Abstract With the continuous growth of the global population and the increasing demand for sustainable food security, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plays a vital role as one of the major sources of calories and protein for a large portion of the world’s population. However, its production in temperate and arid regions such as Iran is severely constrained by abiotic stresses, particularly terminal drought and heat stress. Earliness is an important agronomic trait in wheat that enables plants to escape such end-season stresses. The present study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity among 48 bread wheat genotypes (40 lines and 8 checks), identify early-maturing and high-yielding lines, and assess the genetic structure of phenological and yield-related traits under the environmental conditions of Kermanshah, Iran. The experiment was carried out during the 2023–2024 cropping season at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University of Kermanshah, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The seeds were selected from advanced lines derived from crosses among nationally released cultivars. Phenological, agronomic, and biochemical traits were recorded. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes for all studied traits, indicating considerable genetic potential for use in wheat breeding programs. Genotypes 10, 5, and 22 were identified as the earliest lines, while genotypes 1 and 24 were the latest. The highest grain yields were recorded for genotypes 32 (770.37 g/m²), winter backcross ‘Roshan’ (766.40 g/m²), 30 (760.15 g/m²), and 10 (696.79 g/m²). Grain yield showed significant positive correlations with spike weight per square meter, harvest index, and spike number per square meter, emphasizing the importance of these traits in yield improvement. Principal component analysis (PCA) extracted six principal components explaining 81.29% of the total variance, with the first component mainly associated with phenological traits and the second with yield-related traits. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into five clusters, among which cluster III comprised the earliest-flowering and earliest-maturing genotypes, characterized by the highest mean spike number, grain yield, and biological yield. These findings confirm the presence of sufficient genetic diversity for the improvement of phenological and yield-related traits in bread wheat. Identifying early-maturing, high-yielding lines (particularly those in cluster III) represents an effective strategy for developing stress-tolerant cultivars and improving water-use efficiency in future wheat breeding programs. Keywords Terminal drought, Heat stress, Genetic diversity, Grain yield, Earliness   

The Poaceae family plays an important role in human and animal nutrition. Oat, as a cereal and high-quality forage, has special significance. Increasing forage production is required due to livestock demand and resource limitations. This study evaluated the morphological, phenological, forage, and chemical diversity of 40 hexaploid oat genotypes with the aim of identifying genotypes possessing desirable forage and agronomic traits. The experiment was conducted during the 2022–2023 cropping season at the Research Farm of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah Province. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 40 treatments, consisting of forage-type genotypes selected from previous trials, was applied with three replications. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences for all traits except plant height. The results of this study showed that there were significant differences between the studied genotypes in terms of most agronomic and qualitative traits. The RYHTI, CHINESE, HOUDAN and STORMONT IRIS genotypes were superior in quantitative traits such as fresh forage weight, harvest index and grain yield, number of spikes and straw yield, while the JARLE, VENTURA, RUBIDA and ALASKA genotypes were distinguished by qualitative traits such as ash content, crude fat percentage, crude protein percentage and crude fiber percentage. Phenologically, the KENT genotype was introduced as the earliest and the SUPPORT genotype as the latest, which are suitable for regions with short and long growing seasons, respectively. The results of cluster analysis also confirmed the findings of the mean comparison and introduced the JARLE and FORWARD genotypes as well as ACACIA and CHINESE genotypes as superior in terms of a set of agronomic and qualitative traits. The correlation study of traits showed that some quantitative traits had a negative correlation with qualitative traits, while there was a positive correlation between some qualitative traits, indicating that genotypes focused on a group of traits. Finally, using the ideal genotype selection index, the ACACIA genotype was introduced as the superior genotype for continuing breeding programs. Keywords: Principal component analysis, Cluster analysis, Crude protein, Genotype selection index, Ether extract

   The Zagros forests are the second largest forested region in Iran, predominantly composed of oak trees, which is why these forests are referred to as the Western Oak Forests. A portion of the Zagros forests is located in Kermanshah Province, where two oak species, Quercus brantii (Persian oak) and Quercus infectoria, are distributed. The objective of this research was to investigate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of oak seeds in Kermanshah Province. For this purpose, seed samples were collected from various locations within the province's forests and tra  orted to the laboratory. In the laboratory, quantitative traits of the seeds such as the weight and length of the whole fruit, length, weight, diameter, and volume of the nut (achene), as well as the weight and thickness of the cupule were measured for both species. Subsequently, after determining the moisture content and pest infestation rate of the seeds, the concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, phosphorus, and nitrogen, along with the protein content of the seed coat (pericarp) and kernel, were analyzed. Finally, statistical software was used to analyze the quantitative and qualitative data of the seeds. The results revealed that all quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the seeds from both species, collected from different locations across the province, exhibited statistically significant differences both intra species and inter species.    Keywords: Chemical elements, Oak seed, Quercus infectoria, Quercus brantii

  Oat is one of the most important cereals in the world, essential for both humans and animals due to its significance as a key food source. With increasing public awareness of healthy dietary habits, oats have attracted more attention from scientific researchers and industries. Since limited efforts have been made by researchers to identify high-yielding varieties, there is an urgent need for breeding and identifying improved oat cultivars with high nutritional value. To achieve suitable genotypes or varieties for autumn and spring cultivation, an experiment was conducted during the 2022–2023 growing season at the research farm of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, located in Kermanshah Province. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 44 treatments, including selected grain genotypes from previous experiments, conducted in three replications. After seed preparation, oat planting was carried out manually in both autumn and spring at a density of 400 plants per square meter. The results showed that the genotypes 291sv955057-35 and Brusher had the highest grain yield in autumn, producing 1505 and 1510 grams of grain per square meter, respectively. In the spring season, the genotypes Wandering (1183 g/m²), Carrolup (1152 g/m²), Quoll (1152 g/m²), Bannister (1149 g/m²), and Wintaroo (1131 g/m²) had the highest grain yields among the tested genotypes. The lowest grain yield in both autumn and spring was observed in the Titus genotype. A significant difference was observed between oat genotypes in terms of thousand-kernel weight across different cultivation seasons. The Wallaroo and Paramo genotypes had the highest thousand-kernel weights in autumn and spring, respectively, while the Dolphin97 genotype recorded the lowest thousand-kernel weight in both seasons. The longest spike length in both autumn and spring was observed in the Dalyup genotype. Regarding plant height, Dolphin97 and Mitika recorded the tallest and shortest plant heights, respectively, in both seasons. Biological yield results were entirely different, as the Oh1022 genotype had the highest biological yield in both autumn and spring cultivation. Conversely, the La Pervision and WA-oat genotypes recorded the lowest biological yields in autumn and spring, respectively. This indicates the strong adaptability of the Oh1022 genotype to different environmental conditions. Therefore, this study suggests the possibility of achieving high-yielding oat genotypes under spring cultivation conditions. If these results are repeated, the identified genotype(s) could be recommended to farmers.

 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most important vegetables which are cultivated worldwide. Broomrape (Phelipanche aegyptiaca) is one of the main agents that cause decrease in tomato yield. This parasite plant causes great damages to tomato production by uptaking nutrients from the host plant. Various methods have been proposed to control this weed, but none of them have been completely successful so far. In this study, effects of different strains of Trichoderma spp. on P. aegyptiaca and some tomato growth parameters were investigated. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The results showed that T72 increased tomato growth and yield by improving parameters such as fresh and dry weight of the plant and the number and weight of fruits in non-infested condition. Regarding P. aegyptiaca, none of Trichoderma strains had a significant effect on reducing the growth and weight of this parasitic weed. No fruit was produced under P. aegyptiaca infestation condition. Although T72 had positive effects on some phenological parameters such as fresh and dry weight of tomato, these effects were not sufficient to prevent yield reduction caused by P. aegyptiaca or to reduce weed growth. These findings indicate that although some Trichoderma strains, especially T72, can help to improve tomato growth and yield under non-stressed condition, they could not do the same under P. aegyptiaca infestation condition and even had no significant effect on reducing the weed growth. Further studies are recommended to investigate the mechanisms of the effects of these strains under different conditions.

   In order to study agronomic evaluation of recombinant inbred lines resulting from the wheat cultivars crossing, 450 recombinant inbred lines (RILs, F6) derived (three populations) from the crossing of Gascogen × winter backcross of Roshan, Marvdasht × MV17, Marvdasht × Shahpasand were evaluated. The experiment was carried out as an augment design in Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, in 2020. The control treatments included five bread wheat cultivars (Roshan, Shahpasand, Morvdasht, Kraichov, MV17, Gascogen), the augment design was in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with eight replicates, and the lines were randomly placed inside them.The results obtained from the correlation analysis showed that kernel yield per square meter had a highly significant positive correlation with straw yield, plant height, peduncle length, flag leaf length, spike length, spike weight, number of kernel per spike, weight of kernels per spike, thousand seed weight, number of spike per m2, weight of spike per m2, weight of stem and leaf per m2, biological yield and harvest index. The results of path analysis showed that number of spike per m2 had the highest correlation and also highest direct effect on kernel yield. According to the results obtained from factor analysis, five main components justified 76.70 percent of the total variation among data. Cluster analysis divided the genotypes into five groups. Generally, the results showed that the lines of the first group were superior to the other groups in terms of the most of the evaluated traits. Therefore, the lines in the first group could be sugessted for further breeding expriments. Key words: Augment, bread wheat, cluster analysis, recombinant inbred lines.

Abstract Oilseeds are very important as the raw material for the production of edible oil. One of the most important problems in agriculture is the lack of oilseeds and dependence on their import for various purposes. Dragons head is a multi-purpose plant with diverse and abundant capabilities and applications, which and can play a very important role in sustainable agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Plant breeders need vast resources of germplasm to carry out breeding activities on crops. Therefore, identifying the factors and indicators effective on increasing the yield and improving the biochemical characteristics of the Dragons head medicinal plant and using them in genetic and agronomic programs seems necessary. In this research, the number of 35 new ecotypes of Dragons head along with the control cultivar “Sara” were studied using a simple lattice design with two replications. The experiment was conducted in Sarab-Changai Research Station, Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre, Khorramabad, Iran during the 2021-2022 cropping year. Various traits including days to flowering, day to physiological maturity, plant height and sub-branch number in plant were recorded. After harvesting, capsule number in plant, number of grains per plant, seeds weight per plant, thousand seed weight, grain yield and seed oil content were measured. Analysis of variance based on lattice design showed that the effect of treatment for single plant weight trait was significant at the probability level of 0.01 and   that for days to physiological maturity, biological yield and grain yield was significant at P<0.05. The results of variance analysis of morphological traits based on randomized complete block design showed that there was a significant difference between ecotypes in terms of the number of grain per plant and high significant difference in terms of capsules number per plant traits, the seed weight per plant and the thousand seeds weight. The highest amount of seeds weight per plant and grain yield was recorded for ecotype No. 36 (Sonqor city) and the lowest amount of seeds weight per plant was recorded for ecotype No. 10 (Tabriz 5). The thousand seeds weight and days to physiological maturity were the highest in ecotype No. 25 (Alvar Bostan-Abad village). The lowest thousand seeds weight was observed in ecotype No. 3 (Kelvanaq 4). The highest amount of seed oil content was found in ecotype number 17 (Kelvanaq13) and the lowest one was found in ecotype number 23 (Varzaqan 1). grain   was negatively correlated   with days to flowering and days to physiological maturity. The correlation between grain yield and oil percentage was positive and significant. The thousand seeds weight   was positively correlated with single plant weight and seeds weight per plant, and was negatively   correlated with seed number per plant and the number of capsules per plant.   ased on cluster analysis, ecotypes were divided into five groups. Ecotypes number 36, 31, 34, 35, 18, 32 and 23 with the smallest distance from the ideal ecotype, the largest distance from the non-ideal ecotype and the highest value of SIIG index were the best ecotypes in this study. These ecotypes were mostly in the same group in the cluster analysis.    Keywords: Cluster analysis, Dryland, Grain Yield, Oilseed, SIIG index,      

   Abstract    The genetic diversity of desirable alleles for resistance to biotic and abiotic stress, yield and traits related to yield and quality traits were preserved in the wild relatives of cultivated plants. Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides, 2n = 4x = 28), hulled with wide genetic diversity, is the wild ancestor of tetraploid and hexaploid agricultural wheats, which grows widely in unfavorable areas for agriculture. Emmer wheat is a source of genetic diversity and it has valuable genes from its ancient wild relatives that were extension during the domestication of hexaploid wheat, so investigating the genetic diversity of emmer wheat is necessary to improve the yield and quality of crops. Tra  osons are parts of the organism's genome that move in the host's genome, they may select parts of the genome that help them to move to the new genomic location. In this research, using nine markers based on IRAP retrotra  oson and identifying the quantitative trait loci of different agricultural traits, including morphological, phenological and physiological traits were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 104 wild emmer wheat genotypes. The percentage of polymorphic loci for IRAP markers was 86/74%. The variation range of Jaccard's genetic similarity coefficient was from 0/41 to 0/90, which indicates a high amount of genetic diversity in the studied samples. Based on the GLM and MLM models, a total of 201 and 160 significant locations associated with the studied traits were identified at 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively. Pearson's correlation between traits showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between zinc content and iron in dry conditions, and there was a negative and significant correlation between grain zinc content and spike length. Considering that Pearson's correlation coefficients in dry conditions were higher than genetic correlation coefficients, it is possible that increasing the number of Pearson's correlations of studied traits is the limiting factor for the strong influence of these traits on environmental changes. In this research, increasing the length of the spike and the height of the plant led to an increase in the number of grains in the spike of emmer wheat, which is considered as a strategy for increasing wheat yield. In principal component analysis PCA, the first three components explained 67.6 percent of the molecular changes and 63.38, 2.24, and 1.98 percent of the changes, respectively, and the total changes (100 percent) were explained by 104 components.    Keywords: genetic diversity, Emmer wheat, IRAM, REMAP

      Abstract: Considering the increasing rate of the world's population and the increasing demand for agricultural products, the cultivation of greenhouses in order to increase the production per unit area is very important. Environmental stresses such as high temperature, severe cold, drought, salinity and heavy elements have a negative effect on plant metabolism. Salinity is one of the most common environmental stresses that affects the growth and development of plants. Seeds are highly vulnerable to stress during the planting stage until the seedling is established. Biofertilizers have microorganisms that can help improve plant nutrition by methods such as fixing nitrogen, dissolving phosphate, releasing potassium ions, or providing iron and other required elements. In order to investigate the characteristics of greenhouse cucumber seeds (Nagin) under salinity stress conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with three repetitions, three levels of potassium (control, 100 and 200 mg/liter with potassium sulfate), two levels of fertilizer. Biology (control and bacillus sativa bacteria (CFU/ml) and three levels of salinity stress (control, 7 and 14 dS/m with sodium chloride) were carried out. The seeds were cultivated in Petri dishes and the treatments were applied and the germination percentage, germination speed, Average germination and seed strength index were calculated. Increasing the concentration of potassium in high salinity created positive effects in all the investigated traits. The interaction of treatments applied on greenhouse cucumber seeds increased seed vigor index, radicle length, seedling wet weight, shoot and seedling dry weight. However, biofertilizer in the laboratory did not have a significant effect on the examined traits. Keywords: greenhouse products, potassium sulfate, Bacillus sativa bacteria, sodium chloride, germination index

   This research was conducted to investigate the effects of probiotics B. subtilis, B. coagulans, S. cerevisiae, and whey powder on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of egg, blood parameters, and histomorphological characteristics of ileum in Lohmann LSL-lite laying hens in two experiments. In both experiments, there were six repetitions and there were 6 birds in each repetition, for 12 weeks. The first experiment was conducted with 288 Lohmann laying hens. The experimental diets consisted of a basal corn-soybean meal, the factors examined in this research were: B. subtilis 109 CFU at the rate of one gram/kg, whey powder at the rate of one gram/kg, and S. cerevisiae at the rate of 3 grams/kg. The control group received a standard diet without any additives. The other groups received a standard diet with B. subtilis, WP, S. cerevisiae, or a combination of them. No synergistic effect was found between WP, B. subtilis, and S. cerevisiae in studied parameters other than malondialdehyde level. The triple interaction effects of whey powder, S. cerevisiae, and B. subtilis in the diet reduced the amount of malondialdehyde compared to the group that received whey powder or B. subtilis alone or a mixture of them (P < 0.05). In the birds receiving whey powder, the length of villus (ileum) increased significantly compared to the control group, as well as the egg weight and specific gravity increased significantly compared to the control group.In the birds receiving Bacillus subtilis, the length and width of the villus (ileum) increased significantly compared to the control group, and the calcium, total protein and TAC levels in the serum increased significantly compared to the control group. Egg weight (at week 81-86) was improved in the group that received S. cerevisiae compared to the control. The birds that received whey powder and B. subtilis simultaneously tended to increase the length of the villi compared to the control group. A synergistic effect on egg weight and mass, and an improvement in their serum calcium levels was observed. In the second experiment, 144 Lohmann laying hens were used. The birds were fed a basal diet (control, CON), the basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg WP, 1 g/kg B. coagulans (4*106 CFU) probiotic, and 1 g/kg WP plus 1 g/kg B. coagulans probiotic. Hens fed B. coagulans exhibited greater villi width and yolk color than Hens not fed it, however, their shell thickness and percentage of shell decreased. Birds receiving whey powder and B. coagulans had a significant synergistic effect on performance (egg production and mass). They also showed a tendency to decrease FCR. In light of these results, the simultaneous use of the these factors investigated in this experiment has no harmful effects on production performance, egg quality, and blood parameters in Lohmann's laying hens.

Abstract The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the reaction of different wheat cultivars to the Un1 and Gi1 strains of Xanthomonas translucens, the bacterial leaf sterak (BLS) of wheat in Kermanshah province. At first, proving the pathogenicity of the strains was done by the pathogenicity test. In the next step, 17 wheat cultivars were planted in plastic pots containing a mixture of sand and gravel in a factorial method in a completely random design in three replications. Then, at the stage of two or three leaves, they were inoculated with a suspension of Xanthomonas translucens bacteria, with a concentration of 107-106 (CFU/g) by injection under the epidermis. The percentage of leaf surface contamination was noted and evaluated two weeks after contamination. Also, in all the experimental treatments, the weight of one hundred seeds was measured as one of the performance indicators. Data analysis was done by SAS software and comparison of means was done using Duncan's test. According to the results, the reaction of the studied cultivars to Xanthomonas translucens strains was different. So that the reactions were different and varied from sensitive to tolerant. The number of cultivars with high sensitivity such as Pishgam and Marvdasht were less than those with semi-sensitive and moderate sensitivity. In addition, the number of seeds per spike and hundred-seed weight of cultivars infected with Un1 and Gi1 strains were significantly lower than control cultivars (inoculated with distilled water). Overall, none of the studied cultivars had complete resistance to UN1 and GI1 BLS strains. Kewords: Xanthomonas translucens, pathogenicity, wheat, Kermanshah, hundred grain weight, Un1 and Gi1 Abstract The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the reaction of different wheat cultivars to the Un1 and Gi1 strains of Xanthomonas translucens, the bacterial leaf sterak (BLS) of wheat in Kermanshah province. At first, proving the pathogenicity of the strains was done by the pathogenicity test. In the next step, 17 wheat cultivars were planted in plastic pots containing a mixture of sand and gravel in a factorial method in a completely random design in three replications. Then, at the stage of two or three leaves, they were inoculated with a suspension of Xanthomonas translucens bacteria, with a concentration of 107-106 (CFU/g) by injection under the epidermis. The percentage of leaf surface contamination was noted and evaluated two weeks after contamination. Also, in all the experimental treatments, the weight of one hundred seeds was measured as one of the performance indicators. Data analysis was done by SAS software and comparison of means was done using Duncan's test. According to the results, the reaction of the studied cultivars to Xanthomonas translucens strains was different. So that the reactions were different and varied from sensitive to tolerant. The number of cultivars with high sensitivity such as Pishgam and Marvdasht were less than those with semi-sensitive and moderate sensitivity. In addition, the number of seeds per spike and hundred-seed weight of cultivars infected with Un1 and Gi1 strains were significantly lower than control cultivars (inoculated with distilled water). Overall, none of the studied cultivars had complete resistance to UN1 and GI1 BLS strains. Kewords: Xanthomonas translucens, pathogenicity, wheat, Kermanshah, hundred grain weight, Un1 and Gi1   

  Among renewable energy sources, solar energy is the

   Abstract

  Tomato are one of the most important horticultural   roducts in the world and are the most consumed vegetable after potatoes due to their freshness and ability to be processed. tomato as a model plant   is also the subject of many researches. genetic diversity is the basis of plant breeding in order to select new cultivars with desirable traits and compatible with the environment. In this research, ISSR molecular markers were used to investigate genetic diversity and identify markers associated with 21 morphological traits in 99 tomato genotypes. among 20 primers which were used,   17 primers created polymorphic. the mean polymorphism was 97% and nine primers were 100% polymorphic. The results displaied that the UBC 876 had the highest values ??of Marker Index.  Identifyication the Quantitative Traits Locus is effective in accelerating the breeding process. Based on the results We identified 100 loci for 19 morphological traits (P?0.01). we also founed that three loci (UBC 3-1130, UBC 808-820 and UBC 580-825) showed signification association with multiple traits, suggesting pleiotropic effects of QTL. A total of loci are   useful resource for marker-assisted selection to improve traits in tomato.  Key Words: Linkage analysis, trait correlation, microsatellite marker, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.  

   Abstract This research was conducted to investigate genetic diversity and identify markers associated with agronomic traits in oat genotypes. For this purpose, 361 oat genotypes (Avena sativa L.) received from the Australian Grain Gene bank (AGG) were evaluated within a square lattice design in two replications in the cropping year (2017-2018) under irrigation conditions in the experimental farm of Razi University, Kermanshah in terms of agronomic and molecular traits. Eleven agronomic traits, including biological yield, grain yield, straw yield, harvest index, plant height, panicle length, number of panicles per m2, number of seed per panicle, thousand seed weight, days to 50% flowering and days to physiological maturity were measured. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between the genotypes for all the investigated traits, which indicated the existence of high genetic diversity among the studied genotypes. Correlation coefficients showed that traits of biological yield, straw yield, harvest index, plant height, number of panicles per m2, number of seeds per panicle, and thousand seed weight had a positive and significant correlation with grain yield. Based on the results of path analysis, the number of seeds per panicle and then the number of panicles per m2 showed the most direct and positive effect. The biggest negative indirect effect on the grain yield was due to the number of panicles per m2 through the number of seeds per panicle. Cluster analysis based on the agronomic data using Ward's method grouped the genotypes into four clusters. The greatest genetic distance was observed between clusters 1 and 4. Based on the principal component analysis, 63% of the total variation was justified by the first two main components. Bi-plot obtained from principal component analysis confirmed the grouping results of cluster analysis. A molecular study was performed on 148 oat genotypes with independent pedigrees using 12 SCoT primers. A total of 135 bands were produced, of which 84 bands (61.75 %) were polymorphic. The highest values of the number of polymorphic bands, polymorphism percentage, marker index, effective polymorphism ratio, and resolution power were obtained for the SCoT1 primer, which can indicate the appropriate efficiency of this primer in differentiating oat genotypes. The genetic similarity of the studied genotypes varied from 0.32 to 0.87 using the Jaccard similarity coefficient. The highest genetic similarity was observed between genotypes 360 (DUNNART) and 361 (HOUDAN), and the lowest genetic similarity was calculated between genotypes 239 (WESTON) and 277 (STORMONT IRIS). Cluster analysis based on SCoT marker data, based on the UPGMA method and Jaccard similarity coefficient, divided oat genotypes into six groups. The results of the principal coordinate analysis confirmed the cluster analysis results. The study of the population structure showed the existence of three possible subpopulations (K = 3) for oat genotypes. The results of the association analysis based on the general linear model (GLM) and the mixed linear model (MLM) identified 111 and 38 significant relationships between genomic locations and studied traits, respectively. In total, the results obtained from the present study showed that there is a wide range of genetic diversity among oat genotypes, and it provides the possibility of using them in breeding programs. Also, It has been found that SCoT markers are useful and powerful tools for evaluating genetic diversity and identifying genomic regions related to the studied traits in oat genotypes. Therefore, they could be used in the selection of genotypes as parents for crossing and marker-assisted selection (MAS) to be used in plant breeding programs.

  Abstract:Aim:Seedling establishmentis one of the most important stages of crop cultivation.Using seeds with highvigor is a suitable way.From the past until now, the standard germination testis used as a primary test to determine the seed quality.But its result canrarely determine the seedling establishment in the field.If the farm conditionis far from the optimum, the obtained results in the laboratory and in thefield will show more difference.Today, to prevent this problem, seed vigortests are used.Studying the relationship between laboratory tests and seedlingestablishment in the field is one of the most important researches in the seedtechnology.The purpose of this study was to evaluate different seed vigor testsin the laboratory for oat varieties to predict the seedlings establishment inthe field and determine the most suitable test.Materials and methods:Inthis study, eight oat seed lots (belonging to four varieties new produced in2019 and old produced in 2012) were used.The research was conducted in thelaboratory and research farm of Razi University during 2019-21.In thelaboratory section, various seed vigor tests such as standard germination test,cold test, osmotic stress test, water imbibition test, electrical conductivitytest and accelerating aging test were performed on eight oat seed lots.In thefield section, the percentage and rate of seedling emergence were alsomeasured.Finally, the correlation among the results of the laboratory tests andthe field test were measured.Results:Oat seed lots weredifferent in terms of vigor.Among the seed lots, Qual and then Potoro varietieshad higher seed germination, seedling, vegetative and reproductive growth thanEuro and Tarahomara varieties.As the seeds aged, the amount of seed vigor decreasedsignificantly.Standard germination test, cold test, osmotic stress test,electrical conductivity test and water imbibition test were able to predict thepercentage and emergence of oat seedlings in the field.In the standardgermination test, the germination rate had the highest correlation with thepercentage and rate of seedling emergence in the field, but in the cold test,the highest correlation was obtained in the seedling vigor index of the normalseedlings.In the osmotic stress test, plumul length and seedling weight had thehighest correlation with the seedling emergence percentage; but radicle weightand seedling vigor index of the normal seedlings had the highest correlationwith the seedling emergence rate in the field.According to the correlationcoefficients in the electrical conductivity and the water imbibition tests,these tests were also able to predict the seed vigor in the field.Conclusion:Based on theresults of the experiment, the osmotic stress test and then the cold test are recommendedto determine the oat seed vigor and predict the seedling establishment in thefield.In other words, these tests have a high potential in separating strongand weak seeds.Keywords:Accelerated agingtest, cold test, electrical conductivity test, osmotic stress test, standardgermination test, water imbibition test.  

  

   In order to study the genetic diversity of 361 oat genotypes in terms of different agronomic and morphological traits, an experiment was conducted in the form of a square lattice design with two replications in 2019-2020 cropping year in the Research Farm of Razi University, Kermanshah. The results of analysis of variance showed the existence of diversity for all traits at the 1% probability level. The results of correlation coefficients for grain yield showed that this trait had a positive correlation with harvest index, number of   panicle per m2 , thousand grain weight, biological yield and hectoliter weight. In factor analysis, 76.05% of the data variations were justified by three factors. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that76.2% of the variations in grain yield were justified by number of panicle per m2, thousand grain weight, number of grain per panicle, biological yield, days to physiological maturity, plant height and hectoliter weight. Based on the results of path analysis, biological yield followed by number of   grain per panicle and thousand grain weight had the most positive direct effect on grain yield, respectively. The most positive indirect effect on grain yield was shown by number of panicle per m2   throught day to physiological maturity. Cluster analysis divided the studied genotypes into ten groups. Based on the results of cluster analysis and the Selection Index of Ideal Genotype (SIIG), genotype number 285 (220-NMO-758) was recognized as a high-yield genotype among 361 studied genotypes.

Breeders can carefully select genotypes with acceptable and stable yield by evaluating the interaction of genotype ×environment in different environmental conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the grain yield stability of 25 bread wheat genotypes (23 genotypes and two Pishtaz and Pishgam cultivars) in the cropping seasons of 2019-2020 in the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Farm of Razi University of Kermanshah in rainfed and irrigation conditions.The experimental design was randomized complete blocks in three replications. The results of simple and combined analysis of variance for the studied traits (grain yield, 1000-seed weight, number of seeds per spike and number of spikes per square meter) showed that genotypes in rainfed conditions were different in terms of 1000-seed weight, the effect of environment and the effect of genotype for 1000-seed weight were significant. In order to determine the stability of genotypes, grain yield in the 2019-2020 and three years before (eight environments E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, E7 and E8) were evaluated. The results of combined analysis showed that the effect of year, year × place, genotype and genotype × year was significant for grain yield. Yield stability analysis of wheat genotypes based on AMMI model was performed to analyze the interaction of genotype × environment and the first four components were significant at the level of 1% probability. The first and second major components accounted for 49.38% and 26.42% of the total interaction squares, respectively, for a total of 76% of the total interaction squares. Genotypes 7, 21, 5 and 9 were identified as stable genotypes due to having the lowest values of the first component and genotypes 7, 5 and 9 were identified as genotypes with high general compatibility due to their average yield close to the total mean. Based on AMMI1 model plot, genotypes 7, 21, 5 and 25 were identified as genotypes with general and stable compatibility and genotypes 7 and 25 as genotypes with high yield and stability. According to AMMI2 model, genotypes 21, 7, 23, 6 and 5 are introduced as genotypes with general stability and according to GGE biplot method, genotypes 1, 16, 2, 10 with high stability are introduced. Keywords: AMMI model, Genotype × environment interaction, Stability, wheat.

اين ازمايش به منظور ارزيابي تأثير كمپلكس آلي روي، منگنز، آهن، مس، كروم و كبالت بر عملكردتوليدي وفرآسنجه­هاي خوني جوجه­هاي گوشتي در يك دوره 42 روزه انجام شد.آزمايش در قالب طرح كاملا ًتصادفي با 3 تيمار و 6   تكرار و 12 پرنده در هر واحد آزمايشي طراحي و اجرا شد. تيمارهاي آزمايشي عبارتنداز: تيمار اول: گروه كنترل (بدون افزودن مكمل، تيمار شاهد)، تيمار دوم: افزودن كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1گرم در كيلوگرم، تيمار سوم: افزودن كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 5/1گرم در كيلوگرم. نتايج نشان داد كه افزودن كمپلكس آليبر عملكرد (خوراك مصرفي، افزايش وزن روزانه و ضريب تبديل خوراك) جوجه­هاي گوشتي در سه دوره استارتر(1-10)، رشد (24-11) و پاياني (42-25) روزگي از لحاظ آماري تأثير معني­داري نداشته است (05/0<P). تاثير تيمارهاي آزمايشي در بين فرآسنجه­هاي خوني بر كلسترول و آلكالين فسفاتاز معني­دار شدند (05/0>P). ضمن اينكه غلظت گلوكز و تري­گليسريد نيز تمايل به معني­داري داشتند. غلظت كلسترول وآلكالين فسفاتاز، در تيمار حاوي كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1 گرم در كيلوگرم با گروه كنترل اختلاف معني­داري داشت، بنابراين تيمار كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1 گرم در كيلوگرم باعث كاهش معني­دارغلظت كلسترول وآلكالين فسفاتاز در مقايسه با گروه كنترل شد. تاثير تيمارهاي آزمايشي بر قابليت هضم مواد معدني آهن، مس، منگنز، روي، كبالت و كروم نشان داد كه بر آهن، منگنز، كبالت و كروم تاثير معني­داري داشت (05/0>P). نتايج نشان داد كه تيمارهاي حاوي كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1 گرم در كيلوگرم و كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 5/1گرم در كيلوگرم باعث كاهش معني­دار قابليت هضم آهن و كبالت در مقايسه با گروه كنترل شد. در حاليكه تيمار متعلق به كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 1 گرم در كيلوگرم بر قابليت هضم منگنز با گروه كنترل تفاوت معني­داري داشت. علاوه بر اين، تيمار كمپلكس آلي به مقدار 5/1گرم در كيلوگرم بر قابليت هضم كروم با گروه كنترل اختلاف معني­داري داشت و باعث افزايش قابليت هضم كروم در مقايسه با گروه كنترل شد. اين پژوهش نشان داد كه استفاده از كمپلكس آلي بر افزايش وزن بدن، مصرف خوراك و ضريب تبديل خوراك تاثير معني­داري نداشت. اما باعث كاهش سطح كلسترول و آلكالين فسفاتاز و همچنين كاهش قابليت هضم آهن و كبالت و منگنز شد، و باعث افزايش قابليت هضم كروم شد.   

Abstract Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.   . Durum) is one of the most important foods due to its widespread consumption in the world as pasta and having a high percentage of protein (12-14%). Genetic diversity is the basis of breeding programs and selection depends on the existence of desirable genetic diversity in terms of the characteristics under study. Due to the importance of durum wheat, identifying its genetic diversity is of great importance. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity of 69 durum wheat lines received from ICARDA along with Saji cultivar using SCoT marker and to investigate the relationship between this marker and five important agronomic traits measured in two cropping seasons (2017-2018 and 2018-2019). A total of 177 bands produced by 12 primers, of which 97 bands were polymorphic (54.86%). The highest number of polymorphic bands was related to SCoT16 primer and the lowest was related to SCoT14 primer. The mean of polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.448 and the highest and lowest values ??belonged to SCoT33 and SCoT30 primers, respectively. The genetic similarity of the genotypes using the Jacquard similarity’s coefficient ranged from 0.184 to 0.734. In the cluster analysis, the genotypes were divided into four groups, and the results of principal component analysis also corresponded to this grouping. The primers used in this study showed a moderate polymorphism, and among them, the SCoT16 primer was highly efficient in differentiating genotypes. The range of high genetic similarity coefficient showed high genetic diversity among the studied lines. In the association analysis by generalized linear regression method in the first year of study , 25 and in the second year of study 35 informative markers and using mixed linear regression method in the first year of study, 22 and in the second   year of study, 32 significant association between genomic locations and five studied traits were identified. For each traits, days to flowering, plant height, days to physiological maturity and 1000-kernel weight, a stable marker was identified across two years. Keywords: association analysis, genetic diversity, genetic structure, SCoT marker, Triticum turgidum L.   

   Abstract: In order to Evaluation of the factors affecting yield grain and herbages of 16 genotypes Vicia ervilia Under stre   and non-stress conditions, experiments in the research farm of Razi University of Kermanshah, in years 2016-2017 and 2017-2017 in tow Completely randomized block   design with three replications . Each year, diversity terms of morphological traits, yield and yield components. have been studied. The results of combined analysis of each year in both stre   and non-stress conditions as well as combined analysis of traits in two years in both conditions showed that the genotypes were significantly different from most of the studied traits. Based on the results of comparison of means, yield and yield components in all genotypes were reduced by applying water shortage stress in stress conditions and the percentage of reduction was not the same in all genotypes. The results showed that in the non-stress place of genotype 4 with the highest number of pods per plant, the number of seedlings per plant and 1000-seed weight had the highest grain yield (922.4 kg / ha) and in the dryland genotype 6 had the highest grain yield.According to the results of biplot chart in stre   and non-stress conditions, grain yield had a positive and high correlation with plant height, yield components, harvest index and negative correlation with the number of days to flowering. according to the results of Causal analysis in both years, in non-stress conditions, the number of seeds per plant and in stress conditions, biological yield had the most direct and positive effect By factor analysis, three factors were identified in both environments that explained 71.62 and 71.74% of the data diversity, respectively. Based on the evaluation of drought tolerance indices, stress intensity (SI) was equal to 0.34. Grain yield in non-stress conditions had a high correlation with SSI, TOL, MP, GMP and STI indices but grain yield in stress conditions showed a significant negative correlation with SSI and a positive correlation with GMP and STI. Therefore, due to the correlation of grain yield in both non-stre   and stress conditions with GMP and STI indices, these two were the best indices for selecting and determining drought tolerant cultivars for 16 Vicia ervilia genotypes. Genotype 15 with the highest value of these two indices was identified as a drought tolerant genotype in this study. Keywords: Causal analysis, Drought, Vicia genotypes, Yield and yield components, Biplot chart..   

Abstract To evaluate of drought tolerance in 23 durum wheat different genotype, two field experiments were carried out at Research Farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah in 2017-2018, Under stress replications. Genetic diversity of some morphological traits, yield and yieldand non-stress conditions, -- two completely randomized blocks designs with three components, and qualitative traits have been studied. The findings of simple differences in most of the studied traits. Based on mean comparisons,   the quantitative traits studied in all variance analysis (both rain-fed conditions and supplementary irrigation) and combined analysis of variance showed that genotypes had significant genotypes were reduced by applying drought stress in rain-fed conditions, and the percentage of reduction in total greatest effect of stress was on biological yield and afterwards on grain yield   was recorded for genotypes 1 and 16 which decreased their performance by 47.72 and 31.78 percent genotypes was not the same. Stress intevsity was 0.1. By growing wheat in the drought environment, the amount of protein and gluten in the grain increased while the amount of starch, moisture and energy produced decreased. The grain yield was 5190 and 5140 respectively. Based on the results of mean comparisons over the two environments, the highest kg / ha, respectively, for Genotype 12. The lowest grain yield was observed in the non-stress environment in genotype 18 and in the rain-fed environment in genotype 9. According to the results of by-plot chart in supplement arirrigation gluten, but in drought conditions, the percentage of grain gluten had a conditions, grain yield was not related to the percentage of protein and genotype 17 had the highest protein and gluten content, and genotype 12 negative correlation with grain yield. In both water and drought conditions,analysis in both irrigated and drought conditions, the number of spikes per square meter (Khorramabad landrace) had the highest grain yield. According to the results of path were identified, which justified 80.70% and 79.27% of the total variation, respectively. Evaluation of had the most direct and positive effect on grain yield. By factor analysis in both environments, 4 factors drought tolerance indices showed that MP, GMP and STI indices due to high conditions were as the best indices for selection and determination of drought tolerant genotypes for 23 different durum wheat accessions. Genotype 12 with the highest correlation with grain yield in both drought and supplementary irrigation amount of these three indices was identified as the drought tolerant genotype in this study   key words: Biplot chart, Causal analysis, Ideal Genotype Selection Index,Quantity and quality of grain, wheat genotype   

Abstract Water is one of the challenges of the present century, that can be the source of many developments in the world . Regarding the importantance of these resources and considering this matter that our country is >Keywords: climate zones, water corrosion and scaling potential, orrosion indices, soil corrosion potential, speciation ion   

AbstractAgronomic biofortification is one of the new methods of combating zinc deficiency that allows the use of this element for the plant by changing the status of zinc in the soil. In this regard, application of organic fertilizers can improve soil nutritional status by affecting soil physical and chemical properties and effects on nutrient cycling. This study was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications in a greenhouse study of Razi University was investigated during 2017-2018. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of organic fertilizers on zinc concentration and phytic acid-zinc ratio in wheat grain, grain yield and different forms of zinc in soil. Morphological characteristics, yield and yield components were also evaluated. The treatments were wood and straw rice   biochars and active biochar in four levels: 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5 % (w/w), compost at two levels 0 and 2 % (w/w) and integrated treatments (compost + wood biochar , compost + straw rice biochar, compost + wood active biochar   and compost + straw rice   active biochar with   1% w/w of each treatment). The results showed that Zn concentration in all treatments significantly increased (P <0.05) except all levels of biochar straw rice and 0.5% biochar wood the highest increase in zinc concentration was obtained in the active biochar straw rice treatments at 0.5% (59.76 mg / kg). Phytic acid concentration and the ratio of phytic acid to zinc in grain did not show any significant effect, but the molar ratio of phytic acid to zinc was less than 25 in all treatments. Grain protein percentage increased significantly (P <0.01) in most treatments the highest percentage of protein was related to wood biochar treatment (16.16%). Grain yield increased significantly (P <0.01) in compost and combined treatments (compost + biofuels activated wood) compared to the control treatment. Biological yield in active Biochar wood and straw rice treatments of at 2.5% (1.04% and 3.85%), compost (8.06%) and combined treatments (compost + biochar active wood) (20 (24%) significantly increased (P <0.01) compared to control. Also, organic treatments had significant effect on plant length, spike length, number of grains per spike, straw yield and harvest index (P <0.01). Organic treatments had an influence on soil chemicals the most effect of organic treatments on concentration Zn-CFeOX and Zn-Res. Correlation relationships showed that there was a significant positive correlation between Zn-car and Zn-CFeOX with uptake zinc grain (r = 0.40 ** and r = 0.36 **, respectively). Keywords: Biochar,Active Biochar, Compost, Integrated application, concentration of zinc grain wheat, Zinc fractionation in soil solid phase.

  Identification of traits related to barley yield improvement under rainfed and irrigation conditions will increase the chances of success in breeding programs and will allow planning to select effective traits for yield improvement. The interaction between genotype and environment creates complexity in yield prediction and is a challenge for plant production and breeding programs. In order to investigate the effect of drought stress on yield and important agronomic traits of barley, 21 barley genotypes were grown in randomized complete block designs with three replications under rainfed and irrigation conditions at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah , Iran in the 2016-2017 cropping season. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the drought stress reduced significantly the thousand kernel weight, biological yield, grain yield, peduncle length/plant height, spike weight, days to physiological maturity, kernel filling period, spike length, stomatal conductance, quantum yield of photosystem II and harvest index. Correlation analysis indicated that there was positive and significant correlation between grain yield, number of seed per spike and biological yield under irrigation conditions. Grain yield was positively correlated with biological yield but negatively with days to flowering under rainfed conditions. According to path analysis, number of seed per spike and thousand kernel weight had the highest direct effect on grain yield under irrigation and rainfed, respectively. Using factor analysis, under irrigation conditions, five factors explained 80.29% of the total variance and under rainfed conditions, 84.70% of the total variance were explained by six factors. The stepwise regression model indicated that 30. 5% of grain yield variations justified by biological yield under irrigation environment, while under rainfed conditions, biological yield, spike length and day to flowering explained 80.4% of the variations. Cluster analysis, >Key words: barley, drought stress, genotype × environment interaction, grain yield, yield stability.

  The role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on reduction of drought stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).

Evaluation of the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) role on alleviation of salinity stress in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)

     In order to evaluate water deficit tolerance and genetic variation of 16 bitter vetch genotypes, two field experiments were conducted using randomized complete block design with three replications under non-stress and water deficit stress conditions at Research farm of Razi University, Kermanshah.   Days to flowering, days to maturity, grain filling period, plant height, number of branches, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, thousand seed weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were measured in the both environments. Analysis of variance in each environment revealed significant variation among genotypes Combined variance analysis of the data showed that the effect of environment on most traits was significant. Different stress tolerance indices including stress susceptibility index (SSI), tolerance (TOL), geometric mean production (GMP), mean production (MP), stress tolerance index (STI), yield index (YI), yield stability index (YSI) and harmonic mean (HAM) were calculated based on yield data in the both coinditions. MP, GMP and STI indices showed positive significant correlation with yield in the both conditions, and YI and HAM indices were correlated with yield in stress conditions. Therefore, they were appropriate indices for selection of superior genotypes. Based on the biplot of the first two main components, genotypes 2, 3, 13 and 16 were identified as suitable entries for the both conditions. Genetic parameters were estimated for all the   measured traits. As a whole, phenotypic correlations were more than genetic correlations, indicating the effect of environment on the genotypes.Keywords: Genetic Diversity, Water Deficiency Stress, Bitter Vetch

  Evaluation and comparisonof Iranian and Europeanbarley(Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars under field and laboratoryconditions

ٍEvaluation of kernel iron and zinc conentrations in einkorn wheat populations collected from the west of Iran

  In current study 28 advanced lines of barley were evaluated for drought tolerance using drought tolerance indices, morphological, physiological and agronomic traits. For this purpose, the experiments were laid out under two conditions (stress and non-stress) based on randomized complete block designs with three replications in Research farm of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah during 2014-2015 growing season. Seed yield, thousand seed weight, number of grains per spike, plant height, spike length, awn length, peduncle length, stomatal conductance, leaf relative water content and Also stress susceptibility )SSI( indices, tolerance ­)TOL(, geometric mean productivity )GMP(, average production )AP), stress tolerance (STI), loss of yield (Yr), yield (YI) and yield stability (YSI) in the both were calculated based on grain yield conditions. Combined analysis of variance showed that there was significant difference between stress and non-stress environments for yield, yield components, plant height, peduncle length, so that the averages of the characters in stress conditions were lower than those in non-stress conditions. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for the traits. The results of correlation analysis of all traits showed a positive significant correlation between yield and harvest index, biological yield and thousand seed weight. under non-stress conditions yield was correlated with harvest index, plant height, spike length, and biological yield. Indices MP with yield in the both conditions and Indiceses GMP, STI in conditions stress had high correlations with yield therefore on the ground of Indiceses suitable for selection higher genotypes introduction Based on three-dimensional chart of these indices, genotypes 1, 9, 25 were most suitable genotypes for the both conditions. These genotypes of were identified as tolerant genotypes according to the biplot of the first and two principal components. In contrast, genotypes 4, 7, 23 and 24 showed more yield reduction in stress conditions. Genetic parameters, phenotypic and genotypic correlation was calculated, As a whole were genotypic correlation higher than phenotypic correlations, indicating High genetic diversity in the barley genotypes.

In order to evaluate the effect of different seed priming methods and exogenous application (spraying) of some plant hormones on flower initiation and yield of pumpkin (cucurbita pepo L.). an experiment in educational and research farm of campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University of Kermanshah/Iran as completely randomized design and complete block design respectively with four replications in 2013-2014 season were conduct. Priming treatments were include: sytokinin 100ppm, auxin 100ppm,   ilica at level 1mM, salicylic acid at level 1mM, hydro priming and control (non-priming). plant spraying were include: sytokinin 100ppm, auxin 100ppm, salicylic acid 1mM, and control (non-spring). The results showed interaction effects of priming and spraying had significant effect (p?%1) for all studied traits except 1000 seed weight. Also mean compare results showed that, when spraying by cytokinin accrue, priming by salicylic can increase yield and its components. Mean while during spraying by salicylic acid, priming by auxin can raise yield characters. In case of priming without spraying, using silica was more useful and increased yield and its components. For male and female flowers, priming by silica and spraying by auxin and salicylic acid produced more female flowers.  

  An experiment was conducted to evaluate callus induction and regeneration in some oat genotypes, in Plant Tissue Culture Lab, Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Razi University in 2013-2015. Experiments were callus induction on matured embryo and anther explants and indirect regeneration on matured embryo explant. Factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Callus induction experiment on matured embryo explant was applied on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and 2,4-D (1, 2 and 4 mg/l) plus 0.1 mg/l kinetin with control medium (basal medium), and callus induction experiment on anther explant was tested on MS medium with two concentrations (0.5 and 1 mg/l) of 2,4-D plus 0.1 mg/l kinetin with control medium. In this study, the evaluated traits include days to callus induction (DCI) (just done for embryo culture experiment), callus induction percentage (CIP), callus diameter, callus growth rate (CGR) and Magoer rate (just done for embryo culture experiment). Indirect regeneration experiment was performed just for obtained callus of matured embryo. This experiment was tested on MS medium with different concentrations of BAP (1, 2 and 4 mg/l) on three different kinds of calli which obtained from 4mg/l NAA, 2mg/l 2,4-D and 4mg/l 2,4-D. Days to regeneration and regeneration percentage were evaluated traits. Results from callus induction on matured embryo showed that callus induction amounts will be increased with increasing amount of growth regulators. So that, a combination of Mortlock with 4mg/l 2,4-D had the highest amount of callus induction percentage (76.66%). In regeneration test, increasing of BAP caused increasing in responses, which in a treatment combination of Wintaroo, 13ZOP95,IA91098-2 and Brusher genotypes in 4mg/l BAP obtained from calli of 4mg/l NAA medium (with means of 100%), and a treatment combination of Tarahumara genotype in 4mg/l BAP obtained from calli of 4mg/l 2, 4-D medium (with mean of 100%) had the most amount of regeneration percentage. Results of cluster analysis showed that Swan,42ZOP95, Mortlock, Brusher and UFRGS948886 in a cluster had the highest amount of CIP and callus diameter and the lowest amount of DCI. According to callus induction on anther explant results, callus production has more depended to genotypes than growth regulators. For example, a treatment combination of Echidna genotype in 0.5mg/l 2,4-D had the highest CIP (with mean of 18.33%).