hazards investigated. At the same time, the lowest frequency of occurrence of hazards is also related to a very severe drought, severe drought, and moderate dryness. According to the zoning map of atmospheric hazards, parts of the central and south province with regard to the frequency of occurrence of various types of hazards by placing on the Average rank are considered to be the most disaster area in Kermanshah province. Some parts of the western regions have the least risk of occurrence and is somehow the safest region and at the same time, parts of the north and east of the province experience little hazard in terms of occurrence.   And To estimate   Effective rain is used   Of the three methods Percentage , USDA and SCS. After preparing effective rain tables , Average monthly amount and Effective rain Average annual is Calculated To the three method     and for every 5 stations. The maximum average effective rainfall is calculated At each statio     is related The USDA   method . Effective precipitation values calculated Percentage method   is a lot . But The lowest average effective rainfall is calculated At each station is related to The SCS method.   After review And the comparison of the values obtained from each of the methods,   CS method Recognized An appropriate option for estimating effective rainfall in this basin. and In the ARCGIS environment,   Effective Rainfall Map is Done To contrasts In all three ways. And in the eastern and western parts of the province, the plants have More water requirements than northern parts and Using    software And conduct Student Distribution Test , Effective precipitation values by SCS method in 3 confidence intervals of 90, 95 and 99 percent   Was calculated.

  In the present study the nanostructure Conocarpus erectus effect on the removal of Cadmium from aquous solution by batch and continuous system was investigated. In batch experiments, the effects of operating conditions such as pH, equilibrium time, adsorbent loading and the initial Cadmium ion concentration were examined. Also, competitive ions effect on the adsorption of cadmium in untreated industrial wastewater, the effect of sodium chloride on cadmium adsorption and desorption mechanism of cadmium ions in five consecutive cycles by nanostructure Conocarpus was investigated. In the continuous experiments, the effect of Cadmium concentration in increasing the efficiency of adsorption column were examined and application of continuous models to describing the breakthrough curves were investigated. The results of the   atch experiments showed that with pH of the solution varying from 3 to 7, the removal percentage of Cadmium ion was 67-76.9 percent and adsorption capacity from 0.4 to 0.46 mg.g-1 was increased. According to the results, the maximum removal was accorded at pH 6. The equilibrium time was determined to be 30 min for nanostructure adsorbent. With an increase in the adsorbent dosage from 0.1 to 2g, at equilibrium time and pH, the removal percentage of Cadmium was reached maximum 76.85% for 0.5g nanostructure Conocarpus erectus. With an increase in the initial concentration from 5 to 20 mg.L-1, the removal percentage of Cadmium was 80.9-70.4 percent. Adsorption kinetics of ions onto adsorbent could be most successfully described by the Ho kinetic model. The adsorption data of Cadmium ions onto adsorbent followed Langmuier isotherm. In investigation of effect of competitive ions in the uptake of Cadmium in untreated industrial wastewater removal efficiency of Cadmium, Copper, Iron, Zinc and Manganese ions by nanostructure Conocarpus   was 82.76, 83.33, 99.96, 89.62 and 9.09 percent, respectively. With an increase in sodium chloride concentration of solution from 0 to 1 M, removal percentage of Cadmium ions by nanostructure Conocarpus   77-80.9 percent was decreased. The desorption efficiency of cadmium ions by nanostructure Conocarpus in 5 sorption-desorption cycles was about 75 percent. The results of continuous experiments showed that the total amount of sorbed Cadmium and equilibrium Cadmium uptake increased with increasing inlet Cadmium concentration and Adams- Bohart   model was more consistent with experimental data. The results of the study showed that nanostructure Conocarpus adsorbent had high ability for Cadmium ion adsorption from aquous solution.

چكيدهبراي تدوين برنامه آبياري مناسب و اعمال مديريت كارا و آگاهانه، تعيين ضرايب گياهي بر مبناي مراحل رشد و نيز تخمين تبخير- تعرق گياه ضروري است. پژوهش حاضر به‌منظور تعيين نياز آبي و ضريب گياهي و ساير پارامترهاي گياه كاملينا و كلزا با استفاده از لايسيمتر زهكش دار در مزرعه تحقيقاتي گروه مهندسي آب دانشكده كشاورزي دانشگاه رازي شهرستان كرمانشاه در طي دو سال 1393-1394 و 1394-1395 انجام شد. بدين منظور از شانزده لايسيمتر زهكش دار استفاده گرديد كه يك لايسيمتر به خاك بدون پوشش گياهي و سه لايسيمتر براي تبخير-تعرق گياه مرجع چمن اختصاص داده شد و همچنين در شش لايسيمتر گياه كاملينا در دو تيمار بدون پوشش و با پوشش (كاهش تبخير از سطح خاك با ورمي كمپوست) و در شش لايسيمتر ديگر گياه كلزا در دو تيمار با پوشش (كاهش تبخير از سطح خاك با ورمي كمپوست) و بدون پوشش كشت شدند. بر اساس نتايج به‌دست‌آمده ميانگين نياز آبي در سال 1393-1394 (كشت بهاره) در تيمار بدون پوشش و تيمار با پوشش براي گياه كاملينا به ترتيب (38/382 و 82/357) ميلي‌متر و در سال 1394-1395 (كشت پاييزه) به ترتيب (57/546 و 91/519) ميلي‌متر به دست آمد. از طرفي براي گياه كلزا كه در هر دو سال به‌صورت بهاره كشت شد متوسط نياز آبي در دو سال براي تيمار بدون پوشش و تيمار با پوشش به ترتيب (91/583 و 15/556) ميلي‌متر اندازه‌گيري شد. ضرايب گياهي يك جزئي و ضرايب گياهي پايه براي گياه كاملينا در سال 1393-1394 (كشت بهاره) در مرحله ابتدايي، توسعه، مياني و انتهايي در تيمار بدون پوشش به ترتيب (84/0، 13/1، 29/1 و 74/0) و (21/0، 65/0، 07/1 و 85/0) و در تيمار با پوشش به ترتيب (8/0، 08/1، 28/1 و 76/0) و (21/0، 66/0، 08/1 و 75/0) و در سال 1394-1395 (كشت پاييزه) نيز (94/0، 11/1، 31/1 و 67/0) و (24/0، 83/0، 15/1 و 83/0) و در تيمار با پوشش (91/0، 10/1، 33/1 و 50/0) و (25/0، 84/0، 16/1 و 83/0) به دست آمد. متوسط ضرايب گياهي يك جزئي و ضرايب گياهي پايه براي گياه كلزا در دو سال در مرحله ابتدايي، توسعه، مياني و انتهايي در تيمار بدون پوشش به ترتيب (85/0، 26/1، 34/1 و 79/0) و (21/0، 72/0، 17/1 و 88/0) و در تيمار با پوشش به ترتيب (83/0، 16/1، 27/1 و 84/0) و (21/0، 73/0، 17/1 و 88/0) به دست آمد. گياه كاملينا در سال 93-94 (كشت بهاره) با توجه به ميزان آب مصرفي، WUE بر اساس عملكرد ماده خشك و دانه و روغن براي تيمار بدون پوشش به ترتيب 83/0 و 115/0 و 09/0 و براي تيمار با پوشش به ترتيب 58/0، 16/0 و 12/0 و در سال 94-95 (كشت پاييزه) نيز براي تيمار بدون پوشش به ترتيب 37/2 و 41/0 و 08/0 و براي تيمار با پوشش به ترتيب 30/3، 47/0 و 10/0 دست آمد. همچنين براي گياه كلزا، ميانگين دوساله WUE بر اساس عملكرد ماده خشك و دانه و روغن براي تيمار بدون پوشش به ترتيب 50/2، 12/0 و 03/0 و براي تيمار با پوشش به ترتيب 7/2، 17/0 و 06/0 دست آمد.  كلمات كليدي: نياز آبي، ضريب گياهي، كاملينا، كلزا، كاهش تبخير از سطح خاك، لايسيمتر

In this thesis, effects of shallow water table depths 60, 80 and 110 cm (irrigation water) and supplemental irrigation on water supply and yield components of three varieties of oilseed rape product (Zafar, RGS003 and hyola) and a Camelina variety, was conducted during two growing seasons, 2014-15 and 2015-16. Experiments were carried out at the research station at Razi University Department of Water Engineering and utilizes existing Lysimeters farm as much as possible all conditions were applied similar to farm conditions in silty clay. Experiments were categorized and analyzed based on the targets and different treatments, in the form of three separate experiments (A, B and C). Shallow groundwater treatments were applied for spring and autumnal planting in June and May in both years, respectively. Underground water was applied by flushing Marriott to plant, which would be taken daily. Also application of supplemental irrigation during flowering and seed were done with observation of 50% of the plant flowering and seed fixation, respectively. The experiment was conducted as Factorial design (1 or 2-factor) based on a completely randomized design. A design represents the water table levels 60, 80 and 110 cm and three varieties of oilseed rape and Camelina in three replications. The results showed that in both years, the highest consumption of underground water to a depth of 60 cm and Minimal use of ground water depth is 110 cm. The situation is very different due to the highly variable rainfall three times plantation. The rapeseed Hyola, showed maximum yield and maximum water use efficiency in the two years of the project in three seasons and in all three levels of the water table. Also in the spring planting season 2015-16 because of using underground water is less than spring planting season 2014-15. In B design, the effect of six supplemental irrigation treatments was performed on plant Camelina ranging from irrigation at flowering stage (40 mm) irrigation at the time of the grain (20 mm) irrigation at the time of the grain (40 mm) irrigation at flowering stage (40) and both at the stage of grain (20 mm) and irrigation in flowering stage (40 mm) and the stage of grain (40 mm) and dry conditions without irrigation in three replications. On average in both years the highest yield was belonged to supplemental irrigation in flowering (40 mm) and seeds (40 mm) for first and second years as 1475 and 2445 kg per hectare, respectively. These treatments, showed a significant difference (5%) in terms of water use efficiency. C design was a plan that has an absolute dry than normal rainfall water has not received any response to drought stress just how different among the genotypes studied. Based on the results obtained between genotypes C significant difference was observed between genotypes in 5% level. In spring cultivation date 2014-15 and 2015-16 and also autumn sowing time in 2014-2015, highest grain yield were belonged to rapeseed Hyola by 1167.67, 1580 and 1366, respectively. In the opposite, Camelina performance in all three cultivation dates showed lowest yield by 854.43, 867.67 and 867.27 kg per hectare, respectively. According to the results of the project Camelina is more sensitive than other genotype