امروزه به دليل رشد سريع جمعيت و توسعه شهرها، كمبود امكانات براي دفع زباله، و همچنين اثرات زيست‌محيطي و بيماري‌هاي ايجادشده درنتيجه‌ي روش‌هاي نامناسب دفع زباله، اهميت مطالعه و بررسي وضعيت جمع‌آوري، حمل‌ونقل،‌ دفع زباله و خصوصيات كمي و كيفي واثرات زيست‌محيطي زباله‌هاي جامد شهري بسيار احساس مي‌شود. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسي اثرات زيست‌محيطي روش‌هاي دفع پسماند شهري شهر كرمانشاه با استفاده از روش ارزيابي چرخه زندگي (Life cycle assessment) مي‌باشد. بدين منظور سه روش كمپوست‌سازي، بازيافت و دفن زباله كه از روش‌هاي غالب دفع زباله جامد شهري (Municipal solid waste) هستند، در كلان‌شهر كرمانشاه مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. بدين منظور در ابتدا اطلاعات مورد نياز براي تعيين خصوصيات كمي و مقدار زباله توليدي و تعيين اجزا فيزيكي تشكيل‌دهنده زباله (كاغذ، شيشه، پلاستيك و...) از شهرداري جمع‌آوري شد؛ سپس به‌منظور تكميل اين اطلاعات و بررسي اثرات زيست‌محيطي دفع زباله، روش ارزيابي چرخه زندگي مورداستفاده قرار گرفت؛ همچنين مرز سامانه، واحد عملكردي و سناريوهاي دفع تعيين شد و سپس در مرحله بعد، سياهه انتشار براي هريك از سناريوها فهرست شد. لازم به ذكر است كه در مرحله بعدي از به‌روزترين روش ارزيابي شاخص‌ها كه نرم‌افزار ايستك (EASETECH) مي‌باشد، براي محاسبه ميزان انتشارات و اثرات زيست‌محيطي استفاده شد و در پايان، نتايج تفسير شد. در اين پژوهش با دراختيار داشتن 1000 كيلوگرم پسماند جامد از سه سناريو كمپوست‌سازي، بازيافت و دفن در نرم‌افزار استفاده گرديد. نتايج نشان داد حدود حدود 50 درصد از آسيب‌هاي وارد بر سلامت انسان و محيط‌زيست ناشي از دفع پس از كمپوست مي‌باشد، زيرا راندمان آن حدود 40 درصد است همچنين راندمان دفع پس از مرحله بازيافت تنها 30 درصد است كه نشان از كم بودن مواد قابل بازيافت دارد. همچنين نتايج نشان داد حدود 76/94 كيلوگرم پسماند به صورت پلاستيك، كاغذ و منسوجات بازيافت شده‌اند كه منجربه كاهش 8/68 درصد هزينه‌ها شده است و پس از آن فرآيند MRF با 6/20 و فرآيند كمپوست با 12 درصد قرار دارند. طبق نتايج بدست‌آمده اين سه سناريو دوستدار محيط‌زيست نبوده و در پايان پژوهش پبشنهاداتي جهت بهبود مديريت پسماند در شهر كرمانشاه ارائه گرديد.

در ميان انرژي­هاي تجديدپذير، انرژي بادي به­خاطر عدم آلايندگي محيط­زيست و شرايط اقتصادي بهتر، امروزه بيشتر مورد توجه واقع ‌شده است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر، مدل­سازي يك سيستم بادي در كارخانه توليد روغن زيتون واقع در استان گيلان، به‌منظور تأمين انرژي از ديدگاه ارزيابي چرخه زندگي(Life cycle assessment)   مي‌باشد. در اين مطالعه با توجه به مقدار بالاي كشت زيتون و توليد روغن آن در منطقه، براي تعيين انرژي مصرفي در فرآيند توليد روغن زيتون؛ ابتدا اطلاعات لازم شامل مراحل توليد و تمامي نهاده­ها و انرژي­هاي مختلف بكار رفته در توليد روغن زيتون از كارخانه مورد مطالعه جمع­آوري گرديد و مقادير انرژي ورودي شاخص­هاي انرژي مصرفي محاسبه شد. سپس با توجه به سوخت و الكتريسيته مورد نياز براي توليد روغن زيتون در سامانه مرسوم، سامانه بادي مبتني بر نيروگاه منجيل مدل­سازي شد. در گام بعد با استفاده از روش ارزيابي چرخه زندگي ReCiPe2016، پس از تعيين مرز سامانه و واحد عملكردي براي كارخانه مذكور و تحليل سياهه توسط داده‌هاي جمع‌آوري‌شده و نيز اندازه­گيري پايگاه‌هاي داده به‌طور جامع براي هر دو سناريو پرداخته شد. نتايج برآن بود كل انرژي مصرفي27/4437 مگاژول است كه الكتريسيته با سهم 44/32 درصد انرژي برترين در ميان نهاده­ها براي توليد محصول مي­باشد. نتايج شاخص‌هاي انرژي نيز بيانگر آن بود كه بهره­وري انرژي 23/0 كيلوگرم بر مگاژول و انرژي ويژه 44/4 مگاژول بر كيلوگرم مي‌باشد. نتايج مدل­سازي سامانه‌ي بادي نيز نشان داد به‌طور متوسط تعداد 6-10×01/2 براي سامانه بادي جهت توليد برق با توجه به اقليم و شرايط آب و هوايي مورد نياز براي 1 تن روغن زيتون حاصل گرديد. ارزيابي چرخه زندگي محصول نشان داد در تمامي رده­هاي آسيب، سامانه بادي كمترين مقدار انتشارات را به خود اختصاص داده است. همچنين در دو سامانه مرسوم و بادي، پلي اتيلن ترفتالات بالاترين سهم را در انتشارات رده­هاي آسيب در توليد محصول دارا مي‌باشد. همچنين نتايج نشان داد در مجموع مقادير كل انتشارات سامانه مرسوم، بيشترين ميزان انتشار را به خود اختصاص داده است.     

  Tribenuron methyl is widely used in Iran's grain cultivation systems under rainfed conditions. However, there is little information about its persistence in soil and transfer of this herbicide and its toxicity to subsequent crops in the rotation. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the sensitivity of different chickpea cultivars to tribenuron methyl and also to find alternative products. In a field experiment, chickpea fields located in Ravansar city, Kermanshah province, were monitored during the 1402-1401 crop season, and chickpea growth was evaluated in response to tribenuron methyl residues used in the previous wheat crop. Also, in a greenhouse experiment, the effect of different concentrations of tribenuron methyl on the growth of chickpeas, lentils, and vetiver was investigated. In all species examined in this study, the presence of tribenuron methyl decreased plant growth. In general, among the studied crop species, lentils were more tolerant to tribenuron methyl, followed by common vetch and chickpeas. Compared to other two cultivars, namely Mansour and Adel, Beonij chickpea variety was more sensitive to tribenuron methyl residues in the soil (30% decrease in grain yield). Based on the results of this study, tribenuron methyl residues used in wheat fields are the main factor in the reduction of chickpea height in rainfed cultivation systems in western Iran. It is recommended to replace common lentil and vetiver with chickpeas in rotation with wheat in soils that are heavily contaminated with TBN residues.

   Abstract Energy, as one of the most important and necessary production factors, has a significant impact. Considering that fossil fuel resources are running out, researchers are looking to replace biodiesel fuel as a renewable biofuel with properties close to diesel. The current research seeks to model electronic nose data in predicting the oxidation stability and physical and chemical characteristics of biodiesel and to investigate the oxidation stability of biodiesel samples with the Rancimat device and to apply algorithms based on artificial and statistical intelligence. In this research, biodiesel fuels were prepared from different sources of rapeseed and sunflower oil and cooking waste with methanol and KOH (potassium hydroxide) catalyst. Each of the fuels is mixed with diesel fuel at a volume percentage of 2, 5, 10 and 20, with the help of an electronic nose system equipped with 10 sensors that can analyze the volatile components in the empty space of the sample container, physical and chemical characteristics such as density , viscosity along with their oxidation stability were analyzed by standard Rancimat method in different periods of time (each test in one month). Also, with different methods such as artificial neural network (ANN), principal component analysis (PCA), linear and quadratic discriminant analysis (LDA and QDA), support vector machine analysis (SVM) and response surface method (RSM) each month. was analyzed. The obtained results showed that for the classification and separation of pure fuels, the ANN method is able to separate pure fuels with 100% accuracy every four months. Other SVM classification methods in each four months were 94, 95, 82, 84 respectively, for QDA 100, 100, 100 and 99, in RSM these orders were 100, 93, 98 and 96 and LDA respectively in each month with accuracy 100, 98, 100 and 100% pure fuels were separated and categorized. Also, to identify and place types of pure fuels (D100, K100, WCO100, SUN100) in one group (Pure) and types of impure fuels in another group (Impure), ANN method with 100, 98.8, 100 and 100% accuracy is able to Separation of pure fuel from diesel-biodiesel combination. Keywords:

   Sugar beet is one of the most suitable plants for sugar production. Sugar beet leaves produce sugar by using sunlight, and these sugars return to the root and are stored there. In general, leaves play the role of a sugar factory. The percentage of beet sugar is very important for both the farmer and the sugar factory, because the price of beet is paid based on this. The purpose of this research was to estimate the amount of sucrose in the sugar beet crop using the image processing method and to determine the best time to harvest the sugar beet crop. For this purpose, data was collected from an area of 1000 square meters of a sugar beet field, one month before the recommended harvest date and one month after that, every other day. Each time, 5 whole sugar beet plants were randomly picked and all the leaves were photographed. In order to estimate the amount of sugar beet and obtain the most suitable harvest time with the image processing method, it is necessary to have a suitable modeling between the harvest index and the harvest time of the product. The most important indicator of sugar beet harvest is sugar grade. For this purpose, using the decision tree method, we tried to select the most effective inputs from the features of the leaves and their images. Then a model was designed to find the maximum sugar level according to the harvest time using the RSM method. The best time to harvest sugar beet with the highest quality sugar was obtained on the 210th day after planting. In the tested area, sugar beet was harvested on the 215th day, which was almost consistent with the modeling calculations by the response surface. To design a decision, it is helpful to be able to inform the farmer of the approximate harvest time, the time elapsed from the day of planting to the harvest of each sample was deducted from the optimal harvest time that has the highest sugar content, and their difference is used as the output of the decision support model. The results of the decision tree showed that the average value of B corresponding to the smallest leaf area, the smallest leaf area value, and the largest leaf area value are suitable inputs for formulating a decision. For the design and modeling of decision support, three methods of response level modeling, Anfis and artificial neural networks were used. The value of R2 in the response surface method, Anfis and neural networks were 0.83, 0.832 and 0.80 respectively, and the Anfis method was selected as the best model with the highest accuracy.

  Among renewable energy sources, solar energy is the

آگاهي از كيفيت خاك، لازمه بهره­برداري صحيح از اين منبع مهم طبيعي، در راستاي كشاورزي پايدار است. كيفيت خاك با اندازه­گيري بعضي شاخص­هاي مهم تعيين مي­شود. اگر اين شاخص­ها در محدوده مناسب قرار داشته باشند، عملكرد محصول به حداكثر مقدار ­رسيده و تخريب خاك نيز كاهش مي­يابد. به منظور ارزيابي كيفيت فيزيكي خاك و عملكرد بيولوژيكي ذرت و گندم، مطالعه­اي در سال زراعي 98-1397 در بخشي از اراضي منطقه روانسر در استان كرمانشاه انجام شد. در اين راستا، در قالب يك شبكه منظم (ابعـاد 100 ×100 متر)، نمونه­ برداري خاك انجام و بعضي از ويژگي­هاي مهم فيزيكي موثر بر عملكرد محصولات زراعي از قبيل جرم مخصوص ظاهري، هدايت هيدروليكي، كربن آلي خاك، تخلخل غيرموئينگي و مقدار رطوبت قابل دسترس خاك تعيين گرديد. سپس، تغييرپذيري مكاني ويژگي­هاي خاك با استفاده از تكنيك­هاي زمين آمار و به كمك نرم افـزار ArcGIS انجام شد. در پايان فصول رشد نيز در هر نقطه نمونه­برداري، عملكرد بيولوژيكي دو محصول مورد نظر (ذرت و گندم) تعيين گرديد. شاخص رتبه­بندي فيزيكي خاك با حاصل­ضرب ارزش پنج پارامتر فيزيكي مورد بررسي تعيين و در نهايت، ارتباط عملكرد بيولوژيك با شاخص فيزيكي خاك مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. بررسي نقشه­هاي پهنه­بندي نشان داد كه تغييرات هدايت هيدروليكي اشباع بين 04/0 تا 69/1 سانتي متر بر ساعت و كربن­آلي بين 26/0 تا 35/1 درصد متغير بوده و در بخش شمال غربي مزرعه داراي بيشترين مقادير بودند. دامنه تغييرات جرم مخصوص ظاهري خاك نيز بين 34/1 تا 66/1 گرم بر سانتي متر مكعب، تخلخل غيرموئينگي بين 25/6 تا 92/19 درصد و رطوبت قابل دسترس نيز بين 29/6 تا 93/18 در­صد متغيير بود. ضرايب همبستگي بين شاخص فيزيكي خاك و عملكرد بيولوژيكي گندم و ذرت به ترتيب 82/0 و 77/0 بودند كه نشان­دهنده همبستگي قوي بين اين شاخص و عملكرد دو محصول در منطقه مورد مطالعه است. بطوركلي، شاخص فيزيكي خاك يك ابزار مهم در ارزيابي كمي شرايط فيزيكي خاك است كه با توجه به آن و بر اساس نقشه­هاي پهنه­بندي، مي­توان در راستاي بهبود كيفيت فيزيكي خاك در مزارع كشاورزي اقدام نمود.كليد واژه: ذرت ، زمين آمار ، كيفيت خاك، گندم

  Tomato paste is the main tomato product that is prepared commercially or traditionally at home. According to the definition of the World Health Organization, adding any unauthorized and harmful substances to the food basket of humans and animals is called fraud. Sometimes the profit seeker puts in food to reduce the production costs and get more profit and endangers human health. Therefore, it is necessary to use new methods with a fast and high response level to identify additives in the paste. It is completely reduced or destroyed, in this case such a food item is corrupted and it is called rotten. In this research, it is tried to be able to provide the nutritional health of the communities with the help of smelling machine, in addition to detecting corruption in tomato paste, by identifying common frauds, including the identification of unauthorized preservative additives in tomato paste. In this research, the work was carried out in two sections, examining the experiments of the fraud section and the experiments of the corruption section. In order to evaluate these changes, the physicochemical tests of the paste, which included the measurement of pH, acidity, Brix, sediment weight percentage and smell test, were performed. According to the results of the confusion matrix of LDA and C-SVM methods, both methods performed well in detecting different percentages of potassium sorbate and sodium benzoate. LDA also performed better than C-SVM with 100% recognition accuracy. C-SVM and PCA could distinguish with high accuracy the samples containing sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate in 0.1 and 0.05 percent. The PLS model was the best model for predicting acidity and the MLR model was the best model for predicting sediment weight percentage, Brix and pH. TGS2620 sensors,. MQ135, TGS2602 had the highest sensitivity in identifying adulterated tomato paste samples.

Abstract:  Legumes are of high nutritional importance due to their high protein content. Chickpea is one of the important plants of this family. In order to evaluate the effect of planting arrangement and Mycorrhiza inoculation on the growth and yield of spring pea "Cicer arietinum L." Under different tillage methods, an experiment in the crop year 1399-400 in a research farm located in the campus of agriculture and natural resources of Razi University of Kermanshah at the longitude of 47 degrees and 9 minutes, latitude of 34 degrees and 21 minutes and the height of 1319 meters above sea level. With an average annual rainfall of 445 mm, it was done in the form of a factorial split plot based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The experimental factors include tillage in three levels (no plowing, minimum plowing and Conventional plowing) as the main factor and inoculation with mycorrhizae in two levels (seed inoculation with Mycorrhiza biological fertilizer and no inoculation) and planting arrangement in two ways (25 row spacing) and 50 cm and distance on the row 10 and 5 cm) were applied as sub-factors. In this experiment, Bivanij variety was used. The evaluated traits are the number of green plants, plant height, the number of sub-branches, the distance of the first node from the soil surface, the number of pods per plant, the number of seeds per pod, green cover and greenness index, sample weight and seed yield, biological yield. hundred seed weight and harvest index. Based on the results of analysis of variance, the effect of tillage type was significant only on the sample weight trait at the probability level of 5% and did not affect other functional traits. Mycorrhiza inoculation was significant on grain yield traits and harvest index at one percent probability level and on hundred seed weight at five percent probability level. The effect of planting arrangement on the characteristics of seed weight and biological performance was significant at the probability level of one and five percent, respectively. In this study, the number of pods per plant trait was more affected by tillage type. The number of seeds in pods and seed yield were also more affected by planting arrangement and Mycorrhiza inoculation. Three treatments of inoculation with mycorrhiza and row spacing of 50 cm (682.6 kg/ha), no inoculation and row spacing of 25 cm (625.5 kg/ha) and inoculation with mycorrhiza and row spacing of 25 cm (611/2 kg/ha) showed the highest seed yield. In total, the results of this research showed the positive effect of the use of biofertilizers on most of the morphological and functional characteristics of the chickpea plant.  Key words: no-tillage, yield, low-tillage, mycorrhiza, chickpea                                                                                      

  AbstractProductionof high amounts of reactive oxygen species during the freezing-thawing processis the main factor of disorder in sperm performance. Antioxidants causeimproving mobility and preserve the quality of sperm by reducing the formationand scavenging the free radicals. Glutathione peroxidase, as an essentialprotein, is involved in sperm motility. Selenium is known as a fundamentaltrace element for spermatogenesis, and most of the selenium in the testicle isassociated with glutathione peroxidase. Selenium nanoparticles are less toxicthan selenite. Cysteine is a thiol-containing amino acid with antioxidantactivity, and thiol groups prevent hydrogen peroxide formation in sperm. Also,a thiol is the precursor of biosynthesis of the intracellular glutathione andincreases its surface. In this study, selenium nanoparticles were producedusing the streptococcus bacteria. Then, the synthesized selenium nanoparticleswere coated with cysteamine. Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles by bacteriaand coated nanoparticles by cysteamine was confirmed by UV-visiblespectroscopy. The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles were determinedusing X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, andField Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) imaging. In the presentstudy, semen was prepared twice a week from four mature rams of the Sanjabibreed with an artificial vagina. After diluting the semen in an alkalinediluent, different concentrations (1, 5, 25, and 125 mg/mL) of cysteamine, nanoselenium synthesized by bacteria, nano selenium coated by cysteamine, andsodium selenite salt were added. The additive-free group was considered acontrol group. The study treatments were pulled in 0.25 mL straws and wereplaced in the refrigerator for balancing for 4 hours at 4 oC. Then,straws were put at the height of 4 cm from nitrogen vapor for 12 minutes, andat the end, they were floated in nitrogen and transferred to the nitrogen tank.After thawing (30 seconds at the temperature of 37o

   in this study, using three electric nose devices to detect and estimate the amount of oil odor per 500 km of car operation, refractometer to determine the concentration of each sample of oil, calorimeter to measure the amount of paint after every 500 km of operation, engine oil operation We estimated. We used PCA, LDA and neural network to >Based on the scoring and loading diagrams of various data (olfactory data, color data and integrated color, odor and brix data in both standard and normal methods) in the PCA principal component analysis method to detect distance or kilometers traveled. The results showed that the variance of the color data of the first and second major components was 98% and 1%, respectively. The most changes were observed in the color data. All samples of oils were well separated and >According to the neural network perturbation matrix, the 0.7372, R2 = 0.8677 and R2 = 0.6045, respectively, which are the values of R2 for the PLS model. For color change, brix and mileage were higher, and in general the data predicted in the PCR model were closer to the actual data Arshak, K., Moore, E., Lyons, G. M., Harris, J., Clfford, S. 2004. A review of gas sensors employed in electronic nose applications. Sensor Review. 24(2): 181-198.    Adibzadeh, A.; Dizaji, H.Z.; Aghilinategh, N. (2020) "Feasibility of Detecting Sugarcane Varieties by Electronic Nose Technique in Sugarcane Syrup". Iranian Biosystems Engineering journal. 51(1), 1-10. (In Farsi).   Https://doi.org/10.22059/IJBSE.2019.287027.665209.    Scott, S.M., James, D., Zulfiqur, A. 2007. Data analysis for electronic nose systems. Microchimica Acta. 156(3-4):  

In order to maintain the quality of fruits and increase their shelf life, extensive research has been done on packaging methods, especially the use of nanomaterials in packaging. Due to the high medicinal and nutritional properties of garlic and also the sensitivity of its storage period after peeling, the packaging of this product is of great importance. In this study, garlic was packaged in two normal and nano films at temperatures of 25, 4   and -18   ° C and three modes of normal atmosphere, vacuum and modified atmosphere. Measured properties include mechanical properties (Fmax, Emod and deformation percentage), chemical properties (PH and TSS), colorimetric properties (L *, color change and browning index) as well as the amount of gas (O2 and CO2) inside It was packages. Data analysis was performed in two sections of 14 days including all three temperatures and 35 days including refrigerator temperature and freezer temperature. Data were analyzed by statistical methods and artificial neural network (ANN). The trend of changes during the storage period in mechanical properties (except deformation), the amount of CO2, TSS and L * decreased and in pH, the percentage of deformation, color change and browning index were reported as increasing. The results of statistical analysis showed that in the 14-day period, temperature changes had a significant effect on the measured parameters and in the 35-day period, temperature and the interaction of temperature and atmosphere had a significant effect on all parameters. The least changes in the measured properties occurred mainly in the nano film. In neural network (ANN) analysis, the output of the best model for the effect of treatments on properties, validation performance diagram, data regression coefficient (experimental, training and general) as well as data regression line fitting was measured.   

  AbsteractIn today's world, the quality and health of food is one of the issues and challenges facing human society. Due to their economic benefits, vegetable farmers are always looking to maximize production per unit area by using a variety of chemical inputs and in cases of water shortages and crises, the use of unconventional water. This behavior of vegetable farmers is explained by several structures. The aim of this study was to investigate the position and role of values of vegetable farmers in Kermanshah in the production of healthy vegetables in 10 rural areas of the city. The present study was descriptive and exploratory. The data collection tool in this study was a researcher-made questionnaire which was designed and compiled by examining the research background and using the standard questionnaire of Allport et al. (1970). Based on the results, there is a significant difference in socio-economic and theoretical values between the two groups of men and women. The results also showed that the level of literacy and adherence to values have an inverse and significant relationship (p = 0.015, rs = -0.151). Also, the results of comparison between different groups of vegetable growers in terms of age showed that there is a negative relationship between the age of the farmer and his values, and as he gets older, some values decrease (p = -0.3, rs = -. 0065). The results showed that attitude alone can not be effective in controlling the behavior of farmers in the production of healthy vegetables. But values can be effective in explaining the behavior of healthy vegetable production by influencing attitudes that act as an intermediate variable. There is also a positive and significant relationship between the farmer's attitude and his behavior and the farmer's attitude can affect his behavior. According to the research results, we found that there is always a direct relationship between the values of vegetable growers, their attitudes and behaviors, and values as the most important influential structure in the attitude of farmers can both directly and indirectly through the attitudes of individual thoughts in behavior. Guide healthy vegetable production and explain the results, the role and position of value in healthy vegetable production.  Keywords: ethics, value, agriculture, vegetable growing, development, sustainability, Kermanshah city.

  One of the traditional methods of distinguishing a healthy egg from an unhealthy one is by shaking the egg and recognizing its sound. But the detection of egg defects in the traditional way by humans is not accurate. It is essential to use more accurate methods in diagnosing egg health and to use smart tools to reduce the time and increase the efficiency of separating rotten eggs from healthy eggs. The aim of this study was to identify the defects of healthy and unhealthy eggs (including rotten, hatched) using sound waves using fuzzy neural inference system (ANFIS). In this study, the acoustic response of 90 eggs, including healthy, rotten, and hatched eggs, was examined by shaking at 200 and 400 beats per minute. After collecting the audio signals, the time domain analysis of the signals was performed through descriptive statistics and then the frequency domain analysis. After calculating the statistical characteristics and determining the best characteristics, the data were used for classification with ANFIS. Based on the results of the accuracy of the Enfis model in the two reciprocating velocities of the egg-shaking mechanism, it was 0.99 in mode 1 and 0.93 in mode 2, respectively. The results showed that the adaptive-neural-fuzzy inference system can be used well and with high accuracy in detecting rotten and hatched eggs from healthy eggs.

   Abstract Pomegranate, known as Punica granatum L., belongs to the Punicaseae family. Iran holds the 60,000 hectares of land under cultivation and production of 800,000 tonnes, Iran is the world's first pomegranate producer. Pomegranate seeds can be made from water, grenadine, potion, syrup, jam, jelly and so on. Healthy and desirable food quality is currently playing an important role in the food industry.   Adulteration of fraud in the food industry has always challenged the scientific community. Hence, attention has been method on the use, smell, and taste and computer technology in the food industry over the last few decades. Electronic Nose is a new method that has recently been considered by researchers adulterated in pure grenadine. he response characteristics of the sensors to the volatile compounds of the samples were extracted and used as inputs to the pattern recognition model. 30 grams were tested for each sample. According to the results obtained for the mixture of pure grenadine with grape syrup, Palm sap 92 and 94% of variance by PCA method, in order to >      Key Words: Adulterant, Electronic Nose, Foodstuffs, grenadine, sensors.

   Food fraud has increased dramatically in recent years. In addition to affecting product quality and causing financial losses, food fraud also has adverse effects on consumer health. And it has raised a lot of concerns about food consumption. One of the most widely used foods in the food industry are edible oils. Which is used in cooking. Solid vegetable oils, or oils such as palm oil, are high in saturated fatty acids, which can cause high blood fats, high cholesterol, and eventually clogged arteries. Cardiovascular از are the most important causes of death. The oils used in the food basket of people should have at least 2% of saturated and trans fatty acids. One of the reasons for usingPalm oil is cheaper than other sesame, corn, soybean and sunflower oils, and due to higher prices of other oils than palm oil, the share of imports of this oil compared to other oils has increased in the last two years. In cooking, a variety of oils are used, each taken from a separate source From grains such as corn to fruits such as olives, nuts such as walnuts, almonds and hazelnuts, and seeds such as canola, safflower and sunflower. It is difficult to find a way to easily determine the quality of edible oils. Therefore, in recent years, olfactory, visual, taste and computer methods have been used more in the food industry. Electric nose is a new method that is considered in agriculture and food industry today In this study, a system has been used to detect and estimate the amount of palm in edible oils. The optoelectronic system consisted of ten metal oxide semiconductor sensors. During the test, the voltage response of the sensors at a certain schedule to inject the head space into the sensor housing and then clean the housing in the next step was done automatically and collected by the data system. Types of edible oils were prepared by mixing with palm oil in different proportions. The properties extracted from the signals obtained from the electrical nose were processed by principal component analysis and artificial neural network methods. Based on the results, the olfactory machine is able to detect palm oil   

   مقدمه: انرژي به‌عنوان يكي از مهم­ترين و ضروري ترين عوامل توليد ، داراي اثرات قابل‌توجهي است. با توجه به اين‌كه منابع   سوخت هاي فسيلي رو به اتمام است، پژوهشگران به دنبال جايگزين كردن سوخت بيوديزل كه يك سوخت زيستي قابل‌تجديد و داراي خواصي نزديك به گازوئيل است، مي­باشند. در آزمايش هاي مربوط به توليد بيوديزل و در كنترل كيفيت اين محصول از دستگاه GC استفاده مي­گردد و درصد بيوديزل توليدي را اندازه­گيري مي نمايند. استفاده از دستگاه GC ، به دليل هزينه بسيار بالاي آن در همه جا امكان پذير نيست لذا در اين تحقيق تلاش مي­شود درصد بيوديزل توليدي را با استفاده از بيني الكتريكي و تكنيك­هاي هوش مصنوعي تخمين زد. روغن انتخابي در اين تحقيق روغن پسماند به همراه روغن گياه رزماري مي باشد. اهداف: 1. توليد بيوديزل از روغن پسماند خوراكي و روغن گياه رزماري بوسيله ي واكنش ترانس استريفيكاسيون    2. تخمين درصد بيوديزل توليد شده با استفاده از بيني الكتريكي و تكنيك هاي هوش مصنوعي روش تحقيق: در ابتدا از روغن پسماند خوراكي و روغن گياه رزماري با استفاده از واكنش ترانس استريفيكاسيون و متانول ، بيوديزل توليد مي­شود. روغن پسماند خوراكي از آشپزخانه ها جمع آوري شده و پس از فيلتر شدن ، ناخالصي­هاي آن گرفته مي­شود و روغن گياه رزماري به آن افزوده مي شود . براي توليد بيوديزل پارامترهايي ازجمله مدت زمان همزني، مقدار متانول مصرفي ، سرعت همزني ، مدت زمان سيركوله و مقدار روغن رزماري مصرف شده پس از توليد بيوديزل، متغير و پارامترهايي از جمله   نوع كاتاليزور و نوع الكل ثابت در نظر گرفته   مي­شوند. الكل مورد استفاده در آزمايش حاضر متانول و كاتاليزگر KOH مي­باشد.    جدول 1 ماتريس آزمايش‌هاي توليد بيوديزل سطح 3 سطح2 سطح1 عامل 8:1 6:1 4:1 مقدار متانول مصرفي (مولي) 20 10 2 مدت زمان همزني 1200 900 600 سرعت همزني(دور بر دقيقه ) 9 6 3 مدت زمان سير كوله   (دقيقه ) 5/2 25/1 5/0 مقدار روغن رزماري مصرف شده (گرم)    براي پرهيز از اشتباه و به حداقل رساندن خطا در اندازه‌گيري‌ها مبناي محاسبات جرم در نظر گرفته مي­شود و با استفاده از ترازوي ديجيتال با دقت 01/0 گرم، مواد وزن خواهند شد. براي توليد بيوديزل مقدار 500 گرم از روغن را به ورودي   رآكتور مي­ريزيم و پس از تهيه­ي محلول پتاسيم متواكسيد با توجه به نسبت مولي الكل به روغن   ، محلول به روغن درون رآكتور اضافه مي­شود و آزمايش با شرايط نشان داده شده در جدول 1 توسط رآكتور انجام خواهند شد . پس از اتمام مراحل توليد بيوديزل ، روغن رزماري با نسبت­هاي مختلف به بيوديزل اضافه و از هر كدام از آزمايش ها نمونه گرفته خواهد شد .

  ABSTRACT:Measuring the area of cultivated lands is important for management of problems related to these lands.   Measuring the area of cultivated lands based on traditional methods for large – scale studies is very difficult, time consuming and costly due to low accuracy. Nowadays, modern methods are used to estimate the area of cultivate lands, that use vegetation indices as their inputs.   In this study, three unregulated, supervised and hierarchical justify; MARGIN: 12pt 62.35pt 0pt" >Keywords:acreage cultivated, maize plant, Remote sensing, Sentinel 2, NDVI and SAVI vegetation index.  

In order to evaluate the effect of farmyard manure and cover crop on soil physico-chemical characteristics and growth and yield of organic sesame, a split-plot experiment based on the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in the Organic Farming Educational and Research of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources at Razi University 2016-2017. The experiment treatments were farmyard manure appilication (0, 10 and 20 t ha-1) as a main-plot and cultivation of cover crops (non crop cover, berseem clover, fenugreek and hairy vetch) as a sub-plot. The cover crops were returned to the soil as green manure at the flowering stage and then cultivated sesame seeds 2 weeks later. The evaluted traits were physico-chemical characteristics for three step (befor starting expriment, befor cultivating sesame and post-harvest of sesame) and also sesame growth and yield traits. The results indicated the farmyard manure application compared to control treatment improved the soil characteristics such as organic carbon (5.3%), phosphorus (165%), potassium (15%), total nitrogen (41%) nitrate ion (30.2%), ammonium ion (53/5%), sulfur (32%), copper (27%), zinc (22%), iron (6%) and manganese (7.5%) at the befor cultivating sesame step than the befor starting expriment step. All evaluated soil traits except potassium, sulfure, iron and manganese also improved at the post-harvest of sesame step compared to the befor starting expriment step. The application of cover crops increased the evaluated soil traits so the highest effect related to cultivation of fenugreek and farmyard manure of 20 t ha-1 treatment and the lowest related to non crop cover and farmyard manure of 0 t ha-1 treatment. The results showed that interaction of farmyard manure and cover crop application were significant on 1000-grain weight, total dry weight and grain yield. The farmyard manure application had a significant effect on number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of branches substem, harvest index and plant height but oil and protein percentage were not affected by treatments. The highest grain yield (1727.6 kg ha-1), total dry wieght yield (9082.2 kg ha-1) and 1000-grain weight (3.2 g) were obtained from farmyard manure of 20 t ha-1 and cultivation of fenugreek treatment which were about 41%, 34% and 6% more than non cover crop and farmyard manure of 0 t ha-1 trarment. The green manure of fenugreek at the farmyard manure of 20 t ha-1 had the highest effect on leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth ratio, total dry weight trend and radiation use efficiency of sesame. The lowest weeds density belonged to the berseem clover and fenugreek treatments. The cover crop treatments led to reduction the weeds density and total dry wieght at the end of growing season compared to the beginning of growing season. In general, the results of the study demonstrated that the application of farmyard manure and selection of suitable plant species as cover crop and green manure could improve sesame growth and grain yield via improved the soil physico-chemical properties and reduced the weeds damages in the organic farming conditions.   

  Today, due to the increasing population of the earth, the need for food supplies has increased. On the other hand, due to the reduction of water resources, water management needs, especially in the agricultural sector, are felt. For this purpose, several methods have been used to reduce water consumption, one of the most modern ones being precise irrigation, namely, the field moisture map. In this research, we attempted to extract from a sorghum field to a half-hectare wetland map by multi-capture and image processing. For this purpose, initial experiments were carried out to obtain the best height and best day of the day to be photographed. The farm was then divided into small pieces. Captured from each piece by a multi-capture. From different points of the farm, the samples were taken by recording the coordinates of the spots to obtain the percentage of moisture content of the plant in those points. Finally, the images were aggregated by the Arc GIS software Then the MATLAB software performed various image processing operations on the image. These operations include: plotting, separating the field, finding the neighborhood of points, extracting different data from neighboring points, modeling effective input parameters to estimate the plant's moisture content, applying model output to segmented images, aggregation, and so on. The best model obtained by neural networks consists of four roughness inputs, the mean values of the CM channel channel monochrome channel M, the mean values of the Y single channel channel of the CMY channel, the mean values of the channel B of the RGB channel, and the output of that percentage The weight of the plant was R2 and MSE of the model was 885/0 and 0/004, respectively. In the case of classification of the plant's moisture content into five classes of very watery, loose, moderate, low water and very low water, the perturbation matrix of the model was 90.5%.

  AbstractSignificant increases in the using of fossil fuels in internal combustion engines and the negative effects of emissions from burning these fuels into the environment have led to an increase in interest in alternative energy sources.On the other hand, the addition of MTBE to base gasoline, despite the increase in octane number, is destructive of the environment effects and malignant diseases, and has been eliminated from gasoline in developed countries for many years, but is still in use in our country. This research aims to reduce emissions in the gasoline engine and examines the amount of adsorbent of an alternative fuel, in the form of a mixture of 1-propanol and base gasoline in the gasoline pride engine. This engine has a Siemens fuel system. 1- Propanol was added to the base gasoline in various volumetric percentages (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20), and the rate of emission at 3 speeds of 1000, 2000 and 3000 rpm was measured by the MOTORSCAN emission Test device.This study was a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments (normal gasoline for control treatment) and 3 replications.data analysis was performed using SAS statistical softwareandChecked out the effect of fuel type treatments and engine speed on exhaust emissions. Comparison of means with Duncans multiple range Test and error assumption 0.05 were used. The results showed that all modes, including fuel type treatments and different engine speeds, had a significant effect on the amount of emissions,Mutual effects of fuel type and engine speed were significant in both CO2 and UHC.The addition of 1- propanol in fuel in up to 20% reduced emissions of CO and UHC, but NOX changes were irregular and generally increased compared to conventional gasoline. The increase in engine speed led to a decrease in CO and UHC and increased NOX and CO2.Key words: internal combustion engine, MTBE, base gasoline, 1- propanol, exhaust emissions.

  AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the effects of adding different levels of dried molasses distillers condensed soluble with bran (MDCS+B) to diet on productive performance, and some blood parameters in mehraban lambs.  

The study of effect of meatand bone meal differentlevels on performance,fermentation,carcass and blood parameters ofMehrabanfinishinglambs.  

AbstractEnergy as one of the most important economic and enviromental factors of production has significant effects and is consididered as a main pillars of development of contries. By considering of coming to the end of fossil fuel, the all countries in the world has an attention to biofuels among all biofuel, has been focused on biodiesel. Production and quality of this fuel is very important issue. Estimination of the trans estrification reaction efficiency is a very important issue in the biodiesel researchs. Therefore in this study evaluated the image processing method and used from response surface methodology (RSM), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) And artificial Neural Network (ANN) to estimination reaction yield. In this study, first biodiesel was produced under different conditions (reaction time, alcohol type (ethanol and methanol), catalyst type (KOH and NaOH)and production method) and reaction yield was achived in the wide   range. Then by using the three methods: 1- Microscopic images 2- Using a special image processing box before centrifugation 3- Using a special image processing box aftre centrifugation, photos was taken from biodiesel sampel in similar conditions. Then by using the image processing provided color channel images in 5 different modes microscopic photos, special compartment photos before centrifugation, combination all methods before centrifugation, special compartment photos after centrifugation   and combination all methods of taking images. By using three modeling methods ANN, RSM and ANFIS, was estimated reaction efficiency properly. The results showed the best way, using of the special image processing compartment without centrifugation by ANFIS modeling method and this method was able to accurately evaluate the trans estrification reaction efficiency with R- squared 0.983, mean squared error 0.002226, mean absolute error 0.02927 and sum squared error 0.12466 performe the best performance in the estimation reaction efficiency. The use of ANN method was able to accurately estimate the reaction efficiency. The use of image processing and ANFIS modeling method, by reducing the cost of analysis compared to the conventional method gas chromatography (GC), estimated reaction efficiency properly.Key words: Biodiesel, Image processing, Gas chromatography (GC), ANN method, Trans esterification, RSM method, ANFIS method.  

  Aquaculture is a good source of protein for the proper combination of essential amino acids. According to the Worlds Food Organization, the annual production of aquaculture has steadily increased over the last seven decades and has risen from around 20 million tons in the early 1950 to 170 million tons in 2015 (FAO, 2016). Generally speaking, public awareness of the importance of nutrition has increased, and the production of important nutritionally proteins to meet the growing demand of the population is one of the most important issues of human societies. In order to control the quality of food in post-harvest technology in the agricultural industry, the availability of visual information from all levels is essential. And since most of the methods for measuring the quality of agricultural products are destructive, time-consuming and expensive, the visual system is considered as a non-destructive tool and is used to control the quality of agricultural products. This research was conducted to determine the algorithm for calendering using image processing. 36 rainbow trout in a weighing range between 200 and 800 grams were prepared randomly. Imaging of samples placed at environment temperature and in the refrigerator every 4 hours and the fish kept in the freezer was carried out weekly until complete degradation. In the image processing step, 527 parameters were extracted from each image of the fish, among which, according to the images and histograms, eight effective parameters were determined using the sensitivity analysis for modeling. Three algorithms ANFIS, ANN and RSM were used for grading and modeling. In the modeling the past time of hunting fishes placed at frizer,refrigerator and environment, the best of three models was ANFIS algorithm with correlation coefficients of 0.982627, 0.988024 and 0.988094, respectively. But in the modeling past time of hunting for all enviornments, the ANN algorithm with the correlation coefficient of 0.981391 was the best model. Fuzzy Inference System was used to grading trout. This decision-making system consists of three FIS proportional to the location of fish storage. Each FIS had two inputs including: past time of hunting in hours and size in pixels and one output as a grade of fish quality.Keywords: detection algorithm, image processing, salmon, duration of storage

  Honey is a natural and sweet substance, which honeybees collect mainly from nectar flowers and process and storage in hives. Adulteration, especially industrial, is made by adding natural syrup or yeast directly to acids. Artificial honey is also made by mixing one or more types of sugar with acid. In this research, the accomplishment construction of a fluid-optimized imaging kit at the Agricultural faculty, Razi University, Kermanshah and fennel honey was also bought from bee keepers in Cangavar. After confirming the origin of honey, 39 samples of adulteration honey using sucrose syrup, fructose syrup and 0.9% fructose syrup with   mixed glucose percentage i   the honey   at 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% .   then a natural honey sample, and an artificial honey sample were investigated and compared. In this study, three photographic methods including processing water-soluble honey images (DiW), honey imaging in a special box (black) using petri dish (PD) and microscopic imaging (M), and another adulteration detection method based on physicochemical properties (pH, TDS, EC and MC) and a combination of superior parameters of all mentioned methods was performed. The microscopic and TDS method was distinct from honey type. The (standard ?3). In combination method (C), by using the input parameters of the best model in all previous methods and performing sensitivity analysis, two parameters of (DiW) dissolution method and one parameter of microscopic imaging method (M) were selected and modeled using AFNIS, ANN, and RSM classification systems for hybridization and using the desirability function. The determination coefficient of RSM model was considered 0.9992. Among the best models in all five methods of this research, the RSM model was introduced in the combined method (C) with the least amount of statistical errors compared to other models with the most effective 0.9940 desirability function

ABSTRACTEnergy has an undeniable role in quotidian life of human. The growing and wasteful use of fossil fuels in the industry and tra  ortation has causes a lot of environmental pollution, and on the other hand these fuels are coming to an end. For this purpose, the production of biofuels and alternative fuels with less pollutants in the present age has of great importance. Biodiesel is one of the most highly regarded fuels and can be obtained for different renewable raw materials such as vegetable oils and animal fats. In the this study, with the aim of optimizing the production of this fuel the continuous biodiesel production system was made with the combination of microwave and magnetic fields technology. The system used in the present study included a micro wave reactor and magnetic field intensity, the force of gravity was also used to move the material from the reservoir into the reactor. The waste oil was used to produce biodiesel using the base Trans Esterification technique. The material was exposed with the magnetic field uniformly before and after entering the reactor. In this study, the effect of four treatments magnetic field intensity (0, 225 and 450 milli tesla), micro wave power (400, 328, and 1181 watts), the combination of two KOH and NaOH catalysts Constant concentration of 1% (0, 50 and 100% KOH), and the combination of two ethanol and methanol alcohols in constant molar ratio 6 : 1 (0, 50 and 100% ethanol) by using the Box-Behnken test and response surface methodology, biodiesel was studied and a significant conversion percentage of 96.197 %   was obtained. All independent parameters had a significant effect on the reaction efficiency. However, the type of alcohol and magnetic field had the greatest effect on the efficiency of the reaction. By using of   adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), the predicted yield reaction and   with response surface methodology (RSM)   were compared. The results of the R- squared factor for both methods were 0.994 and 0.957, respectively. This result indicated the high ability of each method, especially the ANFIS method for estimating reaction yield. Optimized parameters achivef from Design Expert software for full conversion (96.197%) are magnetic field of 331 (mT), microwave power 6176.3 (W), KOH 32.33% + 67.66% NaOH catalyst and 80.45% Methanol + 55.59% Ethanol alcohol.Key word : Biodiesel, Microwave, Magnetic field, waste oil, Transesterification, RSM method, ANFIS method.

  Nowadays for users, quality of fruits and vegetables is do important like produsers. Most of users want to pay more money for better products. In Iran usually old methods of agriculture products in >In this reaserch 200 samplese of local pomegranate from Kermanshah prepared by chance. Then after first prepration, their fisical qualeties were measured. Dufferent part of pomegranates captured by a special case. Then grains of pomegranate were separated and captured them too. PH number and suger amount of that was measured. Taste of that in 5 level: very sweet, sweet, subacid, sour and very soure, tasted by panel members. In producing picture stage with due attention to explains 482 parameters of every pomegranate obtained. In 14 parameter with help of sensitivity analysis for every indicator, determined some parameter for modulation, for grading and modulation 3 parameter (ANFIS, ANN and RSM) used. For classificating pomegranate in 3 level number 1, 2 and 3, ANFIS model with 98. 5% correlate coefficient was best model.   In modulation for estimating suger amount of pomegranate water ANN model with 0.988 correlate coefficient was best model. . In modulation for estimating PH number of pomegranate water ANFIS model with 0.991 correlate coefficient was best model. .   In modulation for estimating taste of pomegranate ANN model with 0.955 correlate coefficient was best model. . In modulation for grading of the grain pomegranate ANN model with 0.98% correlate coefficient was best model. In modulation for beforehand pomegranate weight ANFIS model with 0.998 correlate coefficient was best model. . In modulation for beforehand pomegranate volume ANN model with 0.995 correlate coefficient was best model.