Abstract Increasing population and water shortage in arid regions have challenged food security. Optimal water management and the use of compounds such as doudab and salicylic acid, by improving the physiological processes of plants, contribute to greater water efficiency and sustainable production of crops. This experiment aimed to investigate the effect of foliar spraying of doudab (1 and 1.5 liters per hectare), salicylic acid (0.5 and 1.5 mM), and control (spraying with water solution) on the yield and yield components of peanut plants under different irrigation cycles (once every 10 days, once every 20 days, and a combination based on seasonal conditions), was conducted in a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research-educational farm of the Agricultural College of Ravansar County in 1402. The results of variance analysis showed that irrigation interval and its interaction with foliar application had a significant effect on traits such as dry weight of full pod, dry weight of seeds, dry weight of pod skin, dry weight of roots and shoots without pods, hundred-seed weight, number of pod types (immature, empty, full, double and total per square meter) and ratio of pods (immature to total and full to total). Also, foliar application of fumigation and salicylic acid showed a significant effect on all these traits except number of immature pods, ratio of immature to total pods and seed size. The results of segmentation showed that the interaction effect of irrigation interval and fumigation concentrations and foliar application of fumigation and salicylic acid on various traits such as dry weight of seeds, roots, shoots, hundred-seed weight, number of pods (immature, empty, full, double and total), and pod ratios was significant at the 1% probability level. The results of the mean comparison showed that the best yield was observed under the conditions of 10-day irrigation interval and foliar spraying with a concentration of 1.5 l/ha of fumigation and 1.5 mM of salicylic acid. Under these conditions, the dry weight of the seed was 220 g, the number of filled pods was 283 per square meter, and the seed size was 1.42 cm. Also, the application of salicylic acid reduced the number of empty pods. Under the conditions of 20-day irrigation interval, the yield was generally reduced, but foliar spraying with fumigation and salicylic acid reduced the negative effects of drought stress. Under the conditions of 10-day irrigation interval and without foliar spraying, the dry weight of the seed was 190 g and the number of filled pods was 240, which indicates the positive effect of foliar spraying under optimal irrigation conditions. These results showed that the combination of regular irrigation and foliar spraying with optimal concentrations can help improve yield and reduce the effects of drought stress in peanut plants. Keywords: Water efficiency, growth regulator, stress, foliar application, yield.   

Fungal pathogens are one of the factors that cause damage in agricultural products. Volatile compounds and other bacterial metabolites by inducing resistance in plants are considered as a promising alternative to chemical toxins and management of plant pathogens. Light regulation is one of the strategies to control plant pathogens and is one of the key factors in regulating the growth, development and response to stresses in plants, bacteria and fungi. In this research, the effect of full, red, blue, far-red, UVA, green and dark light spectrums on the physiological characteristics of the B. pumilus INR7 antagonist bacteria, including types of bacterial movements, population growth, biofilm formation, changes in intensity, and the type of volatile compounds released And also its effect on the growth of plant pathogenic fungus A. brassicicola in laboratory conditions and their interaction were investigated. The results showed that the light spectrum has a significant effect on the physiological characteristics of the antagonistic bacteria, so that the red light spectrum has the most and the dark has the least effect on twitching and swimming movement, the dark has the most effect and UVA has the least effect on the swarming movement, the green light spectrum It has the most effect and UVA has the least effect on population growth, the green light spectrum has the most effect and other spectrums together with darkness have the same effect on biofilm formation, as well as light spectrums separately cause changes in the intensity and also the type of volatile compounds released by the antagonistic bacteria. became Electron microscopic photography of the antagonist bacteria grown in the vicinity of light and dark spectrum showed that the UVA light spectrum and darkness caused the antagonist bacteria cells to stick to each other as well as the formation of biofilm. Full light spectrums and UVA have also increased the size of bacterial cells compared to darkness. The light spectrums were also effective on the physiological characteristics of the pathogenic fungus A. brassicicola, so that the blue light spectrum caused growth and darkness caused a reduction in the size and area of the pathogenic fungus. The full spectrum of light, UVA, red, green and blue had a similar effect and darkness caused a decrease in the population of pathogenic fungal spores per milliliter. On the other hand, the light spectrum of UVA increased and darkness decreased the growth of pathogenic fungi in the presence of antagonistic bacteria in dual culture. Also, the green light spectrum has the most and the dark has the least effect in comparison with the full spectrum and darkness in the growth of the pathogenic fungus in the presence of the volatile compounds of the antagonist bacteria.  

Purslane is a valuable medicinal plant that has useful compounds and properties, which include omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, etc. Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that always has many negative effects on the productivity of agricultural products. In drought conditions, the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer consumption can affect the growth and yield. For this purpose, the effects of drought and nitrogen stress on the growth and some agronomic and physiological traits of purslane were carried out in the research greenhouse of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran in the crop year of 2022-2021. The experiment was designed as a factorial in base of a completely randomized design (CRD) in three replications. The treatments included drought stress levels (irrigation at 35, 50, 65 and 80% moisture depletion) and amounts of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 from urea source). The examined traits included biomass, seed weight, harvest index, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of seeds per plant, 1000-weight seeds, plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, stem dry weight, leaf and stem weight ratio, seed nitrogen, leaf nitrogen, stem nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen economic efficiency, nitrogen harvesting index, water use efficiency, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoid , chlorophyll fluorescence, stomatal conductance etc. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of drought stress were significant on the traits of biomass, seed weight per plant, harvest index, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of seeds per plant, 1000-weight seed, plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, leaf dry weight, leaf weight ratio, stem weight ratio, seed nitrogen, leaf nitrogen, stem nitrogen, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen economic efficiency, nitrogen removal index, water use efficiency, amount of water used, chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance. The effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels was significant on plant dry weight, seed weight per plant, harvest index, number of seeds per capsule, number of seeds per plant, thousand seed weight, plant height, leaf dry weight, seed nitrogen, leaf nitrogen, stem nitrogen, nitrogen harvest index, Chlorophyll fluorescence and stomatal conductance. The interaction of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer was significant on stem dry weight, chlorophyll a, b and total, and also carotenoid. The treatment of 35% moisture depletion and of 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer had the highest values on plant dry weight (2.82 g), seed weight per plant (1.13 g), harvest index (40.04%), the number of capsules per plant (62/66), the number of seeds per capsule (72/33), the number of seeds per plant (4548/4), the weight of 1000-weight seeds (0.50 g), the dry weight of leaves (0.16 g), the dry weight of stems ( 2.37 g), seed nitrogen (11.02 %), leaf nitrogen (6.2 %), stem nitrogen (7.86 %), nitrogen harvesting index (57.75%). The 80% moisture depletion treatment increased the efficiency of water consumption (11.83 g kg-1). In general, the results showed that, in the treatment of 35% moisture depletion and 100 kgha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer was obtained the highest yield of purslane seeds. Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence, seed protein, water use efficiency, photosynthetic pigment  

In the soils of Iran, the deficiency of essential nutrients and the low efficiency of their absorption are considered important factors contributing to the reduction in quantity and quality of agricultural products. Therefore, by implementing proper plant nutrition methods, the efficiency of nutrients can be enhanced. Based on this premise, to investigate the effect of foliar application of nano micronutrient fertilizers on morphophysiological traits and performance of black cumin (Nigella sativa), an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications during the agricultural year of 1401-1400 at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Razi University in Kermanshah Province. Experimental treatments included foliar application of six nano chelated micronutrient fertilizers: iron and boron (2 ppm), zinc and manganese (1.5 ppm), copper and molybdenum (1 ppm), at the early vegetative growth stage; foliar application of the same six nano chelated micronutrient fertilizers at the early seed filling stage; and a control treatment (foliar application with water). In this experiment, traits related to plant growth characteristics, yield and yield components, physiological traits, biochemical traits, percentage of black cumin oil, and oil yield were measured.The results of variance analysis showed that the application of nano micronutrient fertilizers at the branching and seed filling stages separately had a significant effect on most traits (except for the number of seeds per plant and the maximum efficiency of photosystem II). A comparative analysis of the effect of foliar application of nano micronutrient fertilizers between the two stages of branching and seed filling showed significant differences in most traits (except for seed filling rate, stem height, plant dry weight, capsule weight ratio, catalase, and superoxide dismutase). Foliar application of nano iron fertilizer in the branching and seed filling stages (yielding 1679 and 1772 kg/ha, respectively) produced the highest seed yield compared to the control treatment (1414 kg/ha). Additionally, the highest oil yield was observed, firstly with the application of iron and zinc at the seed filling stage (640 and 606 kg/ha, respectively), and then at the branching stage (569 and 561 kg/ha, respectively). The highest response in morphological and physiological traits was initially achieved with iron application, followed by foliar application of zinc. Overall, the results of this experiment suggest that foliar application of nano chelated micronutrient fertilizers, especially iron and zinc, appears to be effective in enhancing both quantitative and qualitative yield of black cumin.   

اين آزمايش به منظور بررسي اثر غلظت و مقادير مختلف محلول‏پاشي دودآب بر روي عملكرد و اجزاي عملكرد و همچنين برخي از عناصر غذايي غده سيب‏زميني در سال زراعي 1399-1400 در مزرعه تحقيقاتي پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي دانشگاه رازي اجرا شد. آزمايش به صورت فاكتوريل به اضافه شاهد در قالب طرح بلوك‏هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار اجرا شد. تيمارهاي آزمايش شامل مقادير مختلف دودآب (1 ،5/1و 2 ليتر در هكتار) و دفعات محلول‏پاشي دود‏آب (1، 2 و 3 بار) و تيمار شاهد بودند. نتايج نشان داد اثر تيمار غلظت محلول‏پاشي بر صفات چگالي غده، تعداد غده در يك بوته، عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده هوايي، آهن، روي و منيزيم غده در سطح يك درصد معني‏دار گرديد. اثر تيمار تعداد محلول‏پاشي نيز بر صفات عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده ، ميزان نيتروژن، پتاسيم، آهن، روي و منيزيم غده در سطح احتمال يك درصد معني‏دار گرديد. اثر متقابل غلظت و تعداد محلول‏پاشي نيز بر صفات عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده، پتاسيم، آهن، روي و منيزيم غده در سطح احتمال يك درصد معني‏دار گرديد. همچنين اثر تيمار در مقابل شاهد براي صفات عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده، فسفر، آهن و روي غده معني دار گرديد. نتايج مقايسه ميانگين‏ها نشان داد بالاترين چگالي غده به ميزان 987/0 گرم بر سانتي‏متر مكعب مربوط به سطح محلول‏پاشي دودآب 5/37 سي‏سي بود.

   Abstract In order to investigate the interaction of smoked water, mycorrhizal fungus and rhizobium bacter on the agrophysiological characteristics of chickpea, an experiment as split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications was carried out at Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, in 2021. The treatments included foliar application of smoked water (1 lit/ha) at two stages (vegetative and before flowering) and soil application of smoked water (2 and 4 lit/ha) along with no use of smoked water (control) as the main factors and the inoculation of micro-organisms (rhizobium, mycorrhiza, rhizobium+mycorrhiza and control) were as sub factors. In this research, the traits of plant height, total chlorophyll and carotenoid, number of nodules, root length, root diameter, fresh and dry weight of roots, relative water content of leaves, grain yield, biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100-grains weight, harvest index, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf weight ratio (LWR), stem weight ratio (SWR) and total dry weight (TDW) were measured. The results showed that the effect of smoked water on the characteristics of crop growth rate (CGR), plant height, number of root nodules, root diameter, grain yield, biological yield, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and 100-grains weight were significant. The effect of biological fertilizers on the characteristics of root fresh weight, crop growth rate (CGR), total dry weight (TDW), relative leaf water content, plant height, number of nodules, root length, root diameter, root dry weight, seed yield, biological yield, 100-grains weight were significant. The interaction effect of smoked water × biological fertilizer was significant on leaf weight ratio (LWR), stem weight ratio (SWR), total chlorophyll and carotenoids. The smoked water factor (1 lit/ha) at two growth stages (vegetative and the beginning of flowering) in terms of grain yield (547.8 kg/ha), biological yield (2122.4 kg/ha), the number of pods per plant (13.2), the number of seeds per plant (7.6), 100-grains weight (35.5 g), CGR (4.4 g.m-2.day-1) had the highest values. The soil used of smoked water (2 and 4 lit/ha) in terms of root diameter (4.7 mm) and height (38.9 cm) also took the highest values. The use of rhizobium with mycorrhiza in terms of grain weight (35.7 grams), CGR (1.3 g.m-2.day-1), TDW (111.23 g), LWR (5.12 g/g), grain yield (503.6 kg/ha), biological yield (1918.0 kg/ha), root length (20.4 cm), root diameter (4.7 mm), and inoculation of rhizobium with seeds chickpea and foliar spraying of smoked water (1 lit/ha) at two stages in terms of carotenoid (9.3 mg/g), SWR (2.48 g/g) and rhizobium inoculation alone in terms of the number of root nodules (31 nodules), root diameter (4.9 mm), height ( 40.25 cm) and mycorrhizal inoculation alone obtained the highest values in terms of root fresh weight (2.5 g), root dry weight (1.2 g), relative leaf water content (67.1 %). The results obtained from the correlation analysis showed a positive and high relationship between the 100-grains weight and the crop growth rate with the grain yield under the treatments of smoked water and biological fertilizers. Keywords:

   اثر   تيمارهاي پيش كاشت بذر با ساليسيليك اسيد، هيوميك اسيد و روي بر عملكرد و كيفيت ارقام گندم دوروم در شرايط ديم چكيده به­ منظور بررسي تأثير تيمار بذر با اسيد هيوميك، اسيد ساليسيليك و روي بر عملكرد و برخي صفات مربوط به ريشه گندم دوروم (Triticum durum Desf.) دو آزمايش گلداني و مزرعه اي در پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي دانشگاه رازي كرمانشاه در سال زراعي 99-1398 اجرا شد. فاكتورها در هر دو آزمايش شامل اسيد هيوميك، اسيدساليسيليك، روي، اسيد ساليسيليك+ اسيد هيوميك، اسيد ساليسيليك + روي، اسيدهيوميك+ روي، اسيد ساليسيليك+ اسيدهيوميك+ روي و شاهد (عدم مصرف) بر روي ارقام گندم دوروم ساجي و ذهاب بودند. در طرح گلداني، آزمايش از نوع فاكتوريل در قالب طرح كامل تصادفي در سه تكرار اجرا گرديده و صفات سطح برگ، وزن خشك ساقه، وزن خشك ريشه، وزن خشك كل، ارتفاع بوته، طول و تراكم ريشه اندازه­ گيري شدند. در طرح مزرعه اي، آزمايش از نوع فاكتوريل و در قالب طرح بلوك كاملاً تصادفي و با سه تكرار و صفات   عملكرد بيولوژيك، عملكرد دانه، تعداد سنبله در متر مربع، تعداد دانه در سنبله، وزن هزار دانه، شاخص برداشت، ، ميزان پروتئين دانه، ارتفاع بوته، ميزان كلروفيل a ، b و كاروتنوئيدها مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. نتايج تجزيه واريانس در شرايط گلخانه نشان داد كه رقم، بذرمال نمودن تيمارها و اثرات متقابل آن ­ها بر تمام صفات مورد مطالعه   اثر معني ­دار در سطح احتمال 5 درصد داشتند. در بيشتر صفات عملكردي تيمار اسيد هيوميك+ اسيد ساليسيليك+ عنصر روي بالاترين مقدار را نشان داد و بيشترين ميزان وزن خشك ريشه، طول، تراكم و حجم ريشه در تيمارهاي اسيد هيوميك و اسيد ساليسيليك مشاهده شد. در شرايط مزرعه نيز اثرات متقابل تيمارها بر اكثر صفات مورد بررسي اثر معني ­داري نشان داد. در آزمايش گلخانه­ اي بيشترين ميزان براي تمام صفات در رقم ساجي مشاهده شد. در شرايط مزرعه بر خلاف گلخانه، اكثر صفات به‌ ويژه صفات عملكردي در رقم ذهاب مقادير بالاتري داشتند. به ­طوري كه تقريباً همه­ تيمارهاي مورد بررسي بدون اختلاف معني دار با يكديگر، بالاترين عملكرد دانه (510 گرم) را نشان دادند. بيشترين تعداد دانه در سنبله (46) نيز در تيمارهاي روي در رقم ذهاب مشاهده شد. در مجموع مي­توان چنين بيان كرد كه كاربرد كودهاي آلي و تنظيم كننده­ هاي رشد گياهي موجب افزايش عملكرد و اجزاي عملكرد مي ­گردد.       واژه­ هاي كليدي: رنگيزه هاي فتوسنتزي، وزن خشك ريشه، پروتئين دانه، ذهاب ، ساجي

با توجه به اينكه دود آب حاصل از سوختن بقاياي گياهي ضمن دارا بودن مواد غذايي مورد نياز گياه ، اخيرا در دسته تنظيم كننده هاي رشد قرار گرفته است و نتايج برخي پژوهش ها مويد افزايش كميت و كيفيت برخي محصولات پس از محلول پاشي با دود آب   شده است ،اين تحقيق به منظور بررسي اثر محلول پاشي دود آب بر برخي خصوصيات اگرولوژيك كتان روغني در مزرعه پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي دانشگاه رازي در سال زراعي 1399-1398 به صورت طرح بلوكهاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار اجرا گرديد. تيمارهاي مورد بررسي در اين تحقيق عبارت از محلول پاشي با غلضت هاي يك ، دو و صفر(شاهد)   ليتر در هكتار در سه زمان غنچه دهي ،گلدهي كامل و تشكيل كامل كپسول و همچنين تيمارهاي تركيبي غلضت و زمان محلول پاشي مي باشد . نتايج حاصله از اين تحقيق نشان داد كه محلول پاشي با غلضت هاي يك و دو ليتر در هكتار بر عملكرد زيست توده ،عملكرد دانه ،عملكرد كلش ،تعداد دانه در كپسول، تعداد دانه در بوته، وزن هزار دانه ،ارتفاع بوته ،عملكرد پروتيين ،درصد روغن دانه ،عملكرد روغن،فعاليت آنزيم آنتي اكسيدان پراكسيداز ،فعاليت آنزيم آنتي اكسيدان كاتالاز ،   فعاليت آنزيم آنتي اكسيدان سوپر اكسيد ديسوتاز ، پروتيين هاي محلول ، محتوي كلروفيل برگ ، محتوي كارتنوييدهاي برگ و درصد رطوبت دانه   معني دار بوده ولي بر صفات تعدادكپسول ، درصد پروتيين دانه و شاخص برداشت تاثير معني دار نداشته است . . بيشترين تاثير بر عملكرد دانه مربوط به   تيمار محلول پاشي دودآب با غلضت دو ليتر در هكتار و در زمان غنچه دهي و گلدهي كامل و تيمار محلول پاشي با غلضت يك ليتر در هكتار در سه زمان غنچه دهي ،گلدهي كامل و تشكيل كامل كپسول ها بود   كه به ترتيب سبب افزايش   56.4و52.9 درصد عملكرد شدند و كمترين عملكرد در تيمار شاهد مشاهده گرديد.. به طور كلي بيشترين اثر مثبت بر عملكرد دانه به ترتيب مربوط به كاربرد سه زمانه ،دوزمانه و يك زمانه محلول پاشي بود .  

   According to the adverse effects of limiting the absorption of micronutrient such as iron, zinc and boron in most agricultural soils of Iran on the growth of agricultural plants, this research was conducted in order to compare the effect of foliar application of different concentrations of common fertilizers and nanoparticles of iron, boron and zinc on yield and some physiological characteristics of chickpea in rainfed condition in the research farm of Razi University in the crop year of 2018-2019. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The treatments examined in this research were: nano particles fertilizer of iron, zinc and boron in three concentrations (2, 4 and 8 grams per liter), their combined forms, common iron and zinc fertilizer treatment (2, 4 and 8 grams per liter) and the control treatment. With respect to the results, the effect of different groups of fertilizers as well as different concentrations of common fertilizers and nanoparticles of iron, zinc and boron on biomass yield, seed yield, number of pod per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per pod, plant height, number of lateral branches, activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase and superoxide dismutase), the content of chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids were significant at the probability level of 1%. In relation to the weight of one hundred seeds and the number of seeds per plant, there was a difference between different groups as well as different concentrations of fertilizers at the five percent probability level. Among different groups of fertilizers, the triple group of iron, zinc and boron nanoparticles had the most positive effect on other agronomic and physiological traits. In this condition, the highest seed yield was 1196 kg/ha and the lowest seed yield was 814 kg/ha in the treatment of no fertilizer application (control). The effect of foliar spraying of common iron and zinc fertilizers was also significant in increasing most of the studied agricultural traits. The effect of common zinc fertilizer in increasing grain yield was greater than that of common iron fertilizer. Also, by examining the effect of different concentrations of common fertilizers and nanoparticles on the increase of studied traits and yield, it was found that as the concentration of fertilizers increased, the amount of other agricultural traits also increased compared to the control treatment (no fertilizer application). The maximum grain yield was obtained in the conditions of triple application of nano-particle fertilizers at a concentration of 8 grams per liter at the rate of 1392 kg per hectare. In general, the most significant effect on the studied traits was related to triple, double and then separate application of micronutrient fertilizers respectively. According to the obtained results, application of 8 grams per liter of iron, zinc and boron in triple form (at the beginning of vegetative growth stages and flowering stages) in investigated area and similar areas, the yield of chickpeas in rainfed conditions will increase significantly.

In order to maintain the quality of fruits and increase their shelf life, extensive research has been done on packaging methods, especially the use of nanomaterials in packaging. Due to the high medicinal and nutritional properties of garlic and also the sensitivity of its storage period after peeling, the packaging of this product is of great importance. In this study, garlic was packaged in two normal and nano films at temperatures of 25, 4   and -18   ° C and three modes of normal atmosphere, vacuum and modified atmosphere. Measured properties include mechanical properties (Fmax, Emod and deformation percentage), chemical properties (PH and TSS), colorimetric properties (L *, color change and browning index) as well as the amount of gas (O2 and CO2) inside It was packages. Data analysis was performed in two sections of 14 days including all three temperatures and 35 days including refrigerator temperature and freezer temperature. Data were analyzed by statistical methods and artificial neural network (ANN). The trend of changes during the storage period in mechanical properties (except deformation), the amount of CO2, TSS and L * decreased and in pH, the percentage of deformation, color change and browning index were reported as increasing. The results of statistical analysis showed that in the 14-day period, temperature changes had a significant effect on the measured parameters and in the 35-day period, temperature and the interaction of temperature and atmosphere had a significant effect on all parameters. The least changes in the measured properties occurred mainly in the nano film. In neural network (ANN) analysis, the output of the best model for the effect of treatments on properties, validation performance diagram, data regression coefficient (experimental, training and general) as well as data regression line fitting was measured.   

Abstract With the advancement of science and technology, human needs for food and energy are increasing. This has led to the uncontrolled use of land, which has severely reduced soil quality. Frequent sowing, non-compliance with management principles and cultivation frequency have intensified soil compaction. We see soil density in almost all agricultural fields. In many areas, at a depth of 10-30 cm, the soil is usually hard, which is due to poor management of agriculture and specifically plowing, hence it is called plow. Mahidasht located in Kermanshah province is one of the important agricultural hubs that field observations in October 1397 show the expansion of plowing in this area. Therefore, identifying and ranking important factors in the development of plowing is of particular importance. For this purpose, after specifying the study area, the coordinates of the points were selected by Google Earth. Deep excavations were excavated and dissected for all points and information such as: color, structure, amount of organic matter by boiling with oxygen water, amount of lime by boiling of acid, soil resistance and amount of clay for each horizon were recorded. Intact samples from each soil surface were transferred to the laboratory for chemical and physical analysis (EC, pH, potassium, sodium, lime, specific gravity, etc).) align="right" dir="RTL" >  According to the ST align="right" dir="RTL" >Overall, with increasing depth, the specific gravity of the soil increased, which was very significant in the plow layer. The main reasons for the increase in specific gravity with depth are the decrease in organic carbon and the increase in clay in the deep soil layers. The bulk density in Entisols, Inceptisols and Vertisols soils was 1.2, 1.80 and 1.93 g / cm3, respectively. The higher clay percentage in Vertisols soils increased the bulk density and soil compaction. The highest specific gravity was observed in    horizons in Vertisols soils, in all of which the specific gravity was more than 2 g / cm3. The high amount of clay increases the adhesion and ductility of the soil, which shows that under equal conditions in Vertisols soils, the density of the plow layer in these soils is higher compared to other soils.    Abstract With the advancement of science and technology, human needs for food and energy are increasing. This has led to the uncontrolled use of land, which has severely reduced soil quality. Frequent sowing, non-compliance with management principles and cultivation frequency have intensified soil compaction. We see soil density in almost all agricultural fields. In many areas, at a depth of 10-30 cm, the soil is usually hard, which is due to poor management of agriculture and specifically plowing, hence it is called plow. Mahidasht located in Kermanshah province is one of the important agricultural hubs that field observations in October 1397 show the expansion of plowing in this area. Therefore, identifying and ranking important factors in the development of plowing is of particular importance. For this purpose, after specifying the study area, the coordinates of the points were selected by Google Earth. Deep excavations were excavated and dissected for all points and information such as: color, structure, amount of organic matter by boiling with oxygen water, amount of lime by boiling of acid, soil resistance and amount of clay for each horizon were recorded. Intact samples from each soil surface were transferred to the laboratory for chemical and physical analysis (EC, pH, potassium, sodium, lime, specific gravity, etc).)

  

حبوبات پس از غلات، دومين منبع غذايي بشر به شمار مي­روند. نخود Cicer arietinum L. در ميان بقولات رتبه­ي سوم را در جهان دارد و مهم­ترين آن­ها در ايران است. در خاك­هاي قليايي به دليل تثبيت شدن اكثر عناصر ريزمغذي، جذب آنها توسط ريشه­هاي گياهان كاهش مي­يابد. در اين شرايط محلول­پاشي عناصر ريزمغذي جذب آنها را توسط گياه بهبود مي­دهد. اين تحقيق در همين راستا در سال زراعي 98-1397 در مزرعه­اي واقع در دهستان سراب‌نيلوفر در فاصله­ي حدود 20 كيلومتري شمال غربي شهر كرمانشاه، به­ صورت دو آزمايش مجزا و به صورت طرح بلوك كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار انجام شد. تيمار مورد بررسي محلول‌پاشي جهار نوع كود شامل: 1) سولفات روي، 2) سولفات مس، 3) اسيد بوريك و 4) فروت‌ست هر كدام در سه سطح   2، 4 و 8 در هزار و شاهد (عدم محلول­پاشي كود) بودند. در آزمايش اول محلول­پاشي شروع گلدهي و در آزمايش دوم در ابتداي غلاف­دهي انجام شد. در اين بررسي صفت­هاي عملكرد دانه، عملكرد پروتئين، عملكرد زيست­توده، شاخص برداشت، تعداد دانه در بوته، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد غلاف پر در بوته، تعداد غلاف خالي در بوته، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه‌هاي جانبي، درصد پروتئين، راندمان مصرف آب عملكرد اقتصادي، راندمان مصرف آب عملكرد زيست­توده، درآمد ناخالص عملكرد اقتصادي، درآمد ناخالص عملكرد كاه، راندمان اقتصادي مصرف آب و سود خالص مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند. نتايج تجزيه واريانس در هر دو مرحله (ابتداي گلدهي و ابتداي غلاف­دهي) حاكي از معني­دار بودن اثر مثبت و معني­دار سطوح مختلف محلول­پاشي بر تمام صفات مورد ارزيابي (به­جز سود خالص در ابتداي غلاف­دهي) در سطح احتمال يك درصد بود. بر اساس نتايج مقايسه ميانگين­ها در دوره­ي گلدهي، بيشترين عملكرد دانه در تيمارهاي 2 در هزار فروت­ست با 4544 كيلوگرم در هكتار، 2 در هزار بور با 4505 كيلوگرم در هكتار و 8 در هزار بور با 4319 كيلوگرم در هكتار و به ­ترتيب با 59، 58 و 51 درصد افزايش در مقايسه با تيمار شاهد با 2853 كيلوگرم در هكتار به دست آمد. بيشترين عملكرد دانه در تيمار محلول­پاشي در ابتداي غلاف‌دهي در سطوح 8 در هزار فروت­ست با 5867 كيلوگرم در هكتار)، 2 در هزار بور با 5744 كيلوگرم در هكتار و 2 در هزار فروت­ست با 5302 كيلوگرم در هكتار به ­ترتيب با 106، 101 و 86 درصد افزايش در مقايسه با تيمار شاهد به دست آمد. به­طور كلي بر اساس نتايج مقايسه ميانگين گروهي فروت­ست و بور در تيمار محلول­پاشي در ابتداي گلدهي و فروت­ست و مس در ابتداي غلاف­دهي بهترين گروه­ها از نظر بهبود عملكرد دانه بودند. بنابراين در شرايط محيطي مشابه، به دليل كسب حداكثر مقدار عملكرد و صفات مرتبط با آن، نسبت به ساير سطوح كودي قابل توصيه است.   

مقدمه:پس از غلات، حبوبات با سطح زيركشت 770 هزار هكتار وتوليد 700 هزار تن، دومين سطح زير كشت را در كشور ايران دارا هستند و نقش مؤثري درتأمين پروتئين مورد نياز كشور ايفا مي­كنند. عدس از مهم­ترين حبوبات در سيستم­هاي كشت ديم بهخصوص در تناوب با جو و گندم در مناطق با بارندگي كم تا متوسط به حساب مي­آيد.ارزيابي سيستم­هاي مختلف تغذيه گياه يكي از نيازهاي مهم در برنامه‌ريزي زراعي است. عناصر كممصرف با وجود نياز كم، جايگاه ويژه‌اي در توليد محصولات كشاورزي دارند. علي­رغم نقش معني­داراين عناصر در رشد گياهان، كمبود اين عناصر در اغلب مناطق كشاورزي ايران به چشم مي­خورد.اهدافباتوجه به نقش مهم عدس در تغذيه انسان­ها و تأثيركود­هاي آهن و روي بر جنبه­هاي مختلف رشد گياهان از جمله عدس، اين آزمايش جهت مقايسه اثر محلول­پاشي غلظت­هايمختلف كود رايج و نانو سولفات آهن و سولفات روي در ابتداي مراحل رويشي و گلدهي بر عملكرد،اجزاء آن   و برخي صفات فيزيولوژيك عدس درشرايط ديم اجرا خواهد شد. روش تحقيقاين تحقيق در سال زراعي 98-1397در مزرعه­ي پژوهشي دانشگاه رازي انجام خواهد شد. آزمايش مورد نظر به‌صورت فاكتوريل در قالب طرحبلوك­هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار خواهد بود. فاكتور اول شامل محلول­پاشي سولفات آهن   و روي نانو و سولفات آهن و روي معمولي هركدام درپنج سطح   شامل: 2،0، 4، 6 و 8 گرم در ليترو فاكتور دوم مرحله رشدي اعمال تيمار كودي در دو مرحله شامل: ابتداي رشد رويشي وابتداي گلدهي خواهد بود. رقم عدس مورد مطالعه نيز رقم كيميا مي­باشد. پس از نمونه برداري ازتيمارهاي مختلف آزمايش، صفاتي مانند عملكرد دانه، عملكرد زيست­توده، شاخص برداشت، تعدادبوته در واحد سطح، تعداد دانه در بوته، وزن هزار دانه، ارتفاع بوته، محتوي كلروفيلو كارتنوئيد­ها و پروتئين­هاي محلول برگ، درصد پروتئين دانه و عملكرد آن، سرعت فعاليتآنزيم­هاي آنتي اكسيدان شامل: كاتالاز، پروكسيداز و سوپراكسيدديسموتاز، پراكسيدهيدروژن، پايداري غشاء سلول­هاي برگ‌ و محتوي آهن و روي موجود در دانه اندازه­گيري

This research was conduct to study the effects of exogenous application of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid on the quantity and quality of yield of two flax cultivars under post-flowering water deficiency stress. This research was conducted in 2016-2017 at the Organic Research Farm of the Campus of Agricultural and Natural Resources Razi University of Kermanshah. To this end, a split plot-factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The main plot was including of water regimes (1-control, 2-post-flowering water deficit stress) and the sub plots was including Flax cultivars (Hindi and Hungarian), exogenous application of salicylic acid (0, 100, 200 ppm) and ascorbic acid (0, 100, 200 ppm) and time of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid at two levels of vegetative growth stage (stem elongation) and reproductive stage (full flowering). According to the results, cultivar, exogenous application of hormones and moisture regime treatment had significant effect on all examined traits without morphological traits. In control condition (non-water deficit stress, grain yield and biomass yield of the Hungarian cultivar was significantly higher than Indian cultivar. Application of post anthesis water deficiency significantly reduced grain yield (%32), biomass yield (%28), number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per plant, 1000 seed weight, seed oil percentage, oil yield, protein yield, Growing Degree Days (GDD) requirement, and significantly increased grain protein (%22). The results also showed that the physiological and biochemical traits significantly were affected by moisture regime, cultivars, exogenous application of hormones and time of exogenous application of hormones. In this respect, water deficit stress significantly reduced leaf relative water content (RWC(, catalase activity and soluble proteins and significantly increased chlorophyll a and carotenoids concentration and superoxide dismutase activity. Exogenous application of hormones in water deficit stress, not only significantly increased grain yield and other studied traits and reduced the effects of water deficit, but also under control treatment, exogenous application of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid specially at 200 ppm had the best results. According to the results, it seems that use of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid in drought stress condition, reduced its effects on flax production. It can be concluded that, exogenous application of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid in plants significantly increased the plant's resistance to water deficit stress.  

  The role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on reduction of drought stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).

    Seed deterioration is one of the factors reducing seed vigor and germination.Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the seed priming ability with some plant growth regulators to prevent or improve flax seed deterioration in Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University.This experiment was conducted in two separate sections to study the possibility of prevention and improvement of seed deterioration.In the first section, the seeds were first primed with hormones and then were deteriorated.In the second section, the seeds were first deteriorated and then were primed with hormones.For testing of each hormone, three factors including seed deterioration (on three levels: no deterioration, mild and severe deterioration), priming with hormone (in four concentrations) and two flax varieties (Indian and Hungarian) were considered.Hormones include: salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, cytokinin, gibberellin and auxin.Hydropriming experiment included three levels of seed deterioration, two flax cultivars and two seed priming levels (without and with hydropriming).The evaluated traits included the percentage of germination, germination rate, mean time to germination,mean daily germination, normal seedlings, shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, length and weight seedling vigor indices.The results showed that the Indian cultivar had superiority in both of the section of improvement and prevention to seed deterioration than the Hungarian cultivar.This superiority, however, was not significant in some traits.With increasing seed deterioration, a decrease was observed in germination characteristics.The results showed that seed priming withauxin at concentrations of 50 and 100 mgL-1 and gibberellin at concentrations of 50 and 100 mgL-1 preventedto seed deterioration.Other treatments did not have significant effects on prevention of seed deterioration.Seed priming with gibberellin at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg.L-1 and salicylic acid at concentration of 50 mgL-1 improved the germination characteristics of deteriorated seeds.In general, seed priming with auxinorgibberellinto prevent and with gibberellin or salicylic acid to improvement of flax seed deterioration can be used

Environmental contamination due to the combustion of fossil fuels and the ending of these resources, as well as the increase of pathogens, has attracted the attention of many governments and researchers to wards replacing and using more efficiency clean fuels to reduce pollution. Biodiesel, has long been considered as one of the major fuels. This kind of fuel, which is a fatty starch, is obtained from oil sources such as vegetable and animal oils during transesterification catalytic process on these oils and fats. Oilseeds plants have high water requirements, but Camelina is also cultivated in drought and rainfed conditions. In this study, extracted Camelina oil via cold- pressing was used for the production of biodiesel. MgO / Fe3O4 @ SiO2 Nano catalyst was synthesized by co-sediment method. Then, this Nano-catalyst was used in the transesterification reaction to production of biodiesel. Different variables were effective on both the transesterification reaction and the performance of MgO / Fe3O4 @ SiO2 nano-catalyst. The main purpose of this research was to identify and optimize these variables in order to achieve the maximum amount of the biodiesel production. These variables were including of calcinations temperature, calcinations time, and the weight percent of the active phase to the base. The reaction temperature of 70?C, reaction time of 5hours, molar ratio of alcohol to oil of 18:1, and the weight percent of catalyst to oil of 3%(w/w) were considered as the operating conditions for transesterification reaction. Finally, the calcinations temperature of 650?C, calcinations time of 3 hours and the weight percent of the active phase to the base of 55%(w/w) were reported as optimization conditions. The efficiency of the biodiesel production of 99% was obtained at optimization conditions using the transesterification reaction and in the presence of the MgO / Fe3O4 @ SiO2 nano-catalyst. The characterization of the MgO / Fe3O4 @ SiO2 nano-catalyst using different techniques such as XRD, SEM and FT-IR was determined.

  There is limited documentary information on the ecology of weeds belonging to the wheat genus in Iran. In this research, two species of wheat (Centaurea solstitialis) and Centaura balsamita (recently cultivated) were selected and examined. In this two-year research, we tried first of all to investigate the main characteristics and the reactions and mechanisms of both species, and then, experiments were designed to better understand and manage both species. This study was conducted in four main sections including germination ecology (acidity effect, potassium nitrate, osmotic potential, salinity, etc.), depth of burial and storage time, phenological research and competition. The results of this study showed that seeds are both non-foibastic species. The best germination temperature for them is 25 ° C and the minimum and maximum germination occurs at 5 and 35 °, respectively. Both species have a very negative reaction to nitrogen and are not considered nitrophilic. The inhibitory limit for salinity was 250 milli-molar, and before this level, there was a decrease in the decreasing response with germination. The maximum depth at which the germination was observed was a depth of 5 cm. There was no specific reaction to acidity and was observed in a range of 4 to 10 germination. Both species are resistant to drought and therefore have germination ability in arid areas. In relation to deep-water debris reactions, germination at a depth of 5 cm after 9 months and in dark conditions and a temperature of 20 * 10 ° C, had the highest germination percentage. All of the above mentioned factors contributed to breaking the seed dormancy and increasing germination. The lowest percentages were observed for the seeds in the warehouse, the time elapsed 3 months after burial and the presence of light. The phenological study showed that annual wheat and winter wheat were germinating early in the month, and in late August it would face seed loss. A bulky herb with a specific morphology that is more than 190 centimeters high. They had a high competitive power and reduced the yield of wheat to a large extent.Keywords: germination, burial depth and storage time, phenology, competition

  Evaluation the effect of nitric oxide on antioxidative responses of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and Camelina )Camelina sativa L.), under salt stressQuick Reply

     In order to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation and exogenous application of different growth hormones (3?indoleacetic acid [IAA], gibberellic acid [GA3], and 6?benzylaminopurine [6?BAP]) va control (distilled water) at different growth and development stages of pea (flowering, poding, flowering + poding), with rainfed conditions (control), an split-plot experiment using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was setup at Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. According to the results, the interaction effect of supplemental irrigation × hormone was significant on green pod yield, biological yield, 100-grains weight, harvest index and primary and secondary photosynthesis pigments. The number of pods per plant and grains per pod were also influenced by the effects of supplemental irrigation and hormones. The use of supplemental irrigation at two stages (flowering+ poding), and the application of hormones (IAA and 6-BAP) led to produce the highest grain yield, biological yield and 100-grain weight. The highest number of pods per plant and grains per pod was obtained under irrigation at two growth stages and exogenous application of hormones. The highest amount of chlorophyll a and b was related to the plants under supplemental irrigation at flowering + pod and application of 6-BAP and for carotenoids was obtained by application of GA3. Exogenous application of 6-BAP was increased fv/fm, performance index, soluble sugar, soluble protein and leaf relative water content. Effects of supplemental irrigation and hormone were significant on antioxidant enzymes and most of them were obtained under rainfed and application of plant hormone. In general, it can be stated that supplemental irrigation and exogenous application of growth hormones IAA and 6-BAP, can be used to prevent exposure of pea to water stress during critical stages of flowering and poding and it may be appropriate to increasing its economic performance.

High quality seed is essential factor for proper establishment of seedling in field. Percentage and rate of seed germination in the laboratory are usually different from the emergence percentage and rate in field. This study carried out to determine the most suitable seed vigor test in the laboratory to predict the seedlling emergence percentage and rate. Eight lentil seed lots belonged to four cultivars (kimia, Bilesavar, Qazvin and Kermanshah local), were selected. These seed lots were different in production year, so that were produced in 2010 and 2014 years. In laboratory, some seed tests were performed on the seed lots, such as standard germination test, cold test, electrical conductivity test, imbibition test, hiltner test, osmotic stress test (at three potential 0, -3 and -6 bar), and accelerated aging test (at three temperatures 40, 41 and 42 °C for periods of 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours). In these tests, some indices related to seed and seedling vigor were measured, such as final germination percentage, mean daily germination, average time to germination, germination rate, normal seedling percentage, abnormal seedling percentage, seedling vigor index, allometric index, the use of seed storage, the contribution of seed storage in seedling weight, root and shoot length, root and shoot dry weight. In the farm, also, above mention seed lots were planted and some traits were evaluated, such as the seedling emergence percentage, average daily emergence, average time to emergence and seedling emergence rate. The results of analysis of variance and mean comparisons showed that the lentil seed lots were different in terms of measured traits in the laboratory and the field. Orthogonal analysis for field and laboratory tests showed the superiority new v.s. old seed lots. To investigate the relation between field and laboratory tests, correlation analysis wase measured between germination characteristics in the laboratory with two traits of percentage and rate of seedling emergence in field. In relation to seedling emergence percentage in the field, the highest positive correlations were obtained with normal seedling percentage in the accelerated aging test at of 41 °C for 72 and 96 hours (0.888 and 0.861, respectively), the final germination percentage in the accelerated aging test at 41 °C for 72 and 96 hours (0.842 and 0.813, respectively), normal seedling percentage in the cold test at 2 °C (0.733) and normal seedling percentage in the standard germination test (0.724). In relation to seedling emergence rate in the field, the highest positive correlations were obsereved with germination rate in the cold test at 2 °C (0.792), shoot length in the cold test at 4 °C (0.766), germination rate in the osmotic stress test at -6 bar (0.765), average daily germination in the osmotic stress test at -6 bar (0.753), average daily germination in the standard germination test (0.733), and average daily germination in the accelerated aging test at 41 °C for 96 and 72 hours (0.718 and 0.712, respectively). So, these laboratory tests can be used to predict the rate and percentage of seedling emergence in the field.

The study effect of forbidden irrigation at different growth stages on yield and yield components of corn (SC704)

Myagrum perfoliatum is a winter weed in crops such as wheat and barley in Kermanshah province recently been problematic. This weed, emerging in Iran and in the world, many studies have been done on it. Seeds zero at different depths (surface), 5, 10, 20 and 40 cm. The time period after 2, 4, 6, 9, 12 and 14 months out of the soil and tra  orted to the laboratory and under the treatments were temperature and light. Temperature treatment at three levels (25 ° C, fixed, variable 5/10 and 10/20 °C) and light treatments on two levels (light and dark) were applied.The results showed that weed seeds are not photoblastic. Myagrum perfoliatum germinated in light and dark alike. Optimum temperature for seed germination temperature regime Myagrum perfoliatum varied 10/20. Burial depth on seed germination significant effect (p?0.01). The highest germination was found at a depth of five centimeters of soil. Over time also had a significant effect on breaking dormancy so that the seeds after 14 months had the highest percentage of germination. Due to the increased depth, germination percentage decreased Myagrum perfoliatum can be concluded that deep plowing to control weeds because it can lead to the germination of seeds and this prevents them into the depths of the plowing should be done a few years in the West because in Iran is usually done by plow tillage the soil tillage and seed lefted to gether and seeds that in the middle up and make them germinate.Key words: deep plowing, new weed, optimum temperature, wheat and barley

In order to evaluate the effect of different seed priming methods and exogenous application (spraying) of some plant hormones on flower initiation and yield of pumpkin (cucurbita pepo L.). an experiment in educational and research farm of campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University of Kermanshah/Iran as completely randomized design and complete block design respectively with four replications in 2013-2014 season were conduct. Priming treatments were include: sytokinin 100ppm, auxin 100ppm,   ilica at level 1mM, salicylic acid at level 1mM, hydro priming and control (non-priming). plant spraying were include: sytokinin 100ppm, auxin 100ppm, salicylic acid 1mM, and control (non-spring). The results showed interaction effects of priming and spraying had significant effect (p?%1) for all studied traits except 1000 seed weight. Also mean compare results showed that, when spraying by cytokinin accrue, priming by salicylic can increase yield and its components. Mean while during spraying by salicylic acid, priming by auxin can raise yield characters. In case of priming without spraying, using silica was more useful and increased yield and its components. For male and female flowers, priming by silica and spraying by auxin and salicylic acid produced more female flowers.  

  Abstract:The effect of light intensity on the physiological and morphological characteristics of chickpea, like other crops, is of crucial importance.In order, the effects of shading on vegetative and reproductive growth of peas and also the intensity of the light yield, carried out an experiment via factorial in based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications in research farm on Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran during 2012-2013.Factors were including shading (no-shading, 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent) at different growth stages (vegetative and reproductive stages and all of growth duration). The results showed thatthe intensity of shading at different growth stages, significant effect on yield and yield components, chlorophyll content, dry matter pationing, remobilization photosynthesis. As shading had the most effect of on grain yield, hundred grin weight, number of seeds per plant, number of pods per plant,biological yield and harvest index at all of growth duration, reproductive and vegetative stages respectively. Biomass in 75, 50,25 and perfect shading at all of growth duration decreused 87.0, 73.3, 53.1 and 92,3 percent, compared to control, respectively. This value ware for grain yield 95.2, 80.8, 59.9 and 100 percent, ratio to control, respectively. Key words: Shading, Light intensity, yield, growth, Chickpea.

 sunflower,water stress,proline,relative water content,cholophyl