The effect of long-term feeding with transition milk and transition milk enriched with probiotic on improving growth performance and reducing susceptibility to diarrhea in newborn Holstein calves

   Introduction: Recent studies indicate that the prevalence of stress among rural communities is increasing. Therefore, paying attention to the mental health of rural residents—as the main producers of agricultural products in the country—is of great importance. Purpose: The present study was conducted to assess rural stress in the Sarfiroozabad district. Methodology: This research employed a mixed-method, sequential-exploratory design. The statistical population included 14,000 farmers from Sarfiroozabad district. Based on Krejcie and Morgan’s table, a sample of 380 individuals was selected using a stratified random sampling method according to their proximity or distance from the district center. To collect data, a questionnaire was first designed through a qualitative phase, which included literature review and unstructured interviews with experts. The collected data were then analyzed using   -22 software in both descriptive and inferential sections. Findings: The overall level of rural stress among residents of Sarfiroozabad district was moderate. The highest levels of stress were observed in infrastructural-service, socio-familial, and environmental dimensions, while the lowest level was related to environmental and climatic aspects. Among the 59 studied items, drought, decline in groundwater levels, and delayed rainfall caused the greatest concern. Moreover, married individuals, those with higher education, farmers without rural insurance, and owners of irrigated or privately owned lands experienced higher levels of stress. Conclusion: In conditions of weak economic status, uncontrollable natural crises, and challenging cultural issues, the emergence of stress is a natural phenomenon. However, when its intensity increases and coping ability decreases, it can lead to irreversible consequences. Therefore, paying attention to the mental health of rural populations and providing them with training to manage and cope with stress is essential, as they play a key role in ensuring the nation’s food security. Keywords: Stress, Rural Stress, Sarfiroozabad                                 

The study aimed to explore how various levels of protected vitamin AD3E supplementation impact the performance, blood parameters, ruminal fermentation, carcass characteristics, and diet digestibility of fattening lamb. Twenty-four male lambs with an average weight of 34.11±3.64 kg and an age range of three to four months were divided into three groups eight in each, using a completely randomized design and kept in individual pen for 70 days. In the experiment, there were three groups of treatments. The first group served as the control and received a base diet without vitamin supplements. The second group received one kilogram per ton of protected vitamin AD3E mixed in the feed. The third group received two kilograms per ton of the same vitamin mixed in the feed. During the experiment, growth performance parameters were evaluated weekly and rumen fermentation and blood parameters were assessed at the end of the study. The results showed that supplementing the diet with protected AD3E improved daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio of male lambs, and was significant in the second treatment compared to the control (P<0.05). The final weight of lambs receiving the protected vitamin supplement was higher than the control group (P<0.05). Adding two kilograms per ton of the AD3E supplement to the diet increased volatile fatty acids, gas production, and degraded organic matter in the rumen compared to the control (P<0.05). The concentration of ammonia nitrogen in lambs receiving the AD3E supplement was higher than that of control (P<0.05). Digestibility of the diet and quantitative carcass traits were not affected by the experimental treatments. The total protozoa population and entodiniomorphs in the second group of lambs were higher than the others (P<0.05). The third group of lambs had higher total protein and lower cholesterol and LDL concentrations compared to the other experimental groups (P<0.05). Overall, the results of this study showed that the use of protected AD3E vitamin supplement in the diet of lambs improved the performance of fattening lambs through positive effects on rumen fermentation and blood parameters, although it had no effect on diet digestibility.   

   Abstract: The use of natural antioxidants of plant origin in semen extenders is taken into researchers consideration as an alternative to industrial antioxidants due to having phenolic compounds and high antioxidant capacity and not having problems related to safety and toxic compounds in recent years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different concentrations (0, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 ?g/ml) of hydroalcoholic extract of mountain tea and artemisia as a sperm extender on the quality of frozen and thawed sheep semen. This experiment was conducted in completly randomized design with 4 Sanjabi rams and six replications. Semen collection was done using artificial vagina once every two weeks. The content of phenol, total flavonoid, antioxidant activity, functional groups determination and the toxicity level of different concentrations of the extracts was performed respectively using Folin-Ciocaltue colorimetric method, aluminum chloride colorimetric method, DPPH solution, FTIR spectrum and MTT test. total motility were determined with phase contrast microscope and sperm viability was done with eosin-nigrosin staining. HOS test analysis was used to determine the stability and integrity of sperm membrane. Hancock's solution was used to determine sperm abnormalities and acridine staining was used to determine sperm apoptosis rate. The amount of lipid peroxidation was determined using the amount of malondialdehyde production. Data analysis was done using    software and mean comparisons were done at the 5% level with Duncan's test. The results of GC-MS chromatogram analysis of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Artemisia and mountain tea showed 9 and 8 peaks of the compounds of the extracts of these plants, respectively. The peaks observed in the hydroalcoholic extract of Artemisia and mountain tea confirmed the presence of C-H, C-C, O-H, C=O, O=C=O and O-H functional groups. The findings showed that there was no significant difference between the treatments in the amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds (p<0.05). The results showed that there was a significant difference between the treatments on scavenging of free radicals, sperm viability, percentage of sperm viability, total motility, integrity of membrane and DNA, and the amount of malondialdehyde production (p<0.05). The highest sperm viability and percentage of sperm viability were observed with the addition of 80 ?g/ml hydroalcoholic extract of mountain tea compared to other treatments, and the viability decreased with the increase in the concentration of the extracts (p<0.05). ). The total sperms motility was higher with the addition of 80 ?g/ml of hydroalcoholic extract of Artemisia and mountain tea compared to other treatments after freezing and thawing, and with increasing the concentration of the extracts, the total motility decreased (p<0.05). Addition of 80 ?g/ml of hydroalcoholic extract of Artemisia and mountain tea improved the integrity of the sperm membrane compared to other treatments and the control, and increasing the concentration of the extract caused the destruction of the integrity of the membrane (p<0.05). DNA integrity was higher in the presence of 80 ?g/ml hydroalcoholic extract of mountain tea than other treatments, and increasing the concentration of the extract caused more damage to DNA integrity (p<0.05). The addition of 80 ?g/ml of hydroalcoholic extract decreased the production of malondialdehyde compared to other treatments after freezing and thawing, and with increasing concentration, the production of malondialdehyde also increased (p<0.05). According to the obtained results, the level of 80 ?g/ml of the hydroalcoholic extract of these two plants in to extender is suitable for influencing the investigated characteristics and reducing the production of malondialdehyde. Key words:

  This study aimed to compare the effects of intrauterine injection of electrolyzed water with ceftiofur sodium on the pregnancy rate in dairy cows with postpartum sub clinical endometritis. Uterine diseases such as endometritis, metritis, pyometra, and retained placenta in dairy cows are crucial because of the low fertility and infertility consequences. Postpartum uterine infections result in a delay in the time of artificial insemination, a decrease in the pregnancy rate and an increase in the culling rate. The treatment of endometritis is performed using different methods including parenteral or intrauterine rout of injection of antibiotics, intrauterine application of antiseptics and hormonal treatments .However using antibiotics for the treatment of endometritis has several disadvantages. The disadvantages include the cost, milk disposal, bacterial resistance, and suppressing the leukocytes’ phagocytic activity of the uterine immune system. In addition to electrolyzed water, have an antibacterial effects. Using electrolyzed water as an alternative treatment method against various diseases was investigated. A total of 316 Holstein cows diagnosed with endometritis during the clean test (35-42 days after calving) were used in the present study. Sub-clinical endometritis diagnosed using transrectal palpation and ultrasonography of the uterus and ovaries. After trans-rectal palpation and ultrasonography, cows with signs of endometritis (i.e., cervical diameters > 5 cm, asymmetry of the uterine horn, thickened uterine wall, and small amounts of fluids in the uterine cavity) were suspected to have sub-clinical endometritis. The cows were randomly assigned to six treatment groups: control group, intrauterine infusion of ceftiofur sodium (group b, 1 gram), infusion of 200ppm electrolyzed water (group c), infusion of 300ppm electrolyzed water (group d), infusion of 200 (group e) and 300ppm(group f) electrolyzed water twice with an interval of 3 days . After completing the voluntary waiting period (55 days after calving), all six groups of cows were subjected to an ovulation synchronization program (Ovsynch). Pregnancy rates after first AI was. The cumulative pregnancy rate after second .The results showed that treatment with 300 ppm electrolyzed water alone or twice with an interval of 3 days could improve the pregnancy rate in cows with subclinical endometritis.

One of the major challenges for weanling calves is the development of the lower digestive tract (Khan et al., 2016). Weanling calves do not have special digestive enzymes. Therefore, nutrient digestion and lipid absorption are self-limiting (Jones and Heinrichs, 2017). Fat digestion in calves begins in the mouth, where salivary lipase hydrolyzes milk fat. However, only 30% of total fat is hydrolyzed before reaching the small intestine (Davis and Drackley, 1998). When the fat reaches the small intestine, pancreatic lipases, lysolecithin and bile salts form micelles, maximizing the digestibility of milk fat by about 97% (Thor  erry et al., 2016). Studies have reported that limiting lipase activity may prevent the formation of mixed micelles in the intestinal lumen, thereby reducing fat digestion and nutrient absorption (Haetinger et al., 2021).  ecause dairy calves are fed a high volume of liquid ration per meal, the importance of emulsifiers is critical to fat metabolism and absorption. One of the key features of fat digestion in the gastrointestinal tract is micelle formation, which occurs after lipid digestion and complex emulsification (McFadden, 2019). Bile salts act as emulsifiers, stabilize an emulsion and prevent the fusion of dispersed phase globules in the digestive tract (Siyal et al., 2017). In fact, synthetic emulsifiers are derived from the hydrolysis phase of lecithin and have a similar function (Zhang et al., 2011).

   The effect of oral and injectable supplementation of selenium and vitamin E on performance and some blood parameters of growing lambs    The intended study was conducted to investigate the effect of oral and injectable supplementation of selenium and vitamin E on some blood parameters and growth performance of growing lambs.In this study, 18 lambs aged 3-4 months with an average body weight of 18.6 ± 2.7 were randomly divided into 3 groups with 6 repetitions in a period of 10 weeks (2 weeks of habituation + 8 weeks of testing). The experimental groups include: control group (basic diet without selenium and vitamin E supplements), oral group (basic diet with 0.3 mg of selenium in the form of selenomitonin and 50 mg of vitamin E in the form of alpha-copherol per kilogram of dry matter of the diet), group Injectable (4 ml of injectable supplement and each ml contained 0.5 mg of selenium in the form of sodium selenite and 50 mg of vitamin E in the form of alpha-copherol. The lambs were weighed every 15 days and blood samples were taken from their jugular veins on days 0, 30 and 60 of the experiment The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference in daily feed intake, daily and final weight gain, and food conversion ratio among the experimental groups (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed between the treatments in terms of the concentration of zinc, copper and iron elements during the period (p < 0.05). Also, there was no significant difference in fat metabolites, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity among experimental groups (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of red blood cells, percentage of lymphocytes and neutrophils among the experimental groups (p <0.05). The activity and number of white blood cells in the injection group on day 60 increased significantly compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The level of superoxide dismutase enzyme activity was not significantly different among the experimental groups (p < 0.05). Glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity on the 30th and 60th days of the experiment and total antioxidant on the 60th day of the experiment showed a significant increase in the group receiving the oral supplement compared to other groups (p < 0.05). The amount of malondialdehyde decreased significantly in the groups receiving selenium and vitamin E supplements compared to the control group (p < 0.05).    Keywords: antioxidant, glutathione peroxidase, daily weight gain, blood cells   

    Thepurpose of this research is to investigate the use of progesterone-containingsponges for synchronizing and using different types of antibiotics(doxycycline, neomycin, trisol, oxy tetracycline) as local and systemictreatment in order to investigate the control of infections caused by the useof sponges or population reduction. Unwanted germs were Ile du France ewes. Forthis purpose, 200 Gilde France ewes were selected and randomly placed among 5experimental groups. The experimental groups were: 1) control treatment,sponges impregnated with doxycycline powder (in the amount of 200 mg) for 14days in the vagina 2) control treatment + oxytetracycline 500 mg oblet for 14days in the vagina 3 ) control treatment + neomycin 480 mg oblet for 14 days inthe vagina 4) control treatment + trisol 500 mg oblet for 14 days in the vagina5) sheep of this group received doxycycline-free sponges and an intramuscularinjection They had oxytetracycline LA in the amount of 500 mg.   Ewes in all groups received 400 internationalunits of eCG hormone at the time of sponge harvesting. Adhesion rate and rateof vaginal infections were recorded at the time of sponge removal. On the 40thday after ramming, ultrasound technique was used to check the state ofpregnancy. Reproduction indices were also calculated. There was no significantdifference in the adhesion percentage of the mattress in all groups (P <0.05). Vaginal infections at grade 0 in groups 1 and 2 showed a significantdifference compared to other groups (P<0.05). So that the lowest number ofewes without infection was related to these two groups. In grade 1, group 2,the lowest number of ewes with low infection and bad smell was in group 2. Ingrades 2 and 3, the lowest number of ewes with severe infection with bleedingand foul smell was related to groups 4, 3 and 5. Fertility percentage, twinbirth, stillbirth and abortion were not significant in any of the experimentaltreatments (p<0.05). Based on the findings of this research, it is concludedthat the use of antibiotics significantly reduced the rate of infections causedby using sponges or reducing the population of unwanted microbes.  Keywords:synchronization of estrus, antibiotics, vaginal infection, fertility  

  AbstractProductionof high amounts of reactive oxygen species during the freezing-thawing processis the main factor of disorder in sperm performance. Antioxidants causeimproving mobility and preserve the quality of sperm by reducing the formationand scavenging the free radicals. Glutathione peroxidase, as an essentialprotein, is involved in sperm motility. Selenium is known as a fundamentaltrace element for spermatogenesis, and most of the selenium in the testicle isassociated with glutathione peroxidase. Selenium nanoparticles are less toxicthan selenite. Cysteine is a thiol-containing amino acid with antioxidantactivity, and thiol groups prevent hydrogen peroxide formation in sperm. Also,a thiol is the precursor of biosynthesis of the intracellular glutathione andincreases its surface. In this study, selenium nanoparticles were producedusing the streptococcus bacteria. Then, the synthesized selenium nanoparticleswere coated with cysteamine. Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles by bacteriaand coated nanoparticles by cysteamine was confirmed by UV-visiblespectroscopy. The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles were determinedusing X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, andField Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) imaging. In the presentstudy, semen was prepared twice a week from four mature rams of the Sanjabibreed with an artificial vagina. After diluting the semen in an alkalinediluent, different concentrations (1, 5, 25, and 125 mg/mL) of cysteamine, nanoselenium synthesized by bacteria, nano selenium coated by cysteamine, andsodium selenite salt were added. The additive-free group was considered acontrol group. The study treatments were pulled in 0.25 mL straws and wereplaced in the refrigerator for balancing for 4 hours at 4 oC. Then,straws were put at the height of 4 cm from nitrogen vapor for 12 minutes, andat the end, they were floated in nitrogen and transferred to the nitrogen tank.After thawing (30 seconds at the temperature of 37o

Since there is an increasing interest amongst sheep farmers to use artificial insemination, finding solutions to preserve the fertility of sheep’s semen can have usage and importance. The aim of this study is to investigate the addition of laminarin, as an antioxidant supplement, to the diluter of sheep’s semen after freezing-defrosting. Semen samples from four mature sheep of the Sanjabi breed with a mean age of 3 – 4 years and confirmed fertility were collected using an artificial vagina, two times per week. The samples were transferred immediately to the lab in a diluted tris basic buffer, and laminarin with concentrations of 100, 200, 400, and 800 micrograms per milliliter was added to them. Sperm viability and motility, sperm membrane integrity, sperm abnormality, apoptosis, lipid peroxidation, and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity of the samples were assessed. Results showed that laminarin with a concentration of 800 micrograms per milliliter compared to the other treatment groups made an improvement in motility percentage, membrane integrity, and sperm viability. In addition, laminarin with a concentration of 800 micrograms per milliliter compared to the other treatment groups decreased abnormality percentage and apoptosis. Laminarin concentrations of 800 and 400 micrograms per milliliter decreased lipid peroxidation levels. Laminarin with a concentration of 800 micrograms per milliliter increased the activity of semen’s dismutase enzyme. Overall, it was shown that using laminarin with a concentration of 800 micrograms per milliliter will improve qualitative and quantitative parameters of Sanjabi sheep’s sperm after the process of freezing-defrosting.

مطالعه­ي مورد نظر جهت بررسي اثر روش تجويز مكمل‌هاي سلنيوم و ويتامين اي در اواخر آبستني بر غلظت سلنيوم، مس، روي و آهن خون و شير ميش‌ها و خون بره­هاي حاصل ازآن­ها انجام شد. در اين مطالعه 18 راس ميش آبستن از گله 50 راسي آبستن به صورت تصادفي انتخاب و در 3   گروه 6 راسي به صورت انفزادي نگهداري شدند. تيمارها شامل:تيماراول ،شاهد (دريافت مقدار 10 ميلي‌ليتر مكمل سلنيوم و ويتامين اي به صورت تزريقي دو هفته قبل از زايش؛ هر ميلي ليتر حاوي 5/0 ميلي‌گرم سلنيت سديم و 50 ميلي گرم ويتامين اي). تيمار دوم، دريافت مكمل سلنيوم و ويتامين اي بصورت خوراكي   3/0 ميلي‌گرم سلنيوم و 50 ميلي‌گرم ويتامين اي در كيلوگرم ماده خشك مصرفي ) مخلوط با جيره و به‌صورت روزانه از چهار هفته قبل از زايش و تيمار سوم تجويز 10 ميلي‌ليتر مكمل سلنيوم و ويتامين اي به‌صورت تزريقي چهار هفته قبل از زايش (5 ميلي‌ليتر) و دو هفته قبل از زايش (5 ميلي‌ليتر)بودند. ميش‌ها در روزهاي اول، وسط دوره   و قبل از زايش توزين   و امتياز بدني آنها نيز تعيين شد.از رگ گردني ميش­ها   قبل از تجويز مكمل و زمان زايمان خون‌گيري شد. از بره­هاي تازه متولد‌شده نيز قبل از مصرف كلستروم   (آغوز) و روز 14 بعد از تولد از طريق رگ گردني خونگيري شد. نمونه هايي ازآغوز و شير جهت اندازه­گيري غلظت سلنيوم، مس، روي و آهن برداشت شد. نتايج آزمايش نشان داد كه ميانگين وزن ميش­ها در   4 هفته قبل از زايش تا زمان زايش، تفاوت معني‌داري نداشتند ولي در دو هفته بعد از زايش وزن ميش­ها در گروه تيمار خوراكي نسبت به تيمار شاهد بيشتر بود(05/0>P).اختلاف معني‌داري در امتياز وضعيت بدني بين تيمارها مشاهده نشد. بعد زايش غلظت سلنيوم پلاسماي ميش‌ها در تيمار خوراكي بالاتر از گروه‌هاي ديگر بود (05/0>P). در روز تولد ميانگين غلظت سلنيوم پلاسماي خون بره‌ها در تيمار خوراكي   بالاتر از دو گروه ديگر بود (05/0>P) اما در دو هفتگي بين بره‌هاي تيمارهاي مختلف تفاوتي از لحاظ اين فراسنجه مشاهده نشد (05/0>P). غلظت سلنيوم در آغوز ميش­هاي گروه دريافت‌ كننده مكمل خوراكي نسبت به تيمار شاهد افزايش يافت(05/0>P)اما تفاوت معني­داري بين تيمارها از لحاظ غلظت سلنيوم در نمونه هاي شير   مشاهده نشد (05/0P>). تفاوت معني­داري بين تيمار‌ها از لحاظ غلظت‌هاي آهن، مس و روي پلاسماي خون، آغوز و شير ميش‌ها وجود نداشت (05/0P>) . تفاوت معني‌داري در غلظت‌هاي آهن، مس و روي پلاسماي خون بره­ها در زمان تولد بين تيمارها وجود نداشت (05/0P>) اما در دو هفتگي بره­ها، غلظت مس پلاسماي خون در تيمار خوراكي نسبت به تيمار شاهد بالاتر بود (05/0>P). در نتيجه گيري كلي، غلظت سلنيوم خون ميش‌ها و بره‌هاي حاصل از آنها و غلظت سلنيوم آغوز در تيمار خوراكي بيشتر بود(05/0>P)اما به غير از مس در بره ها، اختلاف معني‌داري در غلظت عناصر آهن، روي و مس مشاهده نشد. با توجه به نتايج اين مطالعه، بهتر است از مكمل سلنيوم و ويتامين اي به صورت خوراكي استفاده شود

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental nutrition on organic and vitamin A in corn and soy based diets on production performance and quality characteristics of laying hens. For this purpose, 360 commercial laying hens of Bones strain at the age of 60 weeks were used. Production and functional traits such as feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production percentage, egg mass and average egg weight (g) In the middle of the period, the end of the period and the whole period of the experimental design were analyzed. Specific weight, egg shape index, shell weight and shell thickness were measured. The data obtained were analyzed using GMP statistical software in a completely randomized factorial design that included 12 treatments and 5 repetition and 6 observations per repetition. Based on the results, the percentage of egg production at the levels of interaction of zinc and vitamin A in the first month, the second month and the whole period were significant (P?0.05), but egg mass among the experimental treatments in the first month, the second month and the whole period was not different from each other (P?0.05). The interaction of different levels of zinc and vitamin A supplementation on yolk weight and shell weight was significant, so that treatments containing 8000 units of vitamin A with levels of 60, 90 or 120 mg / kg of organic zinc supplementation had a higher yolk weight than control and the treatment containing 8000 units of vitamin A and 120 mg / kg zinc (treatment 9) had higher shell weight (P 05 0.05). Significant changes were observed in the intraction levels of zinc and vitamin A in yolk (P?0.05). And treatments 4, 7 and 12 had the better yolk color. Levels of 90 and 120 mg of zinc compared to the level of 60 mg reduced feed consumption and improved the feed conversion ratio (P? 0.05). Different treatments had significant effects on egg shell thickness and egg weight (P <0.05). The results of this study showed that the use of zinc supplementation in the diet of laying hens at the levels of 90 and 120 mg of zinc and vitamin A at the level of 16000 units can have positive effects on their performance and egg production.   

  AbstractThis study was performed to investigate theeffects of using Ferolago angulate extract onquantitative and qualitative traits of milk and colostrum production,antioxidant status of pregnant goats and also antioxidant status of goat milkin dairy goats. In this experiment, 21 dairy goats were used in the form of 3experimental treatments and 7 replications in a period of 7 months. Goats werefed in 3 groups (control, feeding with 20 mg of Ferolago angulate extractper kg of live weight and feeding with 40 mg of Ferolago angulate extractper kg of live weight). Estrus synchronization was performed in goats. In twostages of pregnancy (beginning and end), blood samples were taken and someblood parameters were examined. Immediately after the birth of the goats, basedon the birth weight and quantitative and qualitative measurement of thecolostrum, during the lactation period, the quantitative and qualitativeevaluation of the milk produced by the mothers was performed. The resultsshowed that the addition of 40 mg of Ferolago angulate extractto the basic diet of goats significantly increased milk production compared tothe control treatment (P <0.05). Also, adding 20 mg of Ferolago angulate extract to goats' diet significantly reduced milksomatic cells (P <0.05). Other milk components measured in this experimentwere not affected by the experimental diet (P <0.05). Mean weight gain,blood parameters and measured serum antioxidant levels includingmalondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and totalantioxidant were not affected by any of the experimental diets (P>0.05). In general, the results of the data showed that the use of Ferolago angulate extract as an additive at the level of 20 and 40 mg hasa positive effect on milk production performance of dairy goats, but in termsof weight gain, blood parameters and the level of antioxidants used Up to 20and 40 mg did not improve these parameters.Keywords: Ferolago angulata, milk, goat, antioxidants, milkcompounds

-1.مقدمهتقاضاي بالا براي گوشت گوسفند، توليدكنندگان را مجبور مي‌كند تا مديريت پرورش خود را با هدف كاهش هزينه‌هاي توليد، افزايش پارامترهاي توليد و توليدمثل به منظور افزايش بهره‌وري در واحد سطح، بهبود رفاه حيوانات، و ارائه يك رويكرد پايدار براي اطمينان از ماندگاري سيستم در طول زمان بكار بگيرند (Altieri و همكاران، 2000). برخي از نژادهاي بز و گوسفند در عرض­هاي جغرافيايي معتدل تنوع فصلي در فعاليت توليد مثل در طول سال دارند (شلتون، 1978؛ اورتاوانت و همكاران، 1985؛ شيمينو و همكاران، 1992). به خوبي اثبات شده است كه فعاليت جنسي فصلي تحت كنترل دوره نوري است به اين صورت كه روزهاي طولاني مهاركننده و روزهاي كوتاه تحريك كننده هستند(Bissonnette, 1941؛ Chemineau et al., 1988; مائده و همكاران، 1988; والنسيا و همكاران، 1990; سانتا ماريا و همكاران، 1990).   در غرب كشور، تغييرات فصلي فتوپريود و ميزان بارندگي باعث تاثير بر علوفه توليدي مراتع شده، لذا سبب شده است كه دستگاه توليدمثل گوسفندان در فصول خاصي از سال فعالتر باشد. به عبارت ديگر دو عامل فتوپريود و تغذيه، به عنوان عوامل اصلي موثر بر فعاليت دستگاه توليدمثل، بطور همزمان در ايجاد توليدمثل فصلي شناسايي شده­اند (Delgadillo et al., 1999). با اين حال، نقش ديگر محرك‌هاي محيطي مانند در دسترس بودن غذا و تعاملات اجتماعي بعنوان تنظيم كننده­هاي بالقوه توليد مثل فصلي را نبايد ناديده گرفت(Restall, 1992; Restall et al., 1995; Walkden-Brown et al., 1993; Mani et al., 1996). چراكه فصلي بودن توليد مثل مي­تواند بهره­وري حيوانات مزرعه­اي را محدود كند (Yeates, 1949). در حيوانات اهلي تعيين باروري است بسيار مهم است، به ويژه در حيوانات نر كه براي اهداف پرورشي و لقاح مصنوعي (AI) استفاده مي شوند. مسائل ناباروري مرتبط با اسپرم مي­تواند بر عملكرد پرورش گله­هاي بزرگ حيوانات تأثير منفي بگذارد (Hoflack و همكاران، 2007).گوسفند نژاد مهربان به طور معمول در غرب ايران پرورش داده ­مي­شود. مراتع و توده علوفه موجود در اين منطقه از كشور، به طور گسترده­اي با فصل و كيفيت بارندگي متفاوت است، كه ممكن است به يك الگوي فصلي توليد مثل را ايجاد كند (قربانخاني و همكاران، 2015). بر اساس نتايج بدست آمده و همچنين مشاهدات درمورد گوسفند سنجابي انتظار مي­رود كه الگوي فعاليت توليدمثلي در بره نر مهربان بصورت فصلي در موقعيت جغرافيايي پرورش ­آن­ها باشد، اما محققان در شيراز نشان دادند كه ميش مهربان نشانه­هايي از توليد مثل غيرفصلي را دارد (سفيدبخت و همكاران، 1978؛ 1977). در اين راستا و بر پايه مشاهدات و گزارش­هاي پرورش دهندگان بومي، اين حيوان داراي توليد مثل فصلي است، بطوريكه در اواخر فصل تابستان و اوايل پاييز همزمان با كاهش طول روز فصل جفت­گيري اين دام اتفاق مي­افتد. علاوه­براين، در فصل بهار مجددا دستگاه توليد مثل اين حيوان فعال مي­گردد كه به نظر مي­رسد ناشي از تاثير تغذيه علوفه­هاي تازه در مراتع باشد. از اينرو، با درك بيشتر از اثرات مكمل­هاي تغذيه­اي بر فعاليت دستگاه توليدمثلي   و بكار بردن مديريت صحيح تغذيه­اي مي­توان اثرات منفي فصل غيرتوليدمثل بر بازده توليدمثلي را كاهش داده و همچنين امكان استفاده از تكنيك­هاي مختلف توليدمثلي در خارج از فصل را تا حد زيادي مرتفع نماييم

اين ازمايش به منظور ارزيابي تأثير كمپلكس آلي روي، منگنز، آهن، مس، كروم و كبالت بر عملكردتوليدي وفرآسنجه­هاي خوني جوجه­هاي گوشتي در يك دوره 42 روزه انجام شد.آزمايش در قالب طرح كاملا ًتصادفي با 3 تيمار و 6   تكرار و 12 پرنده در هر واحد آزمايشي طراحي و اجرا شد. تيمارهاي آزمايشي عبارتنداز: تيمار اول: گروه كنترل (بدون افزودن مكمل، تيمار شاهد)، تيمار دوم: افزودن كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1گرم در كيلوگرم، تيمار سوم: افزودن كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 5/1گرم در كيلوگرم. نتايج نشان داد كه افزودن كمپلكس آليبر عملكرد (خوراك مصرفي، افزايش وزن روزانه و ضريب تبديل خوراك) جوجه­هاي گوشتي در سه دوره استارتر(1-10)، رشد (24-11) و پاياني (42-25) روزگي از لحاظ آماري تأثير معني­داري نداشته است (05/0<P). تاثير تيمارهاي آزمايشي در بين فرآسنجه­هاي خوني بر كلسترول و آلكالين فسفاتاز معني­دار شدند (05/0>P). ضمن اينكه غلظت گلوكز و تري­گليسريد نيز تمايل به معني­داري داشتند. غلظت كلسترول وآلكالين فسفاتاز، در تيمار حاوي كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1 گرم در كيلوگرم با گروه كنترل اختلاف معني­داري داشت، بنابراين تيمار كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1 گرم در كيلوگرم باعث كاهش معني­دارغلظت كلسترول وآلكالين فسفاتاز در مقايسه با گروه كنترل شد. تاثير تيمارهاي آزمايشي بر قابليت هضم مواد معدني آهن، مس، منگنز، روي، كبالت و كروم نشان داد كه بر آهن، منگنز، كبالت و كروم تاثير معني­داري داشت (05/0>P). نتايج نشان داد كه تيمارهاي حاوي كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1 گرم در كيلوگرم و كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 5/1گرم در كيلوگرم باعث كاهش معني­دار قابليت هضم آهن و كبالت در مقايسه با گروه كنترل شد. در حاليكه تيمار متعلق به كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1 گرم در كيلوگرم بر قابليت هضم منگنز با گروه كنترل تفاوت معني­داري داشت. علاوه بر اين، تيمار كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 5/1گرم در كيلوگرم بر قابليت هضم كروم با گروه كنترل اختلاف معني­داري داشت و باعث افزايش قابليت هضم كروم در مقايسه با گروه كنترل شد. اين پژوهش نشان داد كه استفاده از كمپلكس آلي بر افزايش وزن بدن، مصرف خوراك و ضريب تبديل خوراك تاثير معني­داري نداشت. اما باعث كاهش سطح كلسترول و آلكالين فسفاتاز و همچنين كاهش قابليت هضم آهن و كبالت و منگنز شد، و باعث افزايش قابليت هضم كروم شد.   

(P?0.05).   

  tract In this study, the effect of additive buffers (sodium bicarbonate, ruminobuffer and commercial buckwheat buffer) on yield, gas production and rumen fermentation parameters in vitro and in vivo was investigated. The mean weight of 26 kg was used in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six replications over a period of 75 days.The diets used included the first or control treatment diet (sodium bicarbonate), the second treatment diet (ruminobafer) and the treatment diet, respectively. Third was Behdam Roshd commercial buffer. During the test period, weighting was performed every two weeks and blood sampling was performed at the end of the period and ruminal fluid was collected in two stages on day 30 and day 60. The mean weight gain in the first and second treatments was The third treatment was more and there was no significant difference between the treatments in terms of dry matter consumption, but the best conversion ratio was related to the second treatment. Significantly decreased triglyceride in the second and third treatments compared to the first treatment (control) It was found that alanine aminotransferase was significantly increased in experimental treatments compared to the control, aspartate aminotransferase was significantly decreased in the second treatment compared to the first (control) and the third. There was no significant difference between treatments and control in terms of protozoan population. Gas production under the influence of experimental treatments was significantly reduced compared to the control treatment. Experimental buffers had no significant effect on total volatile fatty acids. Ammonia nitrogen increased under the influence of rominobuffer compared to the control treatment, but decreased in the commercial buffer treatment. Also, the pH of the ruminal environment showed a relative increase compared to the control group under the influence of experimental treatments. Keywords: Rumen fermentation, Buffer, Volatile fatty acids, Ammonia nitrogen

   Abstract    This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fermented camelina meal on performance and digestibility in broilers. A total of 420 broilers were randomly assigned to 7 treatments with 6 replicates and 10 replicates per replicate in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included control (based on soybean meal) and 5, 10 and 15% treatments of replacing raw camelina or fermented soybean meal in the diet. The chicks of all groups received the ration at the end of the first week of each treatment. The results of this experiment showed that at the end of the feed weight gain and feed conversion ratio and feed intake as well as protein digestibility in the fermented treatments, especially 15% compared to the non fermented ones. There was a significant difference (P <0.01), therefore, with regard to the positive effects of fermented camelina meal on broiler digestibility and digestibility, this processed protein source could be considered as an alternative to soybean meal.   

  AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the effects of adding different levels of dried molasses distillers condensed soluble with bran (MDCS+B) to diet on productive performance, and some blood parameters in mehraban lambs.  

The study of effect of meatand bone meal differentlevels on performance,fermentation,carcass and blood parameters ofMehrabanfinishinglambs.  

Effect of different sources of Zn on performance and some blood metabolites in Kermani lambs

 The effect of dietary organic and Nano chromium supplementations on immune responses and some blood parameters in Sanjabi lambs.

  The effect of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare .Mill)   and   caraway (Carum Carvi) essential oils on fermentation parameters and protozoa population in fattening lambs

infuence of quantitative feed restriction in pellet and mash diets on performance, metaboli disorders occearance and blood parameters in broiler chichins.

    Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of organic zinc (Availa®Zn 100) and selenium (Availa®Se 1000) supplementation on semen characteristics, testes measures and some blood parameters. A total of 20 Sanjabi rams (50/01 ± 5/6 kg, 20 months of   age) were   randomly divided   into four equal groups, given the basal diet either un supplemented (control (C) only received 0.11 mg/kg Se and 20/52 mg/kg Zn background) or supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg Se (S), 40 mg/kg Zn (Z) or 0.3 mg/kg Se plus 40 mg/kg Zn (ZS) for a 120 days experiment (from July 23, 2013 to November 21, 2013). The semen and blood samples were collected every 3 weeks and testes measurements (length, breadth, volume and scrotal circumference (SC) were measured every 15 days. The concentration of testosterone, Fe, Cu, Zn, insulin, total antioxidant status (TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and GSH-Px in serum and seminal plasma Zn, total antioxidant status (TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and GSH-Px were measured. Testes measurements were not significantly improved by experimental groups. There was no significant difference between experimental groups on the serum testosterone concentration although there was higher efficiency of ZS than other groups. Semen characteristics were significantly affected by treatments: the sperm density, and total sperm output increased (p < 0.05) in ZS group in comparison with C ones. As well as sperm forward motility were higher in ZS (P < 0.05) than those of S and C, and progressive motility were increased in ZS than those of C, S and Z groups (p< 0.05).Testosterone concentration(P < 0.05) and testicular circumference (P < 0.001) were higher   during October than early (July) and end of the experiment (November). Ejaculate volume (P < 0.01), total sperm output (P < 0.001) and viability (P < 0.001) on the other hand were higher during September than other months of experiment. Serum Zn were higher in ZS and Z (P < 0.05) than those of S and C, and higher in seminal plasma in ZS than all of other groups (p < 0.05). Se supplementation, increased serum GSH-Px activity (P < 0.01) than other groups, and increased seminal plasma GSH-Px activity (P < 0.05) in S and ZS than Z and C groups. In all of the experimental groups the serum TAS increased (P < 0.01) compaired with C group. The results of this experiment confirm that zn and se supplementation and their combination improved semen characteristics and the overall reproductive performance of Sanjabi rams during the breeding season.